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Файл:Английский язык для психологов. Учебное пособие
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4. constraint [kən’streɪnt] ограничение
1. всплеск
2. ценить
3. неопределенность
4. противостоять
a) uncertainty
b) struggle
c) anxiety
d) surge
5. demand [dɪ’mɑ:nd] требование
6. encounter [ɪn’kaʊn.tər] сталкиваться
7. exhaustion [ɪɡ’zɔːs.ʧən] истощение
8. fatigue [fə’ti:ɡ] усталость
9. fight-or-flight response – реакция «бей или беги»
10. focal [‘fəʊ.kəl] центральный, фокусный
11. general adaptation syndrome – общий адаптационный синдром
12. hormone [‘hɔː.məʊn] гормон
13. inevitability [ɪˌnev.ɪ.tə’bɪl.ə.ti] неизбежность
14. outcome [‘aʊt.kʌm] результат, итог
15. persist [pə’sɪst] настаивать
16. pressure [‘preʃ.ər] давление
17. reliever [rɪ’li:.vər] успокаивающее средство
18. resistance [rɪ’zɪs.təns] сопротивление, устойчивость
19. stressor [‘stres.ər] источник стресса, фактор стресса
20. surge [sɜːdʒ] всплеск, скачок
21. to alleviate [ə’li:.vi.eɪt] смягчать, облегчать
22. to appreciate [ə’priʃi.əɪt] ценить
23. to confront [kən’frʌnt] противостоять
24. to handle [‘hæn.dəl] справляться
25. to perceive [pə’si:v] воспринимать
26. to struggle [‘strʌɡ.əl] бороться
27. uncertainty [ʌn’sɜːtən.ti] неопределенность
28. workload [‘wɜːk.ləʊd] рабочая нагрузка, загруженность
Word Study
Ex. 3. Match Russian words with their English equivalents.
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5. бороться
6. тревога
7. сталкиваться
8. справляться
9. неизбежность
10. результат
e) encounter
f) confront
g) inevitability
h) appreciate
i) outcome
j) handle
А
В
1) demands
a) the amount of work to be done, especially by
a particular person or machine in a period of time
2) workload
b) an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or wor-
ry about something that is happening or might happen in
the future
3) struggle
c) a combination of medical problems that shows
the existence of a particular disease or mental condition
4) syndrome
d) a situation in which something is not known
5) constraints
e) represent the loss of something desired.
6) anxiety
f) to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
Ex. 4. Read sentences with new words and translate them. Check how
much you have remembered.
1. It’s an issue we’ll have to confront, no matter how unpleasant it is.
2. Children usually feel a lot of anxiety about their first day at school.
3. There’s an element of uncertainty in our plans.
4. Stress is negative when it’s associated with constraints and demands.
5. Students do find that their workload increases throughout the course.
6. When presented with stress, the body responds with a surge of hor-
mones and chemicals that results in a fight-or-flight response.
7. Any form of exercise can act as a stress reliever.
Ex. 5. Match the words from column A with their meanings from column B.
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7) uncertainty
g) the fact of being certain to happen and unable to
be avoided or prevented
8) inevitability
h) are forces that prevent a person from doing what
he or she wants.
1. apathy [‘æp.ə.θi]
2. athlete [‘æθ.li:t]
3. chemical [‘kem.ɪ.kəl]
4. cognitive [‘kɒɡ.nə.tɪv]
5. context [‘kɒn.tekst]
6. depression [dɪ’preʃ.ən]
7. mental [‘men.təl]
8. physical [‘fɪz.ɪ.kəl]
9. physiologically
[ˌfɪz.i.ə’lɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl.i]
10. syndrome [‘sɪn.drəʊm]
11. hormone [‘hɔː.məʊn]
12. maximum [‘mæk.sɪ.məm]
13. chronic [‘krɒn.ɪk]
14. chance [ʧɑ:ns]
15. tennis [‘ten.ɪs]
16. aerobics [eə’rəʊ.bɪks]
17. balance [‘bæl.əns]
18. project [‘prɒdʒ.ekt]
19. stress [stres]
20. symptom [‘sɪmp.təm]
Ex. 6. Read the following international words and translate them into
Russian.
Ex. 7. Answer the questions before reading the text. Read the text and
check if you are right.
1. Why do physiologists learn how to manage stress and emotions?
2. What are some consequences of stress in an organization?
3. Can you describe the consequences of stress?
4. What is common between stress and motivation?
5. Is stress necessarily bad?
6. What does stress feel like?
What is Stress?
Like motivation, stress is a very individual experience. One person can feel
extreme pressure and anxiety over a task that is looming, and another might
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look at the same task and see it as an exciting challenge. In spite of that, we’ve
seen an overall jump in the number of people that report stress on the job, and
we can see how it’s taking its toll.
