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Файл:Новый тренажер по английскому языку от простого к сложному
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Пользуйтесь следующей схемой.
Время, требующееся
по смыслу и ситуации
Present Simple
she dances
Present Continuous
she is dancing
Present Perfect
she has danced
Present Perfect
Continuous
she has been dancing
Future Simple
she will dance
Future Continuous
she will be dancing
Future Perfect
she will have danced
Future Perfect Continuous
she will have been dancing
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
Время, фактически
употребляемое в придаточ-
ном предложении
Past Simple
she danced
Past Continuous
she was dancing
Past Perfect
she had danced
Past Perfect Continuous
she had been dancing
Future Simple in the Past
she would dance
Future Continuous
in the Past
she would be dancing
Future Perfect in the Past
she would have danced
Future Perfect Continuous
in the Past
she would have been dancing
Past Simple
she danced
Past Continuous
she was dancing
Past Perfect
she had danced
Past Perfect Continuous
she had been dancing
Past Perfect
→
she had danced
Past Perfect Continuous
→
she had been dancing
Past Perfect
→
she had danced
Past Perfect Continuous
→
she had been dancing
Nora didn’t remember where she had put all those papers.
Нора не помнила, куда она положила все те документы.
I expected that he would call me in two days.
Я ожидала\надеялась, что он позвонит мне через два дня.
271
Примечание:
Past Simple не меняется согласно вышеуказанному правилу, когда стоит после временных союзов when, as,
while, after, since.
It annoys me that he has been watching a movie since
I came.
It annoyed me that he had been watching a movie since
I came.
Изменение модальных глаголов при согласовании времен
Следует иметь в виду, что:
1. Модальные глаголы в прошедшем времени образуют
следующие формы:
Настоящее время Прошедшее время
CAN COULD
MAY MIGHT
HAVE TO HAD TO
BE TO WAS / WERE / HAD BEEN TO
MUST (был обязан)
MUST
HAD TO (был вынужден)
WAS / WERE (должен был по плану,
договоренности) TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
I was sure that they could answer my question.
Я был уверен, что они могут ответить на мой вопрос.
2. Модальный глагол must принимает форму had to в
значении пришлось, был вынужден = должен был. В значении обязан он сохраняет свою начальную форму must.
He had to rewrite his composition.
Ему пришлось переписать свое сочинение.
I didn’t doubt that he must obey the law.
Я не сомневался в том, что он должен был подчиниться
закону.
272
3. Модальные глаголы should и ought to не имеют формы
прошедшего времени. Соответственно при применении правила согласования времен они сохраняют свою первоначальную форму.
Отступления от правил согласования времен
Хотя правила согласования времен соблюдаются очень
строго, в отдельных случаях от них делаются отступления.
1. Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в
одном из настоящих времен, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного предложения будет употребляться в том времени, которое необходимо по смыслу в предложении.
Don’t you know what they were doing here yesterday?
Вы случайно не знаете, что они здесь делали вчера?
He has explained to me that she is his wife.
Он объяснил мне, что она его жена.
2. Согласование времен не требуется в придаточных
предложениях результата, сравнения, причины и в придаточных определительных предложениях.
Last week I met a woman who is believed to be a famous
writer of books for children.
На прошлой неделе я встретил женщину, которую счита-
ют известным писателем детских книг (определение).
Richard didn’t go on a trip to the lake with us yesterday
because he will have a History exam in three days.
Ричард вчера не поехал с нами на озеро, потому что через
три дня у него будет экзамен по истории (причина).
Carl commuted more often last week than he does this week.
На прошлой неделе Карл ездил на работу чаще, чем на
этой (сравнение).
3. Если в сложноподчиненном предложении идет речь о
какой-то общеизвестной информации, законах, привычках,
часто повторяющихся действиях, то согласование времен
также отсутствует. Это правило действует и для политических речей.
Every student in the class knew that water boils at 100 °C.
Каждый ученик в классе знал, что вода кипит при темпе-
ратуре 100 °C.
273
The president claimed that people want to see changes.
Президент заявил, что люди хотят видеть перемены.
She asked the woman when the last bus usually leaves.
Она спросила у женщины, когда обычно отправляется по-
следний автобус.
4. Условные предложения II или III типа.
Richard said that if he were me, he would apply for the job.
Ричард сказал, что если бы он был на моем месте, он бы
устроился на работу.
Упражнение 1. Измените предложения, поставив глагол
в главном предложении в прошедшее время. Используйте
правило согласования времен.
Например:
1. Nobody knows what she means.
(Nobody knew what she meant).
