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Файл:Тhe base of english skills development. Учебное пособие
.pdf
possession utilities. In other words, consumers cannot obtain a
finished product unless the product is transported to where they
can gain access to it, stored until they are ready for it, and
digested, exchanged for money or other goods or services so
that they can gain possession of it. In fact, the four types of
utility (form, time, place, and possession) are inseparable: there
can be no «complete» product without incorporating all four
into any given object, idea, or service.
Task 1. Put 10 questions to the text.
Task 2. Summarize the text in 8—10 sentences.
Text 5 C . Read , translate and discuss the material.
WHAT'S SO FUNNY? THE PSYCHOLOGY BEHIND
JOKES AND LAUGHTER
(И что смешного? Психология шуток и смеха)
Laughter is universal. it has nothing to do with what
language we speak, which culture we were raised in, or what
our religious faith is. We all laugh. Psychologists have
compared laughter to speaking in tongues (говорение на
(незнакомых) языках; глоссолалия - нарушение
артикуляции или речи у психически больных): we can't
control what we laugh at, or the sounds that come out of our
mouth. All we know is that we laugh, and that laughter
transcends all of our differences.
Scientists have studied laughter by going out into public
places and observing people in social settings, by searching for
"the perfect joke" and studying its effect on the brain of its
recipient, and by hooking people up to an MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging - получение изображений методом
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ядерного магнитного резонанса) machine and studying brain
activity as they listen to both real and "fake" (jokes not meant
to funny) jokes. What they've discovered about laughter is a bit
surprising. And it may explain why certain people make us
laugh easier than others can.
Four Facts About Laughter
1. Laughter varies by age and gender. Children laugh
400 times per day, as opposed to adults, who only laugh 15
times per day. Any parent has experienced this. Kids laugh at
the weirdest things. But laughter is part of their cognitive
development (когнитивное развитие). Kids who tell and listen
to jokes are learning about language, connections, and irony.
Those who have a well-developed sense of humor have a better
outlook on life and an easier time interacting with their peers.
Women laugh more than men: about 126% more,
according to an article published in Psychology Today.
Men are the biggest laugh-getters, a trait that starts early in
childhood. Most likely, if you think back to the class clown in
elementary or middle school, it was a boy. What makes women
the laughers and men the comedians? That question is still up
in the air. As we learn more about the science of laughter,
hopefully the answer will unfold.
2. Laughter is a social phenomenon. Ever notice that
you laugh more when watching a funny movie with your pals
than you do when you watch the same movie by yourself?
Psychologists have studied this phenomenon, as well as the
phenomenon known as "contagious laughter" to determine why
it is that we laugh more with others. It comes down to
communication. Laughter is a wordless, un-fakeable
demonstration of human emotion. It binds us as maybe no
other force on Earth can. Television producers of the 1950's
understood this before anyone studied it---they started setting
sitcoms to laugh tracks to make the home audience laugh and
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enjoy the show more. It's also why Leno, Letterman, and
Conan tape before a live studio audience. The audience laughs,
and we find ourselves laughing along with them.
3. Different types of jokes affect different parts of the
brain. The part of the brain that reacts to jokes is the medial
ventral (внутренний, вентральный) prefrontal
(префронтальный; предлобный) cortex (кора головного
мозга), which is where cognitive development, personality
development, and determining correct social behavior occurs.
However, different types of jokes trigger different parts of the
brain as we process them. Puns (игра слов; каламбур) take
one path to the prefrontal cortex, for example, while story jokes
take a completely different neurological path. This explains
why people who have experienced brain trauma may find one
type of joke funny, but find absolutely no humor in an equally
funny joke of a different genre, or why they may lose their
sense of humor all together.
4. Laughter has very little to do with the joke itself. In
studying laughter in social settings, scientists observed an
interesting phenomenon: the joke itself was the least important
factor in instigating laughter. In fact, statements like "well,
hello yourself," or "yeah, that's what I thought" were more
likely to get a laugh than an actual joke was. The larger the
group, the more each person in the group laughed. Women tend
to laugh more heartily in the presence of men they are attracted
to than they do in the presence of other women or men who
don't attract them. What this tells us is that while a joke can be
a great icebreaker, what matters more is the interaction and
relationship between people. This also explains that one guy
you know who tells the dumbest (глупейший) jokes but never
fails to be the life of the party.
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The Great Unifier
All of the research boils down (to boil down to -
сводиться к (чему-л.)) to this inescapable (неизбежный,
неминуемый, неотвратимый) fact: humans are, and are
designed to be, social beings. Laughter is a reflex, just like the
startle (испуг; страх; вздрагивание (от неожиданного
действия, страха)) reflex, gag (рвотные движения) reflex, of
the reflex of automatically pulling your hand away from a hot
stove. Laughter is irresistible, contagious, and binds us through
its universality. It transcends (выходить за пределы) the
issues and differences that divide us. In the end, we're all the
same, laughing at the same dumb knock-knock joke as the next
guy. Maybe that's really the reason laughter is the best
medicine
http://study-english.info/topic-jokes-psychology.php
Task 1. Copy out unknown words and word-combinations
from the text
Task 2. What is your attitude to laughter (8-10 sentences).