Stress is a dynamic condition, and it exists when an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires,
and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.
Stress isn’t necessarily bad, even though it’s usually discussed in a negative context. There’s opportunity in stress, and that’s a good thing because it offers potential gain. Athletes and performers use stress positively in “clutch” situations, using it to push themselves to their performance maximums. Even ordinary workers in an organization will use an increased workload and responsibilities as a challenge that increases the quality and quantity of their outputs.
Stress is negative when it’s associated with constraints and demands. Constraints are forces that prevent a person from doing what he or she wants. Demands represent the loss of something desired. They’re the two conditions that
are necessary for potential stress to become actual stress. Again, there must be
uncertainty over the outcome and the outcome must be important.
Kevin, a student, may feel stress when he is taking a test because he’s facing an opportunity (a passing grade) that includes constraints and demands (in
the form of a timed test that features tricky questions). Tom, a full-time employee, may feel stress when he is confronted with a project because he’s facing
an opportunity (a chance to achieve something, make extra money and receive
recognition) that includes constraints and demands (long hours, time away from
family, a chance that his knowledge and skills aren’t enough to complete the
project correctly).
What does stress feel like? The symptoms of stress for a person are as individual as the conditions that cause it. Typically, when presented with stress,
the body responds with a surge of hormones and chemicals that results in a
fight-or-flight response. As the name would indicate, this response allows you
to either fight the stressor or run away from it.
The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes the three stages that individuals experience when they encounter stressors, respond and try to adapt:
114
Alarm. The physical reaction one experiences when a stressor first presents
itself. This could include an elevation of blood pressure, dilated pupils, tensing
muscles.
Resistance. If the stressor continues to be present, the person fights the
threat by preparing to resist, physiologically and psychologically. At first, the
stressor will be met with plenty of energy, but if the stressor persists, the individual will start to experience fatigue in fighting it and resistance will wear
down.
Exhaustion. Continuous, unsuccessful resistance eventually leads to the
collapse of physical and mental defenses.
Ex. 8. Say if the sentences are true or false according to the text. Correct
them if they are false.
1. Stress is a dynamic condition, and it exists when an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires.
2. Stress is usually discussed in a negative context because Stress and its
consequences are always bad.
3. Understanding stress can make a huge difference to an organization’s
productivity and profitability, the consequences of stress cost to an organization.
4. Constraints and Demands are the two conditions that cause for potential
stress to become actual stress.
5. Uncertainty over the outcome and the outcome importance are also conditions that cause stress.
6. The general adaptation syndrome describes the two stages that individuals experience when they encounter stressors, respond and try to adapt.
7. Alarm, exhaustion and resistance are the physical reaction following
each other when an individual experiences stressor.
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Ex. 9. Complete the sentences using the following words and word combi-
1) heart
2) fight-or-flight
3) general adaptation
4) stress
5) individual
6) time
7) managing
a) response
b) syndrome
c) stress
d) attack
e) management
f) reliever
g) experience
nations:
Cognitive symptoms; anxiety; stroke; overwork; stress response; person’s
body; feelings of exhaustion.
Chronic stress
When stress is chronically present, it begins to damage to a 1___________
and his mental state. High blood pressure, higher risk of heart attack and
2
___________ are just some of the physical ramifications. 3___________ and
depression are the hallmarks of psychological symptoms of stress, but can also
include 4___________ like forgetfulness and indecisiveness. Behaviorally, a
person suffering stress might be prone to sudden verbal outbursts, hostility,
drug and alcohol abuse and even violence.
Another result of chronic stress and 5___________ is burnout. The term
“burnout” is tossed out by people quite a bit to describe the symptoms of their
6
__________, but burnout is an authentic condition marked by 7___________
and powerlessness, leading to apathy, cynicism and complete withdrawal.
Burnout is a common condition among those who have chosen careers that
serve others or interact heavily with other people – healthcare and teaching
among them.
Ex. 10. Make word combinations.
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Ex. 11. Read the text and answer the questions.
Workplace Stress Management
How much stress is good stress? A certain amount of stress is expected and
motivating for an individual. Set goals should be challenging and incent the
employee to work a little harder. That’s good stress. But when they become intimidating, that’s too much stress. That’s when things start to fall apart.
Setting the right level of goals, making sure the job design is balanced and
that work environments are supportive and encouraging – these are some of the
challenges managers face daily in order to control stress in the workplace. They
can also provide the employees with healthy choices to manage their own stress
levels via programs and benefits that encourage self-care.
It’s all about work–life balance: the balance an individual needs between
time allocated to work and time allocated to family and personal life.
