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Файл:The Academy of Art and Design. Учебное пособие
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VI. In pairs, discuss the statements below. Say what you think and ask
Agreement
Disagreement
You have my full agreement.
Well, I agree with you here.
We are of one mind / of the same
mind on that question.
I have to take issue with you on that.
I think otherwise.
That can’t be right.
I don’t share his/her/your view.
your partner if he/she agrees or disagrees with you. Use the following phrases
to help you:
1. “Don’t be into trends. Don’t make fashion own you, but you decide what
you are, what you want to express by the way you dress and the way you live”
(Gianni Versace).
2. “Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the
sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening”
(Coco Chanel).
3. Classics never go out of fashion.
Fashion quiz*
1. What two markets are ahead of the fashion industry in Russia?
a) Communications and housing
b) Furnishings and education
c) Education and recreation
2. Where does Russia currently get their cotton for their textile industry?
a) China
b) Uzbekistan
c) Mexico
3. What type of textile was Russia focused on for the last few decades?
a) Natural textiles
b) Synthetic textiles
c) Green textiles
4. The Russian word "лапти" best translates to:
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a) bast shoes
b) sandal
c) lapti
5. Where would you wear a 'peruke'?
a) on the neck
b) on the head
c) underneath
6. Which of these is a cut of t-shirt?
a) V-neck
b) V-leg
c) V-head
7. Which of these is a type of hat?
a) shawl
b) crown
c) kokoshnik
8. Which of the following city hosts a major fashion week?
a) New York
b) Milan
c) Russia
9. Who invented jeans?
a) Levi Strauss
b) David Bowie
c) Ralph Lauren
10. What nationality is Anna Wintour?
a) Russian
b) British
c) American
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Grammar section
I. Read the text and find sentences with the following tenses: Present
Continuous; Past Simple; Construction ‘used to do smth.’; managed to do
smth.
We are cutting down expenses now. We don't usually cut down expenses,
but we didn’t increase profits last month and we need to increase profits this
month. We have been increasing profits for eight years, since we organized our
business. But we haven’t been balancing the books for several years, that’s why
our profits are low. We managed to increase our sales last month, but we didn't
manage to increase profits. This is because we spend a lot. We used to balance the
books every year. But since our sales started increasing we haven't been decreasing
expenses. We started spending too much. That’s why we are putting things in order
now.
II. Explain the difference between Present Continuous; Past Simple (See
Appendix with the rules and explanations).
III. Put the verb into the correct form.
Morocco’s culture (to be) a blend of ethnic tradition and religion. It (to
reflect) Berber, Arab, African, Roman, European, and Jewish influence. Islam (to
be) the state religion, followed by Christianity. The majority of the population (to
belong) to the Arabic ethnic group. The traditional clothing of Morocco (to be)
influenced by the Berber, Arab culture, and also the climate of the region. The
proximity to the Sahara desert and coastlines (to leave) the country hot and humid
with long summers. A comfortable summer dress worn by both men and women is
called Gandoura. It (to be) a loose dress with short sleeves and side pockets. Men’s
Gandoura (to come) in plain colors, whereas women (to wear) bright and colorful
Gandoura. It is the traditional dress of Berbers. In the Sahara regions of Morocco,
men (to wear) a different version of Gandoura called Deraa. It (to be) a loose
Gandoura that is open on the sides. This (to keep) the body ventilated in a hot and
dry climate.
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Kaftan may be the most popular of Moroccan clothes. It is a favorite with
not only Moroccan women but women worldwide. Many international designers
(to include) it in their collections for fashion shows. Kaftan or Caftan is a
traditional dress worn by Moroccan women. It is a single dress with or without full
sleeves and reaches the ankles. The sleeves may be loose or fitted. In olden times,
the kaftan (to be reserved) for the royal family. But later, women from all social
classes (to start) to wear it.
Kaftan (to be) first introduced to Morocco by the Muslims and Jews of
Andalusia. The word kaftan (to mean) a single piece of dress. Kaftan can be worn
for special occasions or as casual wear. They can be made of any material with
elaborate and delicate details with gold or silver threads, embroidery, pearls, beads,
etc. Normally they (to be made) of wool, cotton, silk, or velvet. Usually, after
procuring the fabric, women (to visit) Mosamima, the designer. Together they plan
how it should look. After taking the measurements, the Mosamima will get ready
in a few weeks. Thus kaftan is mostly customized by Moroccan women.