Task 3. Write short stories using the proverbs
- If at first you don’t succeed try, try and try again
Перевод: Если сначала не получилось, пытайся, пытайся и
пытайся снова.
Эквивалент: Терпение и труд все перетрут. Если долго
мучиться — что-нибудь получится
- Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
Перевод: там, где есть воля, есть и способ.
Эквивалент: кто хочет, тот добьется; было бы желание,
а способ найдется.
- Actions speak louder than words.
Перевод: дела говорят громче слов.
Эквивалент: не по словам судят, а по делам.
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Task 4. Make up sentences with idioms
1 have a big mouth - быть сплетником; быть тем, кто
разбалтывает чужие секреты, тайны
Example:
My friend has a big mouth so I don't like to tell him any
secrets - Мой друг тот еще сплетник, поэтому я стараюсь не
рассказывать ему никаких тайн.
I really have a big mouth, tell me to be quiet - У меня
действительно длинный язык, ты мне говори, чтоб я
помалкивала.
2. hit home - попасть точно в цель, в самую точку;
задеть за живое
Example:
The president's message seemed to hit home with most
people who watched him on TV - Послание президента,
похоже, задело за живое большинство людей, которые
смотрели его по телевизору
GRAMMAR REVIEW
Упр. 1. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в
нужную форму:
1. Peter and Ann (go) away five minutes ago. 2. I (write) the
letter but I (not send) it. 3. He just (go) away. 4. She already
(answer) the letter. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 5. I just (tell)
you the answer. 6. I (read) that book during my summer
holidays. 7. I (not see) him for three years. I (be) glad to see
him again some time. 8. What you (do)? I (copy) the text from
the text-book now. 9. He (go) to Moscow next week? 10. He
(not smoke) for a month. He is trying to give it up. 11. When
he (arrive)? - He (arrive) at 2.00. 12. You (switch off) the light
before you left the house? 13. I (read) these books when I was
at school. I (like) them very much. 14. I can't go out because I
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(not finish) my work. 15. I already (tell) you the answer
yesterday. 16. What you (do) tomorrow in the morning?
Упр. 2. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Я никогда об этом не слышал. 2. Я только что прочитал
ваше письмо. 3. Вы уже купили новую квартиру? 4. Вы
сделали много ошибок в тесте. 5. Вы когда-нибудь видели
этого человека? 6. В этом месяце я прочитал две новых
книги. 7. Мой друг уехал в Москву неделю назад и еще не
писал мне. 8. Я не видел новых фильмов за последнее
время (lately). 9. Вы прочитали сегодня в газете о нашем
новом театре? 10. Вы были когда-нибудь на Байкале? —
Нет, я поеду туда в этом году. 11. Вы уже прочитали эту
статью? 12. Я хотел посмотреть этот фильм на прошлой
неделе, но смог посмотреть его только вчера.
Упр. 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном
из следующих времен; Present, Past, Future Simple;
Present, Past Continuous: Present, Past Perfect.
1. Don't go to Nick's place now, he (to work). He (to
finish) his homework at seven o'clock. If you (to come) after
seven, he (to be) very glad. 2. Pete (to go) to the cinema? —
Yes, I (to think) so. He usually (to play) in the yard at this time,
and now he (not to be) there. 3. He (to read) a book at five
o'clock yesterday. 4. You (to go) for a walk with me? — I (to
be) sorry, I can't. I (to do) my homework. 1 (not yet to write)
the English exercise. If you (to wait) for me, I (to go) with you
in half an hour. I (to want) to go for a walk very much, because
I (not to go) for a walk yesterday. 5. Yesterday the children (to
do) all their homework before mother (to come) home, and
when she (to come), they (to play) with the cat. 6. I (to lose)
my key when I (to play) in the yard yesterday. 7. Ring me up as
soon as you (to come) home. 8. Where you usually (to take)
books for reading?
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Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употреблял глаголы в одном
из будущих времен: Future Simple, Future Continuоus
или Future Perfect.
1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my
homework at six o'clock tomorrow. 3. I (to do) my homework
by six o'clock tomorrow. 4. Tomorrow I (to begin) doing my
homework as soon as I come from school. I (to do) my
homework from three till six. My father (to come) home at
seven o'clock tomorrow. I (to do) all my homework by the time
he comes, and we (to go) for a walk together. 5. When I come
home tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 6. When you
come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my
homework by the time you come. 7. Don't come to my place
tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening. 8. I
(not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. I (to watch) TV the whole
evening. 9. What you (to do) tomorrow? 10. What you (to do)
at eight o'clock tomorrow? 11. You (to play) volleyball
tomorrow? 12. You (to do) this work by next Sunday? 13.
When you (to go) to see your friend next time? 14. How many
pages you (to read) by five o'clock tomorrow?
Упр. 5. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive
Voice
Пример: They have already brought the medicine. —
The medicine has already been brought.
