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Файл:Тhe base of english skills development. Учебное пособие
.pdf
application forms. They are
several pages long and ask a
lot: .what types of classes I
took in high school, my
hobbies and extracurricular
activities, my family
background and why I want
to attend this college.
анкеты для поступающих. В
них несколько страниц и
множество вопросов: какие
предметы я проходил в школе,
о моих увлечениях и
внеклассной работе, о моей
семье и почему я хочу
поступить в данный колледж.
Irene. What else did you
have to do?
- Что еще тебе пришлось
делать?
B.S. Then I had to write the
dreaded essay, some 2001000 words in response to
two questions, something
like: If you could change
one fact of human
development what would it
be and why?
- Затем мне пришлось писать
жуткое сочинение, что-то
около 200-1000 слов в ответ на
два вопроса примерно такого
типа: Какой фактор развития
человечества и почему вы
предпочли бы изменить, если
бы это было в ваших силах?
Tracy. Did you do it like a
student in the joke?
The Professor says: Your
last paper was very difficult
to read. Your work should
be written so that even the
most ignorant will be able
to understand it.
The student says: Yes, sir.
What part didn't you
understand?
- И ты написал, как тот
студент в анекдоте?
Профессор: Вашу последнюю
работу было очень трудно
разобрать. Работа должна быть
выполнена так, чтобы самый
невежественный человек мог
ее понять.
Студент: Да, сэр. Какое место
вы не поняли?
B.S. Ha, ha! Fortunately I
didn't have to be that witty.
- Ха-ха! К счастью, мне не
пришлось так острить.
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U. You had to present
recommendation letters
instead, didn't you?
- Зато тебе пришлось
представить характеристики
(рекомендательные письма).
B.S. Oh, quite a few of
them, telling what kind of
person I had been in class
and outside of school.
- Да, причем несколько,
характеризующих меня как
личность в школе и вне
школы.
Gloria. Quite a lot of
requirements, isn't it? I
hope those were the last.
- Довольно много требований!
Надеюсь, это были последние?
B.S. Not in the least. Some
colleges also require a
personal interview. They
like to hear you speak, to
see how you act under
pressure, and how you
present yourself as a person.
- Ничуть не бывало. В
некоторых колледжах
требуется пройти и
индивидуальное
собеседование. Они хотят
услышать, как ты говоришь,
увидеть, как ты держишься в
трудные моменты, как
представляешь свою личность.
G. When did you find out
whether you had been
accepted by the college?
- Когда ты узнал о том, принят
ли ты в колледж или нет?
B.S. In April. Admission
committees review all the
papers and pick the best
candidates for their school
by February or March;
Then they send notification
letters to the applicants.
- В апреле. Приемные
комиссии просматривают все
документы и выбирают
лучших кандидатов для своего
заведения к февралю или к
марту. Потом они рассылают
уведомительные письма
абитуриентам.
42
I. Did you get many of
them?
- Ты много получил?
B.S. I've heard from all the
universities I had applied to.
- Мне ответили все
университеты, в которые я
обращался..
A. Good for you. That
sounds encouraging.
Perhaps I should try to
apply to some professional
college in the US. Why not?
Anyway, you can take a job
anytime.
- Молодец! Все это звучит
обнадеживающе. Пожалуй,
мне следует попробовать
поступить в какой-нибудь
профессиональный колледж в
США. Почему бы нет? В
любом случае работать можно
пойти когда угодно.
Task 2. Find in the dialogue the sentences about the system
of education in the US.
UNIT 3
1. Устный коррективный курс по фонетике
английского языка
2. Text 3 A. What is Economics?
3. Text 3 B. Economic Theories
4. Text 3 C. Color Psychology
5. Grammar Review: местоимения (§ 8); имя
числительное (порядковые, количественные
числительные) (§ 9); времена группы Indefinite (Simple)
Passive (§ 10)
6. Dialogues. Speaking on the Telephone
43
1. Pronounce the following words paying attention to
the letter combination:
ch: each, chance, research, switching, chain, chip, such,
which, chair, check, chicken, chop, chuckle much, rich
[k]: chemist, chorus, ache, echo, school technical, technology,
character, mechanic, chemical chrome, cholera, chronicle,
scheme, chemistry, technical, technology, 'epoch, Christ,
Christmas, Christian
sh: chef, chauffeur, chaperone, machine, moustache,
parachute
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
2. Make sure if you can read the words correctly:
Production, consumption, wealth, accomplish, since,
macroeconomics, microeconomics, view, financial, dynamics,
industries, succeed, analyzing, maximize, productivity.