Studies have found that individuals who manage their time wisely, engage
in physical activities and protect down/family time are the most successful at
managing stress and creating an optimal work-life balance. Time management
is the ability to use your time effectively and productively at work, the ability to
create a schedule and plan your time to accomplish goals.
Also any form of exercise can act as a stress reliever, even if you’re not an
athlete, even if you’re not really in good athletic shape. Aerobics, a game of
tennis, or even a simple walk with friends or family can provide stress release
and should be a part of an individual’s stress management plan. Exercise of any
kind releases endorphins, which are the feel-good transmitters in your brain that
make you happy. Individuals responding to stressors aren’t experiencing too
many endorphins, and exercise can help put them back into action.
A manager can also have a positive effect on his employees’ stress levels
and work/life balance by manipulating job design and understanding the effects
of an organization’s culture on job demands. Rather than training individuals on
time management techniques, managers should spend more time on clarity
around role priorities rather than specific task priorities. When managers can
make clear to an employee what the expectations of his role are and how they
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match up with the priorities of the company, the employee can gain a new clari-
Функции
Примеры
Перевод
Подлежащее
Rewarding employees always improves their motivation
Поощрение сотрудников
всегда повышает их мотивацию
Часть составного сказуемого:
Last year company began
involving workers consid-
ering their personal and
cultural values
В прошлом году компания
начала вовлекать работников учитывая их личные
ценности и культурные
различия
ty on how to prioritize incoming work.
Organizations are also responsible to help employees navigate stress. They
aren’t being altruistic in doing so. Stress costs organizations productivity and
impact profits, and managing it is the right thing to do.
Organizations are taking steps to help employees battle stress by offering
programs, benefits and office “perks” that allow workers to make choices about
managing stress as it best suits their needs.
1. Why stress isn’t necessarily bad? What is a positive effect of stress?
2. How can an individual manage his stress?
3. How can managers control stress in the workplace?
4. What steps can organizations take to help employees battle stress?
5. Why should organizations manage employee’s stress?
Ex. 12. Summarize the problems discussed in the unit 6 and write your
own essays “What recommendations would you use to manage stress at work?”.
Grammar Point
THE GERUND
Функции герундия в предложении
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Our psychologist’s main
concern is stimulating engagement
Главная забота нашего
психолога состоит в том,
чтобы стимулировать
вовлеченность
Дополнение
They recommend acquiring new skills and using
every opportunity to learn.
Они рекомендуют приобретать новые навыки и
использовать каждую возможность для учебы.
He insisted on increasing
the employee’s performance
Он настаивал на увеличении результативности
служащих
Определение
Our psychologist proposed
measures for improving
employees motivation
Наш психолог предложил
меры по улучшению мотивации служащих
Обстоятельство
Managers can increase motivation by providing adequate training for their employees
Менеджеры могут повысить мотивацию, обеспе-
чив надлежащее обучение
своих сотрудников
1.1. Герундий в роли подлежащего (в функции подлежащего) стоит
перед сказуемым и может переводиться существительным или неопределенной формой глагола. Герундий в функции подлежащего также употребляется после фраз:
it is no use / it is no good – бесполезно;
it is worth – стоит (что-то сделать).
Memorizing these lines in foreign language is not easy. – Запомнить
эти строчки на иностранном языке непросто.
It is worth visiting our psychologist. – Стоит посетить нашего психо-
лога.
Notes!
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Understanding the individual component of motivation – the personality
traits, needs, and cultural differences helps to meet the employee’s individual
needs. – Понимание личной составляющей мотивации помогает удовле-
творить потребности служащих.
2.1. Как часть глагольного составного сказуемого герундий употребляется после глаголов, выражающих начало, продолжение и конец действия:
начинать – to start, to begin;
продолжать – to continue, to go on, to keep, to keep on;
заканчивать – to finish, to stop, to give up.
They started adhering to a dress code and creating a positive image for
the company. – Они начали соблюдать дресс-код и создавать положи-
тельный образ компании.
Why do you keep reducing the costs? – Почему вы продолжаете со-
кращать расходы?
They kept on studying worker satisfaction and their motivation. – Они
продолжили изучать удовлетворенность работников и их мотивацию.
2.2. Как именная часть сказуемого герундий стоит после глагола to be,
который можно перевести словами: состоит в том, чтобы; заключается
в том, чтобы; значит.
The aim is improving performance and productivity in the organization. –
Цель состоит в том, чтобы улучшить результативность и производи-
тельность организации.
The task of our team was encouraging people to be interested in the work
of the organization. – Задача нашей команды заключалась в том, чтобы
стимулировать заинтереcованность людей в работе организации.
Their plan is collecting information. – Их план состоит в том, чтобы
собирать информацию.
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