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Файл:Новый тренажер по английскому языку от простого к сложному
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5. We … cook tonight. We can get a pizza.
6. She … get up early. She’s on holiday.
7. You … study harder or you are going to fail.
8. You … drive faster than 120 km/h on the motorway.
8. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
Залог – это форма глагола, которая показывает, являет-
ся ли подлежащее предложения производителем или объектом действия, выраженного сказуемым. В английском языке
имеется два залога: the Active Voice (действительный залог)
и the Passive Voice (страдательный залог).
1. Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в
форме действительного залога.
They gave us a bonus.
Они выдали нам премию.
The hurricane ruined almost all houses in this village.
Ураган разрушил почти все дома в этой деревне.
2. Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или
предмета, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме
страдательного залога.
We were given a bonus.
Нам была выдана премия.
Almost all houses in this village were ruined by the hurricane.
Почти все дома в этой деревне были разрушены ураганом.
Страдательный залог употребляется:
• Когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или не
столь важно для упоминания
Our house was broken into yesterday.
Вчера ограбили наш дом.
• Когда мы не хотим говорить, кто именно это сделал.
Например, если произошло что-то плохое, и мы не хотим
никого обвинять.
The holiday was spoiled.
Праздник был испорчен.
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3. Если необходимо упомянуть, что действие совершается
кем-то или с помощью чего-то, то используем предлоги
by и with.
Если действие осуществляется при помощи какого-ли-
бо предмета, инструмента или материала, то используется
предлог with. Мы ставим with в конец предложения, а после
него сам инструмент (with a knife)
The streets are covered with snow.
Улицы покрыты снегом.
The picture will be painted with a pencil.
Картина будет нарисована карандашом.
Если мы хотим сказать КТО или ЧТО (кем, чем) явля-
ется причиной действия, то мы используем предлог by. Мы
ставим его в конце предложения, а после него действующее
лицо (by Tom, by the storm)
В английском предложении с пассивной конструкцией
предлог by может вводить:
• человека либо группу людей, совершивших какое-либо
действие
Our flat was done up by a famous interior decorator.
Отделка нашей квартиры была произведена известным
дизайнером интерьера.
• автора
The poem was written by Pushkin.
Поэма была написана Пушкиным.
• явление природы
The city was ruined by earthquake.
Город был разрушен землетрясением.
Образование времен страдательного залога
1. Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи
вспомогательного глагола «to be» в соответствующей временной форме и глагола в 3–й форме или с окончанием
-ed (V
I often ask questions. I am often asked questions.
\ Ved).
3
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Present Simple
He\She\It is asked …
We\You\They are asked …
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ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Present Continuous
I am asking questions now. I’m being asked questions now.
He\She\It is being asked …
We\You\They are being asked …
Past Simple
I asked questions. I\he\she\it was asked questions.
We\you\they were asked …
Past Continuous
I was asking questions. I\he\she\it was being asked …
We\you\they were being asked …
Future Simple
I will ask questions. I\he\she\it will be asked
we\you\they will be asked …
Present Perfect
I have just asked questions. I\we\you\they have been asked ...
He\she\it has been asked …
Past Perfect
I had asked questions before the lecture.
I will have asked questions
before the lecture starts.
I\he\she\it had been asked ...
we\you\they had been asked …
Future Perfect
I\he\she\it will have been asked ...
we\you\they will have been asked …
Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдатель-
ном залоге изменяется только глагол «to be», смысловой же
глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму – Past
Participle (V
) или Participle II (Ved).
3
2. В страдательном залоге имеются только два времени группы Continuous: Present Continuous u Past Continuous;
форма Future Continuous, а также времена группы
Perfect Continuous отсутствуют.
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3. При образовании вопросительной формы перед подлежащим ставится либо глагол «to be» в соответствующем
времени, либо вспомогательный глагол употребляемого
грамматического времени.
Was he invited yesterday?
Он был приглашен вчера?
Has he been awarded recently?
Он был награжден недавно?
4. При образовании отрицательной формы частица not ставится:
1) либо после глагола «to be» в соответствующей форме
I am not invited.
Я не приглашен.
2) либо после вспомогательного глагола употребляемого
грамматического времени.
You will not be forgiven.
Тебя не простят (Ты не будешь прощен).
Преобразование предложений из
действительного залога в страдательный
1. Дополнение действительного оборота становится подлежащим страдательного оборота.
Somebody has stolen his car (действительный залог).
Кто-то украл его машину.
His car has been stolen.
Его машина была украдена.
