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Файл:Английский язык для психологов. Учебное пособие
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Ex. 5. Match the words from column A with their meanings from column B.
A
B
1)
mindset
a)
behavior in which someone claims to have certain
moral principles or beliefs but behaves in a way
that shows they are not sincere
2)
burnout
b)
an illness or medical condition
3)
lack
c)
a feeling that you have when you are very unhappy, worried, or upset
4)
adjust
d)
to give someone too much work to do
5)
disorder
e)
behavior, feelings, or actions which seem strange
because you cannot give good reasons for them
6)
distress
f)
a way of thinking about things
7)
hypocrisy
g)
a bad effect that something has, usually lasting for
a long time
8)
illogical
h)
a situation in which you do not have any or do not
have enough of something you need
9)
overload
i)
to feel yourself ill or unable to continue working
because you have worked too hard
10)
repercussion
j)
to change something slightly in order to make it
better, more accurate, or more effective
1.
authoritarianism
[ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriənɪzəm]
16.
monotonous [məˈnɒtənəs]
2.
adaptation [ˌædæpˈteɪʃən]
17.
optimistic [ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk]
3.
adequate [ˈædɪkwət]
18.
phenomenon [fɪˈnɒmɪnən]
4.
alternative [ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv]
19.
parade [pəˈreɪd]
5.
conservatism [kənˈsɜːvətɪzəm]
20.
potential [pəˈtenʃəl]
6.
criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm]
21.
patient [ˈpeɪʃənt]
7.
criminal [ˈkrɪmɪnəl]
22.
problem [ˈprɒbləm]
Ex. 6. Read the following international words and translate them into
Russian.
71
8.
conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt]
23.
psychosomatic
[ˌsaɪkəʊsəˈmætɪk]
9.
deformation [‘di:fɔ:’meɪʃn]
24.
reality [riˈæləti]
10.
dogmatic [dɒɡˈmætɪk]
25.
reaction [riˈækʃən]
11.
expertise [ˌekspɜːˈtiːz]
26.
stereotype [ˈsteriəʊtaɪp]
12.
element [ˈelɪmənt]
27.
strategy [ˈstrætədʒi]
13.
financial [faɪˈnænʃəl]
28.
sphere [sfɪər]
14.
idea [aɪˈdɪə]
29.
therapy [ˈθerəpi]
15.
military [ˈmɪlɪtri]
30.
unique [juːˈniːk]
Ex. 7. Answer the questions before reading the text. Read the text and check
if you are right.
1. What is the professional deformation?
2. Who is susceptible to professional deformation?
3. Can you named the main signs of occupational deformation?
PROFESSIONAL DEFORMATION
Who is at risk?
Experts have compiled a list of professions that often leave an imprint on
the character. This list includes teachers, who often become too authoritarian,
fail to listen to other people’s opinion and turn a deaf ear to any criticism.
People from the military sphere are often subjected to professional deformation and can no longer distinguish between a platoon of soldiers and their
family members, continuing to give orders not only on the parade ground, but
also at home.
Police officers and officials are often suspicious of others, considering
them all potential criminals.
Even if the profession has nothing to do with other people, it does not
mean that its representatives are fully protected from any changes in the character. For example, it has always been known that power changes people, so be-
72
coming administrators or officials, they turn into domestic tyrants, bringing
their authoritarian management style to the family.
Where does professional deformation originate from?
The most common cause of professional deformation is stress. To adjust to
the emotional stress that an employee is forced to come across at work, it is
necessary to develop certain personality traits, which, of course, cannot remain
in the office.
Monotonous and repeated work often leaves an imprint on the character.
By performing the same actions every day, people get used to it, so they cannot
change anything and start to behave differently.
Personality changes occur on the background of professional burnout. For
example, a sympathetic doctor begins to perceive patients as inanimate objects
and becomes more cynical not only at work, but also in everyday life.
Signs of professional deformation:
1. You are communicating mainly with colleagues.
2. Sooner or later, every conversation shifts to your job issues.
3. Your nearest people say it is difficult to communicate with you.
4. Career has become the measure of success in your life.
Ex. 8. Say if the sentences are true or false according to the text. Correct
them if they are false.
1. The most common cause of professional deformation is depression.
2. Monotonous and repeated work does not leave an imprint on the cha-
racter.
3. People from the military sphere are not often subjected to professional
deformation.
4. The power changes people, so becoming administrators or officials, they
turn into domestic humanists.
5. Even if the profession has nothing to do with other people, it does not
mean that its representatives are fully protected from any changes in the character.
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6. Personality changes occur on the background of professional burnout.
7. Experts have compiled a list of professions that often leave an imprint
on the character.
Ex. 9. Read the text and translate it into Russian. Make up ten questions
based on the text.
PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT
The phenomenon of professional burnout is blanketed by tons of information, and every bit of it is far from being optimistic. For instance, one
study showed that 44% of people face this problem from time to time, while
23% of other respondents find themselves exhausted quite often.
Emotional burnout syndrome is the reaction of an organism, arising due to
the long influence of professional stresses of average intensity.
Emotional burnout syndrome is the process of a gradual loss of emotional,
mental and physical energy, which reveals itself in the symptoms of emotional
and mental distress, physical tiredness, personal abstraction and a decrease in
satisfaction at work.
Emotional burnout syndrome is considered a consequence of job stress, as
a process of deadaptation to the workplace or professional duties, while the
basic contributing factor of burnout is excessive overload in situations of intense interpersonal relations. In this connection, the emotional burnout syndrome is characteristic of representatives of the communicative trades such as
doctors, medical personnel, teachers, psychologists, representatives of various
service trades and managers. It reveals itself in increasing indifference to one’s
own duties and to all that is happening at work, coupled with an increase in
negativism towards both patients, and to colleagues, a feeling of one’s own professional ineffectiveness, dissatisfaction with work and finally a severe decline
in quality of life. It can be caused by an absence of due pay (not only financial,
but also psychological) for completed work, and this makes people think that
74
their work has no value. Neurotic disorders and psychosomatic illnesses may
develop in the future.
Stress is the principal factor that drives and leads to emotional burnout.
You must know about repercussions of stress-related conditions. Those include ever-lasting weakness, zero energy, poor sleep, inadequate appetite (either overeating or malnutrition), apathy, nervousness, anxiety, and feeling a
lack of control.
But ordinary stress differs much from severe emotional burnout. When you
reach burnout, all the common manifestations of stressfulness get three times
stronger. Zero motivation and energy is not when you can barely make yourself
do something. It’s when you feel helpless and emasculate, seeing a sign in your
mind yelling, “LEAVE ME ALONE.” In fact, your emotions can actually burn
out; when they do, devastation and corrosive cynicism take their place—
making you unable to feel for what you do.
Stress can be overcome without any significant transformations. You can
get through the difficulties, psych up, and keep on working. But burnout, stemming from a series of stress situations, is a harder thing that inevitably requires
solid steps to prevent growing weaker and save yourself. Apparently, a burntout person cannot show the same performance at work.
Do not confuse depression and burnout. Professional emotional burnout
mostly pertains to work, while depression spans all the facts of life - presenting
an even more acute concern. The worst part is that professional emotional exhaustion may morph into depression.
When seeking to actively prevent emotional burnout, we should try to estimate and carefully distribute one’s own forces; learn to switch from one kind
of activity to another; take conflicts at work easier; not to try to be the best always. Moreover, people should not be ashamed of their own problems, it is important sometimes to ask for the timely help of an expert.
Ex. 10. Look through text “Professional burnout” again and speak about
negative features of professional burnout and deformation.
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Ex. 11. Read the text and translate it into Russian.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talking therapy which can
be used to treat people with a wide range of mental health problems.
CBT is based on the ideas that how we think (cognition), how we feel
(emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Specifically, our
thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior.
Therefore, negative and unrealistic thoughts can cause us distress and result in problems. When a person suffers with psychological distress, the way in
which they interpret situations becomes skewed, which in turn has a negative
impact on the actions they take.
CBT aims to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking.
Cognitive therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which aims to reduce their psychological distress.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is, in fact, an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements. One of the earliest forms of
Cognitive behavioral Therapy was Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s.
General Assumptions
• The cognitive approach believes that mental illness stems from faulty
cognitions about others, our world and us. This faulty thinking may be through
cognitive deficiencies (lack of planning) or cognitive distortions (processing information inaccurately).
• These cognitions cause distortions in the way we see things; Ellis suggested it is through irrational thinking.
• We interact with the world through our mental representation of it. If our
mental representations are inaccurate or our ways of reasoning are inadequate
then our emotions and behavior may become disordered.
76
The cognitive therapist teaches clients how to identify distorted cognitions
through a process of evaluation. The clients learn to discriminate between their
own thoughts and reality. They learn the influence that cognition has on their
feelings, and they are taught to recognize observe and monitor their own
thoughts.
The behavior part of the therapy involves setting homework for the client
to do (e.g. keeping a diary of thoughts). The therapist gives the client tasks that
will help them challenge their own irrational beliefs.
The idea is that the client identifies their own unhelpful beliefs and them
proves them wrong. As a result, their beliefs begin to change. For example,
someone who is anxious in social situations may be set a homework assignment
to meet a friend at the pub for a drink.