3. Memorize the following words and word-
combinations:
Consumption – потребление; goods – товары;
accomplish – достигать; to reveal – показывать, раскрывать;
leisure –досуг, свободное время; wealth – благосостояние;
household – дом, хозяйство, домашнее хозяйство; since –так
как; buyer - покупатель; seller – продавец; borrower –
заемщик; lender – кредитор; marketplace – рынок; leisure –
досуг, свободное время; taxes – налоги;
Text 3 A. Read and translate
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
Economics is the study of the production and
consumption of goods and the transfer of wealth to produce and
obtain those goods. Economics explains how people interact
44
within markets to get what they want or accomplish certain
goals. Since economics is a driving force of human interaction,
studying it often reveals why people and governments behave
in particular ways.
There are two main types of economics:
macroeconomics and microeconomics. Microeconomics
focuses on the actions of individuals and industries, like the
dynamics between buyers and sellers, borrowers and lenders.
Macroeconomics, on the other hand, takes a much broader
view by analyzing the economic activity of an entire country or
the international marketplace.
A study of economics can describe all aspects of a
country’s economy, such as how a country uses its resources,
how much time laborers devote to work and leisure, the
outcome of investing in industries or financial products, the
effect of taxes on a population, and why businesses succeed or
fail.
People who study economics are called economists.
Economists seek to answer important questions about how
people, industries, and countries can maximize their
productivity, create wealth, and maintain financial stability.
Because the study of economics encompasses many factors that
interact in complex ways, economists have different theories as
to how people and governments should behave within markets.
EXERSISES
4. Fill in the blanks with the following words:
Reveals; called; aspects; the production, consumption;
1. A study of economics can describe all … of a country’s
economy. 2. Economics is the study of … and … of goods and
the transfer of wealth to produce and obtain those goods. 3.
Economics often … why people and governments behave in
particular ways. 4. People who study economics are …
economists.
45
5. Translate the following definitions and memorize the
terms:
1. Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the
behavior of individual households and firms in making
decisions on the allocation of limited resources. Typically, it
applies to markets where goods or services are bought and
sold.
2. Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with
the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of
an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.
6. Answer the following questions:
1. What does economics study? 2. What does economics
reveal? 3. What does microeconomics focus on? 4. What does
macroeconomics focus on? 5. What can a study of economics
describe? 6. What questions must economists answer?
7. Find the English equivalents to Russian words and word
combinations
Современная экономическая теория, в своих
собственных интересах, вмешиваться, социальные
волнения, средства производства, снижение налогов
8.Translate 3 paragraph into Russian in written form.
Text 3 B. Read the text and make a short outline
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Adam Smith, known as the Father of Economics,
established the first modern economic theory, called the
Classical School, in 1776. Smith believed that people who
acted in their own self-interest produced goods and wealth that
benefited all of society. He believed that governments should
46
not restrict or interfere in markets because they could regulate
themselves and, thereby, produce wealth at maximum
efficiency. Classical theory forms the basis of capitalism and is
still prominent today.
A second theory known as Marxism states that
capitalism will eventually fail because factory owners and
CEOs exploit labor to generate wealth for themselves. Karl
Marx, the theory’s namesake, believed that such exploitation
leads to social unrest and class conflict. To ensure social and
economic stability, he theorized, laborers should own and
control the means of production. While Marxism has been
widely rejected in capitalistic societies, its description of
capitalism’s flaws remains relevant.
A more recent economic theory, the Keynesian School,
describes how governments can act within capitalistic
economies to promote economic stability. It calls for reduced
taxes and increased government spending when the economy
becomes stagnant, and increased taxes and reduced spending
when the economy becomes overly active. This theory strongly
influences U.S. economic policy today.
As one can see, economics shapes the world. Through
economics, people and countries become wealthy. Because
buying and selling are activities vital to survival and success,
studying economics can help one understand human thought
and behavior.
