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Файл:Тhe base of english skills development. Учебное пособие
.pdf
The article is not
being translated
.
Books are not
being read by
them
This book was not being
discussed the whole day
yesterday
Books were not being
read at 3 o’clock
yesterday
---
It is cold.
Холодно.
It is getting dark.
Темнеет.
It is necessary to...
Необходимо...
It seems...
Кажется...
It is known that...
Известно, что...
§ 12. Функции и перевод it
В предложении it может употребляться:
1) как личное местоимение в функциях
подлежащего (именительный падеж) и дополнения
(объектный падеж); переводится словами он, она или его,
ее:
Take this book. Возьми эту книгу.
It is interesting. Она интересная.
Read it. Прочти ее.
2) как указательное местоимение (переводится
словом это):
What is it? It is our new laboratory. – Что это? Это наша
новая лаборатория.
3) как формальное (вводящее) подлежащее в
выражениях типа
В этих предложениях it не переводится.
4) в составе усилительной конструкции it is ...that (it
не переводится):
It is this book that I want to read. - Именно эту книгу я
хочу прочитать.
161
5) как формальное дополнение в выражениях типа
That house was built in
1987.
Тот дом был построен в 1987
году.
make it possible делать возможным; make it difficult
затруднять; find it useful считать (находить) полезным
(здесь it также не переводится).
§ 13. Функции и перевод one
Слово one может быть:
1. Числительным. В этом случае one стоит перед
существительным, является его определением и
переводится словом один:
I have only one dictionary. - У меня есть только один
словарь.
2. Неопределенным местоимением. Тогда one
употребляется в качестве подлежащего в неопределенноличных предложениях и на русский язык не переводится:
One can read such a text without a dictionary. Можно читать такой текст без словаря.
3. Заменителем существительного. В этом случае one
употребляется вместо ранее упомянутого
существительного, чтобы избежать его повторения.
Переводится one тем существительным, которое заменяет,
или не переводится вообще, например:
You may take my dictionary (dictionaries). - Вы можете
взять мой словарь (словари).
§ 14. Функции и перевод that
1) Указательным местоимением. В этом случае оно стоит
перед существительным и является определением.
162
Can you repeat all those
questions which the
teacher asked?
Можете вы повторить все те
вопросы, которые задал
преподаватель?
The book that you gave me
yesterday is interesting.
Книга, которую вы мне
вчера дали, интересная.
We know that he studies at the
PSUTI.
Мы знаем, что он учится в
ПГУТИ.
That the profession of an
engineer requires a special
training is a well-known fact.
То, что профессия инженера
требует специальной
подготовки – хорошо
известно.
The feature of higher
education in this country
is that it is available to
all.
Особенностью высшего
образования в нашей стране
является то, что оно доступно
всем.
2) Относительным местоимением. В этом случае that стоит
после существительного, вводит определительное
придаточное предложение и переводится словом который:
3) Союзом дополнительного придаточного предложения. В
этом случае that стоит после глагола и переводится на
русский язык словом что.
4) Союзом подлежащего придаточного предложения. В
этом случае that стоит в начале предложения и
переводится словами то, что:
5) Союзом сказуемого придаточного предложения;
стоит после глагола to be и переводится словами то, что:
163
6) Заменителем существительного, чтобы избежать
The climate of this part of the
country differs from that of
our region.
Климат этой части страны
отличается от климата нашего
района.
It was you that said so.
Это вы так сказали.
It was the invention of the
steam engine that
revolutionized production
processes.
Именно изобретение парового
двигателя коренным образом
изменило все производственные
процессы.
Форма
Present
Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Утверд
My friend
has just
gone.
They have
just gone.
I had written
the article by 3
o'clock
yesterday
I will have written
the article by 3 o'clock
tomorrow.
повторения существительного в единственном числе
7) Частью усилительной конструкции it is …that,
где that не переводится:
UNIT 5
§ 15. Времена группы Perfect Active, Passive
Таблица времен группы Perfect Active
(to have + V 3)
164
Вопрос
Has my
friend just
gone?
They have
just gone.
Had I written
the article by 3
o'clock
yesterday
Will your friends
have written the
article by 3 o'clock I
tomorrow?
Отриц.
My friend
has not just
gone.
They have
not
just gone.
I had not
written the
article by 3
o'clock
yesterday.
My friends won’t
have written the
article by 3 o'clock
tomorrow.
Period
of time
ever, never,
just,
already,
nor...yet, by
3p.m.
yesterday by
3p.m., before
some time in
the past...
tomorrow by 3p.m., by
some time in the
future
Форма
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Утверд
The letter has
just been sent.
(Письмо только
что отправили)
They have
just been met.
(Их только что
встретили)
The article
had been
written by 3
o'clock
yesterday.
The article will
have been
written by 3
o'clock tomorrow
The Perfect (Passive)
(to have + been +V 3)
165
Вопрос
Has The letter
just been sent?
Have they been
met?
