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Файл:Английский язык для психологов. Учебное пособие
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Task identity refers to the level at which employees feel like they “owns”
the outcome when completing the task. Going back to our first example, workers on an assembly line would have low task identity. Which parts from their
lines ended up in which machines? They’re not likely to know, so they would
have a low task identity. A nurse, however, can understand with how well a patient recovers, or see immediately that a choice he or she made saved the life of
a patient. Thus, a nurse would have high task identity.
Task significance indicates the importance of that task to the organization.
The job of receptionist, for example, has lower task significance. A temporary
employee can be brought in to answer phones and sort mail. But doctors would
have high task significance – not anyone can do their job, and they have
knowledge of their patients and their situations that others would not have.
Autonomy is the degree to which an employee can make independent decisions and not have to check in with a supervisor. Again, clerical work would
have low autonomy because the job is repetitious and workers make few decisions on their own. Doctors would have high autonomy, making decisions to
medicate a patient a certain way or handle an emergency procedure on the operating table.
Feedback is information about an employee’s performance. Most employees who perform a task want to know if they are doing it right, doing it well,
and so on.
Ex. 21. Summarize the problems discussed in the unit and write your own
essays “What are the key factors influencing the motivation at work?”.
Grammar Point
THE GERUND
Герундий – это неличная глагольная форма, называющая действие
как процесс, которая обладает как свойствами существительного, так
и свойствами глагола. Герундий не имеет аналогов в русском языке.
По форме герундий совпадает с причастием I.
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Формы герундия
Active
Passive
Indefinite
memorizing
being memorized
Perfect
having memorized
having been memorized
admit – признавать, допускать;
mention – упоминать;
allow – разрешать, позволять;
miss – скучать;
Отличить герундий от причастия I можно по его роли в предложении
или по следующим признакам:
1. предлог перед герундием: by refusing, without motivating, for reward-
ing, instead of memorizing, after creating, before conforming;
2. притяжательное местоимение перед герундием: my studying, their
rewarding, her answering;
3. существительное в притяжательном падеже перед герундием:
Mary’s studying, worker’s developing, employee’s involving, actor’s perform-
ing.
Способы перевода герундия:
1. Существительным.
Reading is her favourite occupation. – Чтение – ее любимое занятие.
2. Неопределенной формой глагола.
He likes reading books on his speciality. – Он любит читать литера-
туру по своей специальности.
3. Деепричастием.
He could tell me about that invention without reading the article. – Он
смог рассказать мне об этом изобретении, не читая статьи.
4. Глаголом придаточного предложения.
Baby is fond of being read. – Малыш любит, когда ему читают.
Употребление герундия после глаголов
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avoid – избегать, уклоняться;
mind – возражать (только в вопро-
сах и отрицаниях);
consider – рассматривать, обдумы-
вать;
permit – разрешать, позволять;
continue – продолжать;
practise – практиковать, заниматься;
defend – защищать(ся), отстаивать;
prefer – предпочитать;
deny [dɪˈnaɪ] – отрицать, отвергать;
recommend – рекомендовать;
discuss – обсуждать;
report – сообщать, докладывать;
dislike – не любить;
resume –подводить итог;
enjoy – наслаждаться;
risk – рисковать;
explain – объяснять;
stop – прекращать;
finish – заканчивать;
support – поддерживать;
imagine – воображать, представлять;
suggest – предлагать;
involve – вовлекать(ся);
understand – понимать.
accuse of – обвинять в …;
agree to – соглашаться с …;
complain of – жаловаться на …;
object to – возражать против …;
dream of – мечтать о …;
be fond of – увлекаться;
hear of – слышать о …;
look like – выглядеть как …;
suspect of – подозревать в …;
feel like – хотеть, собираться;
think of – думать о …;
count on/upon – рассчитывать на …;
thank for – благодарить за …;
depend on – зависеть от …;
praise for – хвалить за …;
insist on – настаивать на …;
keep from – удерживать(ся) от …;
keep on – продолжать;
He risked losing his scholarship because of bad grades. – Он рисковал
потерять стипендию из-за плохих оценок.
I strongly recommend rewarding of employees. – Я настоятельно реко-
мендую поощрить служащих.
Герундий после глаголов с предлогами:
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prevent from – предотвращать от ;
go on – продолжать;
result from – проистекать из/от …;
rely on – полагаться на …;
result in – приводить к …;
put off – отложить;
be interested in – интересоваться;
aim at – стремиться к …;
persist in – упорно продолжать;
give up – сдаваться, отказываться
от ;
succeed in – преуспевать в …;
look forward to – с нетерпением
ждать.
Отглагольное существительное
Герундий
Употребляется с артиклем.
The second reading was better. –
Второе прочтение было лучше
Употребляется без артикля.
Reading scientific books is useful. –
Читать научные книги полезно
Употребляется во множественном
числе.
The readings of this device are quite
correct. – Показания этого прибора
совершенно правильны
Не употребляется во множествен-
ном числе.
His reading technical magazines helps
him in research work. – То, что он
читает технические журналы, по-
могает ему в научно-исследовательской работе
A manager succeeded in maximizing company’s performance. – Мене-
джер преуспел в повышении результативности компании.
Company is interested in increasing productivity and profitability. – Ком-
пания заинтересована в увеличении производительности и рентабельно-
сти.
Отличия герундия от отглагольного существительного
Герундий имеет признаки глагола, которых нет у отглагольного существительного. Например, у герундия есть формы активного и пассивного залога, после герундия может стоять прямое дополнение.
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Отглагольное существительное
присоединяет последующее за ним
существительное с помощью предлога of.
The reading of scientific books is use-
ful. – Чтение научных книг полезно
Герундий присоединяет последующее за ним существительное без
предлога of.