Unit 6. COLOUR THEORY AND COLOUR WHEEL FOR CLOTHES
I. Read the text and answer the questions below.
By Sarina Tariq
The colour wheel is a visual representation of the relationships between
colours. The colour wheel is a fundamental tool in the colour theory, helping to
understand colour relationships, harmonies, and contrasts. You can use the colour
wheel and the colour theory to great effect when choosing the right colours for
clothes. The colour theory studies the effect of different shades of colours and how
to get the right colour with different colour combinations based on the colour
wheel.
The colour theory is a collection of rules and guidelines used by designers to
analyze different colours, and study the effects these colours have on each other
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and then mix different colours to get the right colour combinations and use them
effectively to create a design that communicates effectively with its consumer.
The theory of colour was first propounded by Sir Isaac Newton in his book
“Opticks” published in 1704. He made his observations of colour after noticing
that when a ray of light passes through a glass prism it separates into different
colours. He recognized that colour is a result of different wavelengths of light. This
discovery and consequent studies by eminent men have led to different guidelines
that help us to present colour in a visually pleasing and effective way.
Importance of colours, the colour theory and studying the colour wheel in fashion
The colour theory is particularly important for fashion designers. They study
the colour wheel (also called the colour circle) thoroughly and decide on the best
colour combinations after analyzing the colours. There are many reasons for this.
They have to understand colour trends, the colour theory, and how to create
appealing colour palettes for clothing collections.
Colours can communicate non verbally – without saying a word it can tell
you a lot. When you wear a red dress you know that you will get attention – you
are asking for it. Colours can affect our moods. They are known to invoke certain
feelings in the onlooker. For example, the colour red invokes danger, passion,
excitement, or energy. The colour green, on the other hand, brings a sense of
calmness and peace. The colours are said to affect the wearer psychologically, as
we all have our preferences for colours. Certain colours appeal to us, whereas
certain colours affect us negatively – this is usually very individual and may be
influenced by past experiences or associations. When you wear blue clothes, some
one might assume you are trustworthy based on the colour alone.
Colours also play a significant role in our social and cultural lives. Colour is
constantly on our minds when we dress. Some colours compliment our skin tones
or our personality. We regularly wonder if a particular colour will suit us, or the
occasion. We instinctively stay away from colours that make us appear dull or
disproportionate.
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In fashion design, colours can create divisions, hierarchies, and structure –
colours can make some parts more prominent than others, it can divert attention, it
can project confidence in the design, and change previous perceptions.
So, it makes sense to study the visual effect of colour and how to achieve the
best colour combination and that is precisely what colour theory does. Fashion
designers can analyze these effects, and create clothing that resonates with their
target audience.
Colour wheel for clothes
The colour wheel is a visual representation of what the colour theory
proposes. In the colour wheel colours are arranged in a circle in a particular
sequence. A conventional colour wheel has 12 colours. It shows the relationships
between primary colours (red, blue, and yellow), secondary colours (orange, green,
and purple), and tertiary colours (created by mixing a primary and a neighboring
secondary colour). The colour wheel helps to learn about the different colours and
their relationships with each other. The colour wheel is a representation of colours
according to their wavelength and helps us to understand the relationship between
colours.
The colour wheel was invented by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century.
After this many variations of this basic colour wheel have come out. According to
the 2 main types of colour wheel, you can say that there are 2 colour theories – the
traditional colour theory and the modern colour theory.
The colour theory expounds the relationship between the primary,
secondary, and tertiary colours. These are described through the Itten wheel
proposed by the Swiss artist Johannes Itten. But you have to know that the primary
colours can be different depending on the medium used. Primary colours are the
most basic colours of a colour wheel – Red, blue and yellow. For printing the
primary colours are cyan, magenta, and yellow. For mixing colours for painting the
red blue and yellow colour wheel is used.
RYB colour wheel (Red-Yellow-Blue) – This is the traditional colour wheel
according to which colours red yellow and blue are the most important colours.
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This is the colour wheel mostly used by painters and other artists to learn about
colour harmony and relationship.
RGB colour wheel (Red Green Blue) – This is the modern colour wheel used
by computer users. The primary colours of an RGB colour wheel are Red, Green,
and Blue.
Colour harmony
Achieving harmony in clothing is possible by getting the colour
combinations right. You can refer to the colour wheel to understand colour
relationships. Colour harmonies based on the colour wheel like complementary,
analogous, and triadic colour schemes, can be used to create visually pleasing and
balanced outfits. Complementary colours, split complementary colours, analogous
colours, triadic colours, are all colour schemes that you can use in your fashion
design projects according to your preference and the message you want to
communicate. Complementary colours are opposite each other on the colour
wheel. Analogous colours are adjacent to each other on the colour wheel. Triadic
colours are evenly spaced on the colour circle. Split-complementary colours have a
base colour and two adjacent to its complement on the wheel.