Text 3 C . Read and translate the text.
COLOR PSYCHOLOGY
(Психология цвета)
By David Johnson
Why are people more relaxed in green rooms? Why do
weightlifters do their best in blue gyms?
47
Colors often have different meanings in various cultures. And
even in Western societies, the meanings of various colors have
changed over the years. But today in the U.S., researchers have
generally found the following to be accurate.
Black is the color of authority and power. It is popular
in fashion because it makes people appear thinner. It is also
stylish and timeless. Black also implies submission. Priests
wear black to signify submission to God. Some fashion experts
say a woman wearing black implies submission to men. Black
outfits can also be overpowering, or make the wearer seem
aloof [надменный] or evil. Villains, such as Dracula, often
wear black.
White Brides wear white to symbolize innocence and
purity. White reflects light and is considered a summer color.
White is popular in decorating and in fashion because it is
light, neutral, and goes with everything. However, white shows
dirt and is therefore more difficult to keep clean than other
colors. Doctors and nurses wear white to imply sterility.
Red The most emotionally intense color, red stimulates
a faster heartbeat and breathing. It is also the color of love. Red
clothing gets noticed and makes the wearer appear heavier.
Since it is an extreme color, red clothing might not help people
in negotiations or confrontations. Red cars are popular targets
for thieves. In decorating, red is usually used as an accent.
Decorators say that red furniture should be perfect since it will
attract attention.
The most romantic color, pink, is more tranquilizing. Sports
teams sometimes paint the locker rooms used by opposing
teams bright pink so their opponents will lose energy.
Blue The color of the sky and the ocean, blue is one of
the most popular colors. It causes the opposite reaction as red.
Peaceful, tranquil blue causes the body to produce calming
chemicals, so it is often used in bedrooms. Blue can also be
cold and depressing. Fashion consultants recommend wearing
48
blue to job interviews because it symbolizes loyalty. People are
more productive in blue rooms. Studies show weightlifters are
able to handle heavier weights in blue gyms.
Green Currently the most popular decorating color,
green symbolizes nature. It is the easiest color on the eye and
can improve vision. It is a calming, refreshing color. People
waiting to appear on TV sit in "green rooms" to relax.
Hospitals often use green because it relaxes patients. Brides in
the Middle Ages wore green to symbolize fertility. Dark green
is masculine, conservative, and implies wealth. However,
seamstresses [швея] often refuse to use green thread on the eve
of a fashion show for fear it will bring bad luck.
Yellow Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter.
While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their
tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more.
It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be
overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration,
hence its use for legal pads [блокнот размером 8,5 на 14
дюймов с отрывными страницами из жёлтой линованной
бумаги, без обложки, популярен в США.]. It also speeds
metabolism.
Purple The color of royalty, purple connotes luxury,
wealth, and sophistication. It is also feminine and romantic.
However, because it is rare in nature, purple can appear
artificial.
Brown Solid, reliable brown is the color of earth and is
abundant in nature. Light brown implies genuineness while
dark brown is similar to wood or leather. Brown can also be
sad and wistful [тоскующий]. Men are more apt to say brown
is one of their favorite colors.
Food for Thought
While blue is one of the most popular colors it is one of
the least appetizing. Blue food is rare in nature. Food
researchers say that when humans searched for food, they
49
learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often
blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study
subjects, they lose appetite.
Green, brown, and red are the most popular food colors. Red is
often used in restaurant decorating schemes because it is an
appetite stimulant.
Task 1. What is your attitude to the color? What colors do
you like and why?
Task 2. Make up situations using the proverbs
- Better be lucky than be rich - Не родись красивой, а
родись счастливой.
- If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. -
За двумя зайцами погонишься, ни одного не
поймаешь.
- Never judge a book by its cover -
Дословный перевод: Не суди о книге по ее обложке.
Русский аналог: Встречают по одежке, провожают по уму
Task 3. Make up sentences with idioms
1. face the music - держать ответ; отвечать за свои
поступки, действия
Example:
The boy must face the music for his actions very soon -
Очень скоро мальчику придется держать ответ за свои
действия.
I think I should probably go home and face the music. -
Думаю, пора вернуться домой и разобраться с проблемами
2. get down to business - перейти к делу
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