2. I think he came in a taxi.
3. They are sure we will be waiting for them in the bar.
4. She says she will let me know when they come.
5. He doesn’t suppose she speaks so much.
6. We hope they have noticed us.
7. I don’t know where she is.
8. She is sure we will be glad to meet her.
9. They think she is driving to the country.
10. I can’t believe she has done it.
11. Harry doesn’t know when his cousin will come.
12. We think that he is joking.
13. She knows that you are a good friend but a really strange
lover.
14. Marisa tells us that her parents are very strict. But I
think she is lying.
15. Sam is not sure that his school is pretty well but he
continues to go there.
16. I tell you that your friends are very dangerous people.
You should stop talking to them.
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки и употребите глагол в
нужной форме, обращая внимание на согласование времен.
1. We wanted to know if they … (enjoy) the meal.
274
2. Sophia knew her aunt … (be) glad to visit her in two days.
3. She supposed she … (like) the hotel.
4. My doctor thinks I … (be) allergic to pineapples.
5. It is remarkable that you … (come) at last.
6. I didn’t think they still … (discuss) this problem.
7. Jean promised she never … (speak) to me again.
8. She apologies for the fact that she … (arrive) so late.
9. I am afraid they … (not to come) yet.
10. Erica doesn’t know who … (phone) her at six o’clock.
11. When I opened the window, I saw that the sun … (shine).
12. We are sure that Simon … (marry) her some time later.
13. She is very upset: she … (break) her watch.
14. I knew he … (pass) his examination at that time.
15. We thought she still … (be) in hospital.
16. My cousin promised he … (visit) me in a week.
17. We didn’t know they … (be) tired.
18. Helen thought her husband … (can) repair her car
himself.
19. I am afraid I … (not can) answer your question.
20. He can’t remember where he … (put) his glasses.
21. George thought the restaurant … (be) expensive.
22. I did not expect that you already … (receive) the letter.
23. I did not know who … (work) in the next room at that
moment.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки и употребите глагол в
нужной форме, обращая внимание на согласование времен.
1. I did not know that you already … (read) this book.
2. He did it better than I … (expect).
3. I think it all happened soon after the meeting … (end).
4. They decided that they … (bring) us all necessary books
next week.
5. It was agreed that we … (start) our work at eight o’clock
the following day.
6. The boy didn’t know that he already … (receive) a good
mark.
7. We thought that he … (not to be able) to make his work in
time and therefore … (offer) to help him.
275
8. It was soon clear to the teacher that the control work …
(be) a difficult one.
9. I decided that next year I … (go) to see my old friend
again.
10. I remember clearly that I not … (see) him since he … (go)
to Moscow.
11. I thought you … (speak) Russian.
12. I knew he … (be) a historical person.
13. I thought the seafront … (be) a long way from the hotel.
14. I wasn’t sure the book … (be) worth reading.
15. He buyers found that the goods … (meet) all their re-
quirements.
16. They wrote that they … (require) ten more machines.
17. I didn’t know Mr. Carter … (take) over as finance ma-
nager.
18. I was really surprised how the rate of exchange …
(go) up.
11. Прямая и косвенная речь
(Direct and Indirect Speech)
Косвенная речь – это преобразованная на основе особых
правил прямая речь, обрамленная речью рассказчика.
Повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи
1. Утверждение в прямой речи представляет собой простое
или сложное повествовательное предложение. При изменении его в косвенную речь образуется сложноподчиненное предложение. Слова автора становятся главным предложением, а прямая речь трансформируется в придаточное дополнительное предложение, вводимое союзом that
(который часто опускается).
2. Форма глагола-сказуемого придаточного предложения в
косвенной речи будет употребляться в соответствии с
правилом согласования времен (см. стр 270)
Рассмотрим преобразование утвердительного предложе-
ния из прямой речи в косвенную:
276
Прямая речь Косвенная речь
Present
Simple
Present
Continuous
Past
Simple
Past
Continuous
Future
Simple
Future
Continuous
Present
Perfect
Present
Perfect
Continuous
“I work hard,” she said. She said that she worked
hard.
“I am working hard”,
she said.
“I worked hard,” she
said.
“I was working hard,”
she said.
“I will work hard,” she
said.
“I will be working
hard,” she said.
“I have worked hard,”
she said.
“I have been working
hard,” she said.
She said (that) she was
working hard.
She said (that) she had
worked hard.
She said (that) she had
been working hard.
She said (that) she
would work hard.
She said (that) she
would be working hard.
She said (that) she had
worked hard.
She said (that) she had
been working hard.
3. В косвенной речи происходит следующая замена наречий
места и времени, а также указательных местоимений.
Прямая речь Косвенная речь
now
here
this, these
today
tonight
tomorrow
yesterday
next week\ year
last week\year
three weeks \ years ago
then, at that time, at once, immediately
there
that, those
that day
that night
the next day, the following day, the day after
the day before, the previous day
the following week\ year
the previous week\ year
three weeks \ years before
4. Утверждения в косвенной речи вводятся обычно глаголами say и tell.