Had the article
been written
by 3 o'clock
yesterday.
Will the article
have been
written by 3
o'clock
tomorrow?
Отриц.
The letter has
not just been
sent.
They have not
been met.
The article
had been
written by 3
o'clock
yesterday
The article won’t
have been
written by 3
o'clock tomorrow.
Модальные глаголы выражают не само действие или
состояние, а отношение к ним со стороны говорящего.
1) не имеют окончания -s в 3-м лице единственного
числа настоящего времени;
2) не имеют формы прошедшего времени, кроме сап
и may (could, might), и будущего времени;
3) образуют вопросительную и отрицательную
формы без вспомогательного глагола to do:
§ 16. Модальные глаголы (The Modal Verbs)
166
Need
Need может употребляться как модальный глагол и
как правильный глагол. Как модальный глагол need имеет
только одну форму. Он в основном употребляется в
отрицательных предложениях:
You needn't come here to day. - Тебе не нужно
приходить сюда сегодня.
167
Supplementary Reading
Text 1
Trinity
Man was born to build and pass on his achievements to
future generations. The University of Dublin has four centuries
of educational achievement behind it. Since 1592 Trinity has
had a particular vision of what a university should be. There
are three main elements to it. The compact nature of the
campus brings academics and students from all disciplines
together day by day. Students have hot discussions in an
exciting atmosphere of productive interactivity. It’s here that
most students discover that they have begun to master the skills
of university study.
The second element of the Trinity spirit is independence
of thought. The aim has always been not simply to transfer
knowledge, but to create independent thinkers. The third
element, closely connected with the second, is an openness to
new ideas. This shows in a readiness to create new disciplines,
to broaden the spheres of communicating knowledge. The
independence of thought and the broad vision have given birth
to many brilliant careers. The university has produced a series
of literary giants such as Jonathan Swift, Oliver Goldsmith,
Oscar Wild. Trinity’s living tradition is a daily “Commons”, or
evening dinner, in the old Dining hall. For nearly four centuries
students and fellows have gathered to eat together each evening
breaking down the barriers between academic disciplines
through spiritual conversation. Like Oxbridge, Trinity practises
another longstanding college tradition – the emphasis on
tutorship. Each student has a tutor who keeps an eye on his
progress throughout his university career. Tutors advise
students who experience difficulties with their academic
studies and guide them in terms of the many challenges of
university life.
168
Text 2
TOP-12 Amazing Facts About Education in Different
Countries
There are so many countries in the World, that
different nations created their own traditions and cultures,
which vary widely. The same we can say about education.
Some of the amazing facts in the educational system of
different countries are quite logical and seem to be absolutely
natural. But there are some other facts that are so unbelievable
that we start to look for the roots of their origin! Every country
has its own system of traditions, habits, and mentality. Being
familiar with those traditions will help us to find out what
factors caused them.
But deep studying the cultures of the world may take
too much time and efforts. So let’s just look at how fascinating
or strange some traditions are and discover 12 amazing
facts about education and teaching methods in different
countries.
Amazing facts about education
1. Australia. Paradoxically, this is a big country
with a small population (which is even lower than in Canada).
There are many remote areas where is hardly any school.
Because of a long haul to the nearest school, children “attend”
classes at home, listening to the radio. There are even some
special broadcasts for such learners.
2. India. Because of overpopulation, it was
decided to save some territories by establishing extremely big
schools. That’s why the biggest school in the World is located
in India. This is the City Montessori School with 32,000
students studying in.
3. China. Because of studying, Chinese children
do not have enough time to play. Students in this country have
the biggest amount of homework assignments. Furthermore, as
169
a rule, children live in their schools and come back home only
for weekends.
4. Students in France have the shortest school year
and the longest school day.
5. Children in Canada are taught both in English
and French. This is a real bilingual country.
6. Brazil. Having a lunch with family is so
important in this country that children have to start a school
day at 7 o’clock! So after their classes are over, they can come
back home and have a lunch with their families. Nevertheless,
they still have a lot of time to sleep before the next early
morning wake up.
7. Children in the Netherlands have to start
learning as soon as they reach school age (four years old).
Quite early, right? But there is a juicy fact about this – there is
always someone new in the class.
8. Italy. There’s the smallest school in the World,
with only one student studying in. This school is located in
Torino.
9. Bangladesh. This is the only country where you
can see boat schools. There’s a big flooding problem and such
schools suggest a solution. Those boats have everything
important inside, including even internet and library.
10. Iceland is the country with very severe climate.
Maybe that’s why all of the citizens must know how to knit a
warm sweater. So if you study in Icelandic school, you will
probably see in your schedule a subject called knitting.
11. Japan. School year in this country begins in
April and nobody can explain why it is so. Japanese children
are happy as they have at least normal summer vacations, what
is significantly important.
12. Chile. This country divided an academic year in
a very unordinary way. Summer vacations are held there from
the middle of December till March. For reference, in the
170
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