Объект (books), на который направлено действие герундия (Reading),
употребляется без предлога.
Reading scientific books is useful. –
Читать научные книги полезно
Определяется прилагательным.
This is a good reading.
Это – хорошее прочтение
Определяется наречием.
Reading regularly improves our
knowledge. – Регулярное чтение со-
вершенствует наши знания
Ex. 22. Make different forms of the gerund.
a) Indefinite Active:
to describe, to practice, to plan, to improve, to provide, to expand, to train,
to learn to consult, to reward.
b) Indefinite Passive:
to provide, to describe, to write, to find, to prohibit, to update, to support,
to prevent, to improve.
c) Perfect Active:
to prohibit, to open, to motivate, to make, to deliver, to create, to improve,
to train, to use, to reach, to achieve.
d) Perfect Passive:
to create, to practice, to deliver, to open, to spend, to draw, to provide, to
make, to prove, to protect, to enforce.
Ex. 23. Translate the sentences, paying attention on the gerund form.
1. I enjoy our meeting.
2. I enjoy being met.
3. I enjoy having met my friend at the conference.
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4. I enjoy having been met by my former colleague at the business trip.
5. We object to her asking questions.
6. We object to her being asked questions.
7. We object to her having been asked questions.
Ex. 24. Choose the right form of the gerund.
1. Go on (listening, being listened).
2. I insist on (telling, being told) him the truth.
3. We recommend the ideas (writing, being written) down on paper.
4. Thank you for (helping, being helped) me.
5. I think of your (conducting, being conducted) this experiment.
6. I object to the article (publishing, being published).
7. The experiment resulted in the motivation (increasing, being increased)
by.
8. They succeed in (learning, being learnt) about motivation in the work-
place.
9. I remember (having helped, having been helped) by my friend then.
10. I remember (having helped, having been helped) my friend then.
Ex. 25. Translate the collocations, using the gerund.
Люблю слушать; люблю, когда меня ценят; продолжайте повышать
мотивацию; отложил обсуждение; продолжайте изучение; способы избежать наказания; методы поощрения; зависит от использования; стремился
стимулировать вовлеченность.
Ex. 26. Find out the sentences with nouns derived from verb. Translate the
sentences with Gerund.
1. He values the entertainment of reading a comic book more than he val-
ues good marks.
2. The direction of Danny’s reading is poor.
3. The quick reading of his favorite comic books instead of textbooks is
his pleasure.
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4. Skimming can be used to gain a shallow understanding of a text.
5. Skimming is not a good replacement for thorough reading.
6. You can begin by only reading the titles and subheadings.
7. Don’t skip reading the beginning and end of the article.
8. You are saving time by skipping most of the section.
9. 300 words per minute is the reading speed of the average college stu-
dent.
10. You need to understand your reading.
11. If you get confused at a certain word, try reading a few sentences
around the word to remind yourself of the topic.
12. By reading quickly we can get a great deal of information.
13. Burnout is an authentic condition marked by feelings of exhaustion
and powerlessness.
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VOCABULARY TEST № 5
1. individual
a) средство
2. task significance
b) восприятие
3. flexibility
c) упорство
4. instrumentality
d) немотивированный
5. persistence
e) вознаграждение
6. reward
f) важность задачи
7. unmotivated
g) гибкость
8. task identity
h) усилие
9. performance
i) вовлеченность
10. perception
j) результативность
11. engagement
k) идентификация задач
12. effort
l) индивидуальность
Ex. 1. Match the Russian words with their English equivalents.
Ex. 2. Find the synonym to the underlined word.
1) to achieve 1. to provide
2. to reach
3. to appreciate
2) individual 1. autonomy
2. person
3. personality trait
3) intensity 1. persistence
2. significance
3. strength
Ex. 3. Find the word which is not synonymous to the underlined word.
1) intrinsic 1. internal
2. extrinsic
3. inherent
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2) to desire 1. to wish
2. to want
3. to propose
3) grade 1. mark
2. As and Bs
3. reward
Ex. 4. Complete the sentences with the correct word combination.
Achieve his goal; employee’s perception; encouraging people; appreciate
the opportunity; motivating potential.
1. According to the new approach, person’s needs tend to influence an …
of the value of a proposed reward.
2. The researchers proposed that a job’s … can be influenced by skill va-
riety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback.
3. Intensity refers to how hard a person tries to … .
4. Engagement is the process of … to be interested in the work of an or-
ganization.
5. Some workers … to work independently, with less supervision.
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UNIT 6
MANAGING STRESS AND EMOTIONS
Starting point
Ex. 1. Look through the passage with the key ideas of the Unit. Suggest the
problems to be discussed in it.
Stress has become an ever-increasing focal point in the world of business.
Employees hear about it all the time. Downsizing at a company creates stress
among the remaining workers when workloads, and time at work, increase.
Surveys show us that employees often struggle to find a balance between job
responsibilities and family responsibilities. Companies go out of business in
this competitive environment, and because of that job security is not what it
once was.
Understanding what stress is, where it comes from, and what it means to an
organization are a manager’s first steps to alleviating some of the havoc it
wreaks.
Stress happens when an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires, and for which the outcome
is perceived to be both uncertain and important. Stress at a certain level is good
and motivates productivity, but when it increases to the point of pain, it no
longer works in favor of an individual or organization. Stress is a very individual experience – some people handle it better than others – but no matter how
much stress is “too much,” when it reaches that level the effects on a person’s
body and mind can be dangerous.
Active Vocabulary
Ex. 2. Listen to the teacher and say the words after him. Learn the new
words by heart.
1. adapt [ə’dæpt] приспособиться, адаптировать
2. alarm [ə’lɑ:m] тревога
3. anxiety [æŋ’zaɪ.ə.ti] тревога
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