2. Если в состав сказуемого в действительном залоге входят
модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, то в страдательном залоге эта конструкция будет выглядеть следующим
образом:
Подлежащее + модальный глагол + be + V
Действительный залог Страдательный залог
We must finish our work in
May.
Мы должны закончить свою работу в мае.
Our work must be finished in
May.
Наша работа должна быть закончена в мае.
ed
3
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Действительный залог Страдательный залог
You can buy this book in any
bookshop.
Вы сможете купить эту книгу в
любом книжном магазине.
This book can be bought in any
bookshop.
Эта книга может быть куплена
в любом книжном магазине.
Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в
форме Present Simple Passive.
1. Ice hockey … (play) in Canada.
2. The money … (keep) in the safe.
3. Chicken sandwiches … (make) for children.
4. The washing-machine … (use) every day.
5. All his holidays … (spend) in the countryside.
6. The door … (paint) by my granny every year.
7. The dogs … (train) by Mary in the garden.
8. Bread … (make) from flour.
9. Christmas … (celebrate) on the 25th of December in
Europe.
10. A new president … (elect) every four years in the USA.
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в
форме Past Simple Passive.
1. The monuments … (ruin) in 1943.
2. A big bunch of flowers … (send) for her birthday.
3. The novel «War and peace» … (write) by Leo Tolstoy.
4. The famous painting «Sunflowers» … (paint) by Van
Gogh.
5. The coats … (leave) in the wardrobe.
6. A bank robber … (catch) by the police last night.
7. Your credit card … (find) on the floor.
8. My clock … (not to repair) by George.
9. The work … (do) two weeks ago.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в
Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.
1. My question … (to answer) yesterday.
2. Hockey … (to play) in winter.
3. Mushrooms … (to gather) in autumn.
4. Many houses … (to burn) during the Great Fire of London.
5. His new book … (to finish) next year.
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6. Flowers … (to sell) in shops and in the streets.
7. St. Petersburg … (to found) in 1703.
8. Bread … (to eat) every day.
9. The letter … (to receive) yesterday.
10. Nick … (to send) to Moscow next week.
11. I … (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.
12. I … (to give) a very interesting book at the library last
Friday.
13. Many houses … (to build) in our town every year.
14. This work … (to do) tomorrow.
15. This text … (to translate) at the last lesson.
16. These trees … (to plant) last autumn.
17. Many interesting games always … (to play) at our PT
lessons.
18. This bone … (to give) to my dog tomorrow.
19. We … (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.
20. Lost time never … (to find) again.
21. Rome … (not to build) in a day.
Упражнение 4. Поставьте глаголы из скобок в форму пас-
сивного залога Present Perfect.
1. He … (arrest) after a fight in a nightclub.
2. My son … (award) the Medal of courage.
3. Your tea and biscuits … (serve).
4. Thousands of new cars … (manufacture) this year.
5. Our flight … (delay).
6. The tickets … (sell).
7. The suitcase … (pack) by Frank.
8. All the windows … (clean) by Mrs. Simpson today.
9. A delicious cherry pie … (make) by my mum for dinner.
10. The work … (not to do) yet.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующуюся
форму глагола Active / Passive.
1. At the station they will … (meet, be met) by a man from
the travel bureau.
2. She will … (meet, be met) them in the hall upstairs.
3. The porter will … (bring, be brought) your luggage to
your room.
4. Your luggage will … (bring, be brought) up in the lift.
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5. You may … (leave, be left) your hat and coat in the
cloakroom downstairs.
6. They can … (leave, be left) the key with the clerk
downstairs.
7. From the station they will … (take, be taken) straight to
the hotel.
8. Tomorrow he will … (take, be taken) them to the Russian
Museum.
9. Radio … (invented, was invented) by Popov in Russia.
10. The final exams … (will take, will be taken) in summer.
Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в
Active Voice или Passive Voice.
1. Nobody … (to see) Frank yesterday.
2. The telegram … (to receive) the day after tomorrow.
3. He … (to give) me this book next week.
4. The answer to this question can … (to find) in the ency-
clopedia.
5. We… (to show) the historical monuments of the capital
to the delegation tomorrow.
6. You can … (to find) interesting information about the life
in the USA in this book.
7. Budapest … (to divide) by the Danube into two parts:
Buda and Pest.
8. Yuri Dolgoruki … (to found) Moscow in 1147.
9. Moscow University … (to found) by Lomonosov.
10. We … (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.
11. The President … ( to photograph) by the journalists.
12. The journalists … (to photograph) the President.
13. The Discovery Civilization channel … (to watch) by mil-
lions of people.
14. … the new film … (to watch) by your family now?
Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски предлогами with или by.