I.You have repaired our house lately. 2. When the fire
brigade came, the fire had destroyed the building. 3. The
athlete has shown much better results since this coach trains
him, 4.I will have answered all the business letters by noon. 5.
The president of the board has signed the document. 6. Is she
washing the floor? — No, she has already washed it. 7. By his
arrival they had repaired his car. 8. He has booked the tickets
and the clerk will have brought them by 2 o'clock. 9. They had
painted the house by his arrival. 10. The police haven't found
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the reason for the accident yet. I I . Have you touched anything
here? 12. The sociologist has interviewed a lot of students. 13.
Have they tested all the machines? 14. The flood has caused
considerable damage. 15. John will have received the papers by
tomorrow.
Упр. 6. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive
Voice
Пример: He can do this work. — The work can be done
(by him).
1. She can find a job easily. 2. The matter is urgent. They
should phone her immediately. 3. The boss wants Mr. Black.
You must find him. 4. I can make an interesting offer to you. 5.
He's get a pay rise and low they can buy a new house. 6. You
must send the document as quickly as possible. 7. The weather
is warm. She may plant the flowers. 8. The document is of
great importance. He must show it to us. 9. He must give back
the book on Sunday. 10. Their kitchen is large and they can use
it as a dining room. 11. Ecologists say that we should take care
of our planet. 12. You must send for the doctor immediately.
13. The lecture is over. You may ask questions. 14. You should
avoid the center of town during rush hours. 15. They agreed
that the club should raise membership fee.
Упр. 7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в одно из
прошедших времен:
1. When I (came) the lecture already (start). 2 They (go) to
Moscow some days ago. 3. When I came he (leave), so we only
had time for a few words. 4. When we (come) to the airport,
the plane already (land). 5. He suddenly (understand) that he
(travel) in the wrong direction. 6. Our teacher (speak) many
foreign languages. 7. Who (speak) now? 8. Where is Bob? He
(play) tennis. 9. I (go) home when we met. 10. Listen, my son
(play) the piano. 11. They already (translate) this text last
lesson. 12. You (do) this exercise next week. 13. We (discuss)
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your plan tomorrow at 10 o'clock. 14. It (rain) when I went for
a walk. 15. What you (do) here? 16. I (not, write) at the
moment.
Упр. 8. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can
(could).
1. ... you help me? 2. I ... not imagine her speaking in
public: I knew that she was so shy. 3. Something was wrong
with the car: he ... not start it, 4. A fool ... ask more questions
than a wise man ... answer. 5. She asked me if she ... use my
telephone. 6. ... I use your pen? 7. ... I find a pen on that table?
8. You ... read this book: you know the language well enough.
9. You ... take this book: I don't need it. 10. ... I help you? 11.
... I ask you to help me? 12. The school was silent: nothing ...
be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting ... be endless,
you know. 14. ... you tell me the nearest way to the city
museum? 15. They ... think that I am too weak to take part in
the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard
work, indeed. 16. He knew this period of history very well: he
had read everything on the subject he ... find in the rich
university library.
Упр. 9. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, m a y , must
и л и need.
1. Peter ... return the book to the library. We all want to
read it. 2. Why ... not you understand it? It is so easy. 3. ... we
do the exercise at once? — Yes, you ... do it at once. 4. ... you
pronounce this sound? 5. You ... not have bought this meat: we
have everything for dinner. 6.1... not go out today: it is too
cold. 7. ... I take your pen? — Yes, please. 8. We ... not carry
the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 9. We ... not carry the
bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it.
10. When ... you come to see us? — I ... come only on Sunday.
11. Shall I write a letter to him? — No, you ... not, it is not
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necessary. 12. ... you cut something without a knife? 13.
Everything is clear and you ... not go into details now. 14. He
... not drink alcohol when he drives. 15. Don't worry! I ...
change a light bulb. 16. By the end of the week I ... have
finished writing my book. 17. She ... not call the doctor again
unless she feels worse.
Упр. 10. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must
или need.
1. I ... not go out today: it is too cold. 2. ... I take your
pen? — Yes, please. 3. We ... not carry the bookcase upstairs:
it is too heavy. 4. We ... not carry the bookcase upstairs
ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 5. When ... you
come to see us? — I ... come only on Sunday. 6. Shall I write a
letter to him? — No, you ... not, it is not necessary. 7. ... you
cut something without a knife? 8. Peter ... return the book to
the library. We all want to read it. 9. Why ... not you
understand it? It is so easy. 10. ... we do the exercise at once?
Yes, you … do it at once. 11. ... you pronounce this sound?
12. You ... not have bought this meat-we have everything for
dinner.
Упр. 11. Замените модальные глаголы
соответствующими эквивалентами.
1. Students must take exams in January. 2. She can speak
French well. 3. You may take this book till tomorrow. 4. We
must learn new words every week. 5.1 live not far from my
work. I can go by bus or I can walk. 6. You may come in. 7.
We can take this book from the library. 8. She cannot do this
work in time. 9. He must go to St. Petersburg for a few days.
10. We can see electrical devices everywhere.
Упр. 12. Поставьте предложения в вопросительной и
отрицательной формах.
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