Ex. 12. Complete the sentences using the following words and word combinations:
The cognitions; negative and unrealistic thoughts; setting homework; cognitive therapy; mental illness; the therapist; our thoughts; talking therapy; evaluation; identifies.
1. … determine our feelings and our behavior.
2. The cognitive approach believes that … stems from faulty cognitions
about others, our world and us.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of … .
4. The cognitive therapist teaches clients how to identify distorted cogni-
tions through a process of … .
5. … can cause us distress and result in problems.
6. … cause distortions in the way we see things.
7. … helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving.
8. The behavior part of the therapy involves … for the client to do.
9. … gives the client tasks that will help them challenge their own irration-
al beliefs.
10. The idea is that the client … their own unhelpful beliefs and them
proves them wrong.
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Ex. 13. Read the text and translate it into Russian. Say what the main prin-
ciple of the Ellis’s ABC model is.
ELLIS AND RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a type cognitive therapy
first used by Albert Ellis which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral
problems. The goal of the therapy is to change irrational beliefs to more rational
ones.
REBT encourages a person to identify their general and irrational beliefs
(e.g. “I must be perfect”) and subsequently persuades the person to challenge
these false beliefs through reality testing.
Albert Ellis (1957, 1962) proposes that each of us hold a unique set of assumptions about ourselves and our world that serve to guide us through life and
determine our reactions to the various situations we encounter.
Unfortunately, some people’s assumptions are largely irrational, guiding
them to act and react in ways that are inappropriate and that prejudice their
chances of happiness and success. Albert Ellis calls these basic irrational as-
sumptions:
The idea that one should be thoroughly competent at everything.
The idea that is it catastrophic when things are not the way you want
them to be.
The idea that people have no control over their happiness.
The idea that you need someone stronger than yourself to be dependent on.
The idea that your past history greatly influences your present life.
The idea that there is a perfect solution to human problems and it’s
a disaster if you don’t find it.
Ellis believes that people often forcefully hold on to this illogical way of
thinking.
The ABC Model
A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis (1957) called
the ABC Technique of Irrational Beliefs.
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The first three steps analyze the process by which a person has developed
irrational beliefs and may be recorded in a three-column table.
A – Activating Event or objective situation. The first column records
the objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type of
high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking.
B – Beliefs. In the second column, the client writes down the negative
thoughts that occurred to them.
C – Consequence. The third column is for the negative feelings and
dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge between the situation and the distressing
feelings. The third column C is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the client thinks are caused by A. This could be anger, sorrow, anxiety, etc.
Ellis believes that it is not the activating event (A) that causes negative
emotional and behavioral consequences (C), but rather that a person interprets
these events unrealistically and therefore has an irrational belief system (B) that
helps cause the consequences (C).
Rational emotive behavior therapists have cited many studies in support of
this approach. Most early studies were conducted on people with experimentally induced anxieties or non-clinical problems.
A number of recent studies have been done on actual clinical subjects and
have also found that rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is helpful.
Ex. 14. Make up ten questions based on the text “Ellis and Rational Emo-
tive Therapy”.
Ex. 15. Prepare a dialogue on the topic of rational emotive therapy between therapist and his client.
The following can serve as a guideline for the dialogue:
Therapist: I’m very curious about what’s going on with you. What do you
see as your reason for your coming in to talk with me today?
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Client: Well, I see myself as a loser. I can’t seem to accomplish anything
and my husband says he wants a divorce because I just sit around all day doing
nothing. I just don’t see any way out of this whole mess.
Therapist: What makes you see yourself as a loser?
Client: I can’t get anything done, my husband hates me, I’m lazy. I’m just
a loser.
Therapist: So you’ve accomplished nothing at all in, say, the last month.
Client: Nothing.
Therapist: Wow, that’s really hard to believe. Why don’t you rethink that
answer and look at some of the things you have accomplished.
Client: Like what?
Therapist: Start with the basics. Today you showered, you ate breakfast,
you got the kids ready for school.
Client: So?
Therapist: So that’s a little more than nothing isn’t it?
Client: I guess. But I still feel like…
Therapist: Hold on a second. Why are you negating the fact that you accomplished something today.
Client: Because it’s not enough for my husband.
Therapist: This is about you though. Do you think you accomplished something today?
Client: Yes.
Therapist: How does it feel to know you are at least taking care of your
basic needs and seeing that your children are getting their needs met.
Client: I guess it feels good.
Therapist: You guess?
Client: No, it does, it could be a lot worse, I really could be doing nothing.
Therapist: But are you doing something?
Client: Yes, I’m not a total loser. Maybe I need to talk with my husband
about this. He thinks I sit around all day and watch soaps. But I clean, cook his
dinner, take care of the kids.
Therapist: So perhaps the two of you need to find some middle ground
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