1. The new swimming pool has been just opened … the
mayor.
2. During the robbery, the manager was hit … a baseball bat.
3. Extra training was provided … the company.
4. This story was written … Agatha Christie.
5. The bear was shot … a gun.
6. Trained dogs are used … the police.
7. The hall was decorated … pink and purple balloons.
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8. University laboratories are equipped … up-to-date devices.
9. Rare books, issued … British publishers, are being shown
at the exhibition.
10. Wait a little, an interesting story is being told … my
neighbor.
Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в
соответствующей форме страдательного залога.
1. The roads … (cover) with the snow.
2. Chocolate … (make) from cocoa.
3. The Pyramids … (build) in Egypt.
4. This coat … (buy) four years ago.
5. The stadium … (open) next month.
6. Your parents … (invite) to a meeting tomorrow.
7. Where is your car? – It … (mend) at the moment.
8. The books already … (pack).
9. The castle can … (see) from a long distance.
10. The guests must … (meet) at noon.
11. Souvenirs … (not to sell) everywhere.
12. The task … (not to finish) at 3 o’clock tomorrow.
13. The zoo … (not to reconstruct) at the moment.
14. The luggage must … (check) at the customs.
Упражнение 9. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в
соответствующей форме страдательного залога.
1. The island … (to discover) in 1878.
2. My car … (to wash) right now.
3. This problem … (to solve) some day.
4. The contract that was given to me … (to sign) by the
branch manager two days before.
5. Your statement can … (to question).
6. The dog … (to leave) in the car by its owner about an hour
ago.
7. The program … (to install) already.
8. The door … (to fix) by the time we came back.
9. Don’t worry. The boy just … (to find).
10. The cargo … (not to deliver) yet.
11. I … (to search) before I entered the building.
12. Sorry, but the article you gave me … (not to publish) yet.
13. The work … (to do) at the moment.
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Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в
нужную форму страдательного залога.
1. This book … (write) many years ago.
2. His car … (break) so he had to take a taxi.
3. This castle … (build) in the 16th century.
4. I’ve missed the news block! When it … (repeat)?
5. This dress is brand new, it never … (wear).
6. I am reading a book while my car … (repair).
7. At what time the dinner usually … (serve) here?
8. To my great surprise the problem … (not to solve) yet.
9. She … (examine) by the doctor tomorrow.
10. Some more articles about football can … (write) by my son.
11. Your bedroom must … (clean) tonight.
12. The Christmas party … (organize) by our children next
Friday.
13. The bills … (pay) by Bob last week.
14. The work … (do) by the time you come home.
15. The work … (do) by the time he came home.
16. The work … (do) while I was getting ready for classes.
Упражнение 11. Передайте следующие предложения в
Passive Voice.
1. Не stole a lot of money from the shop.
2. By six o’clock they had finished the work.
3. At twelve o’clock the workers were loading the trucks.
4. By three o’clock the workers had loaded the trucks.
5. We send our daughter to rest in the south every year.
6. They will show this film on TV.
7. They are building a new concert hall in our street.
8. I bought potatoes yesterday.
9. We shall bring the books tomorrow.
10. They are repairing the clock now.
11. They sell milk in this shop.
12. I have translated the whole text.
13. They broke the window last week.
14. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets.
15. We shall do the work in the evening.
16. He wrote this book in the 19th century.
17. They were playing tennis from four till five.
18. They have made a number of important experiments in
this laboratory.
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19. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the 19th century.
20. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees.
Упражнение 12 Передайте следующие предложения в
Active Voice. Введите любые подходящие подлежащие.
1. The room was cleaned and aired.
2. Have all these books been read?
3. Whom were these letters written by?
4. The letter has just been typed.
5. She showed me the picture which had been painted by her
husband.
6. I shall not be allowed to go there.
7. He has been told everything, so he knows what to do now.
8. All the questions must be answered.
9. The door has been left open.
10. Betty was met at the station.
11. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert.
12. She said that the new timetable had not been hung up on
the notice board yet.
13. The roast chicken was eaten with appetite.
14. It was so dark, that the houses could not be seen.
15. The light has not been turned off yet.
16. The boy was punished for misbehaving.
17. By three o’clock everything had been prepared.
18. The dictation was written without mistakes.
19. Who was the poem written by?
20. Her dress was washed and ironed.
Контрольный тест 5. Времена в действительном
и страдательном залоге (The Active and Passive voice)
1. My brother hasn’t spoken Russian since our family … to
France.
1) went 3) were going
2) has gone 4) had gone
2. Last year they … the prices in March and then in May.
1) raised 3) have risen
2) rose 4) have raised
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