Глагол say может употребляться как в прямой, так и в
косвенной речи:
277
• в случае, когда нет указания на лицо, которому делает-
ся сообщение. В косвенной речи за ним следует придаточное
предложение, которое вводится союзом that:
The doctor said: “The disease is infectious.”
Доктор сказал: «Заболевание является инфекционным».
The doctor said that the disease was infectious.
Доктор сказал, что заболевание является инфекционным.
• или же тогда, когда лицо, к которому обращена пря-
мая речь известно. За ним следует косвенное дополнение с
предлогом to (to me, to the doctor). Реплика в косвенной речи
представлена придаточным предложением с союзом that:
The professor said to the student, “Your thesis is very good.”
Профессор сказал студенту: «Ваша дипломная работа
очень хорошая».
The professor said to the student that his thesis was good.
Профессор сказал студенту, что его дипломная работа
очень хорошая.
5. Глагол tell в свою очередь, употребляется только в косвенной речи (никогда в прямой!) и в тех предложениях,
где есть обращение к какому-либо лицу. Он всегда имеет
при себе косвенное дополнение без предлога to!!!
Mike said, “Mum, I want to become a designer.”
Майк сказал: «Мама, я хочу стать дизайнером».
Mike told his mother (me, us) that he wanted to become a
designer.
Майк сказал своей матери (мне, нам), что он хочет стать
дизайнером.
6. Для передачи косвенной речи используется и ряд других
глаголов:
remark отмечать
mention упоминать
explain объяснять
promise обещать
inform информировать
answer отвечать
reply говорить в ответ
и многие другие.
278
Упражнение 1. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужное
время. Используйте правило согласования времен.
1. Alice said that she … (to love) reading books in the
evening but … (to hate) to do this in the morning.
2. The sister of my friend says that she … (not to see) this
disgusting and horrible film before in her life.
3. Martin said that Bill … (to beat) Andrew the day before
because of the young girl named Elisabeth.
4. Sandra says that her parents… (not to like) how she … (to
dance). She … (to be) upset about this situation.
5. Teresa told me that she … (to go) to the Mediterranean
Sea the following year with her husband and a little child. I am
so glad for her.
6. Henry says that he… (can) repair his old car himself.
7. Kate is a pretty smart pupil. But her parents said that
she… (can) study much better.
8. Christy says Dan probably … (to tell) you the truth.
9. John says he knows how I … (to feel) when my cat died.
10. Her brother said he never … (to see) such a bike before.
11. Andy says he just … (to buy) a new car.
12. Bill said he … (to fall) ill.
13. He said that our friends … (to come) here the following
day.
14. When I came to his place, they said that he … (to go) off
two hours before.
15. The teacher told us that the Sun … (to be) 1, 240, 000 mi-
les from the Earth.
16. I was told that the secretary just … (to go) out and … (to
come) back in 20 minutes.
17. Mike says that he … (to work) in a bank.
Упражнение 2 . Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужное
время. Используйте правило согласования времен.
1. Fred said that he … (invent) a new computer program the
previous year.
2. Mary said that she … (help) her sister the following
Sunday.
3. They told me that they … (be) really happy when they
were young.
279
4. She said that she … (live) in a big apartment then.
5. He told her that he … (go) to the fish market two hours
later.
6. Betty said that she … (find) her passport.
7. Mr. Ford said that he … (not to like) pork.
8. Little Tim told his mother that he … (be) sleepy then.
9. Maria said that Jim … (just go).
10. They said that the workers … (already eat).
11. I told Sam that I … (never be) to China.
12. She said she … (be) French.
13. I told them the next train … (arrive) an hour later.
14. She told Mrs. Smith that she … (grow) flowers in her
garden.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски словами say или tell
в нужной форме.
1. I … her that she was my only friend.
2. Did he … to you he would stay in New York?
3. She … that she was going to invite me.
4. They didn’t … us they were ill.
5. She … she didn’t play the piano.
6. Lucy … to her boyfriend that she was going to Japan soon.
7. Jim … his friends that he didn’t have a TV at home.
8. Jane … that she was going to call John.
9. They … us that they couldn’t come to Jesse’s party.
10. Nick … Mike that he didn’t have many friends.
11. Molly … that she was taking music lessons.
12. Parents … to their children that they had just arrived
at the hotel.
13. Harry … that he couldn’t drive a car.
14. Sam … me that he had to buy a new phone.
15. Kelly … to her parents that she had found the keys.
Упражнение 4. Употребите глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в
нужном времени. Соблюдайте правило согласования времен.
1. He said he … (not hear) anything about it.
2. He said that Peter … (book) tickets for the theatre the
previous week.
3. Mr. Stone told me that the meeting … (take place) the
following month.
280
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