Hue is a pure colour without any added white, black, or gray. Hues are
classified as primary colours, secondary colours and tertiary colours.
Different aspects of colour selection
There are many other aspects of colours that a fashion designer should pay
attention to when creating a collection. One of them is the seasonal colour trends in
the fashion industry. Certain colours may have different meanings in various
cultures, and fashion designers should consider these cultural nuances when
creating international collections. The colour black is the colour for mourning in
the West, whereas, in China and some other Asian countries, white is the colour for
mourning. But in Thailand and European countries, the colour of mourning is not
black, it is purple. For the native American Indian tribes, black was the colour of
victory and success, whereas in India, black is largely considered the colour of evil
and negativity. These variations in the way the same colour is perceived between
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different countries and cultures should be taken into consideration to avoid
potential problems. Another aspect is the buying fabric for clothes. Different
fabrics can absorb and reflect light differently, affecting the perception of
colour. Texture of textiles can change the look of colours. Look of a colour of an
outfit in natural daylight maybe different from how it looks at night or under
artificial lighting. These aspects can be explored in conjunction with the colour
wheel to achieve the ideal combinations for clothes [8].
Discussion questions
1. What is the colour wheel?
2. Why is the colour theory important in fashion design?
3. What is Isaac Newton’s contribution to the theory of colour?
4. How can colours communicate non verbally?
5. What role do colours play in our social and cultural lives?
6. What are primary colours?
7. What are secondary colours?
8. What are tertiary colours?
9. Explain what RYB colour wheel means?
10. Explain what RGB colour wheel means?
11. How can a fashion designer achieve harmony in clothing?
12. What is hue?
13. Why should fashion designers consider cultural nuances when creating
international collections?
14. What is black colour in your country?
15. What are other aspects of colours that a fashion designer should pay attention
to when creating a collection?
Vocabulary section
II. Transcribe and translate words and expressions below into Russian.
Texture of textiles, colour wheel/circle, to have preferences for colours, to
compliment, psychologically, clothing collection, colour palette, trend, sense of
calmness, passion, excitement, danger, onlooker, to involve feelings, to get
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attention, to communicate non verbally, to affect moods / to affect the wearer / to
affect negatively, combination, colour theory.
III. Give English equivalents of the following words and expressions.
Цветовой круг, контраст, правильные цвета для одежды, учитывать
культурные нюансы, индустрия моды, сезонные цветовые тенденции, чистый
цвет, модельер, цветовые сочетания, оттенок, цветовая палитра для
коллекций одежды, подойти (о цвете), держаться подальше от цветов,
визуальный эффект цвета, цвет траура, поглощать и отражать свет,
резонировать с целевой аудиторией, основные, вторичные и третичные цвета,
цветовая схема, художник, достичь гармонии в одежде, текстура ткани,
правильно подобрать цветовые сочетания, проект по дизайну одежды,
создание международной коллекции, различие в восприятии цвета,
естественный дневной свет, искусственное освещение, влиять на восприятие
цвета.
IV. Word formation exercise.
a) Use the words in capitals to form a new word that fits into each blank.
Do you have a perception in your mind about pink? The thing is that
whatever you think of pink if you ask another person it may be completely
__DIFFER__ from what you think. Some consider pink as everything-cute, but for
some it is a bold, __SCANDAL__ and shocking colour, for some it has erotic
connotations or at least lovey-dovey vibes, yet for some others, it is the colour of
child-like innocence. This is because, there are many different shades of pink –
ranging from pale pink to mauve to stronger, louder, bolder shades of pink.
“I believe in pink. I believe that happy girls are the ___PRETTY__ girls. I
believe that tomorrow is another day and I believe in miracles” – said Audrey
Hepburn. Such strong advocacy for pink from one of the most feminine and
graceful of all actresses.
The colour pink is immediately associated with __FEMININE__ in our
minds. We wear a pink top or a pink dress and immediately assume that it makes
us look all feminine and __ATTRACT__.
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Do you know that there was a time when the colour pink was gender-
neutral? The boys and girls wore pink __COLOUR__ dresses. Then somehow
(may be due to clever __MARKET__ techniques of brands) pink became the
colour of girls and only girls. Most young girls’ pass through a pink stage when
everything in their life has got to be in pink. If you go to a shop, you will notice
that pink colour dominates the girls’ dresses, toys, and accessories.
But today there is definitely a shift in perception of pink as an exclusively
feminine colour. Pink is slowly going back to its unisex androgynous colour status.
Today many fashion __DESIGN__ have adopted pink into their fashion lines for
men. A pink shirt worn by a man is nothing new these days. But still, pink is
considered a bold colour choice for men.
The colour pink was always a strong presence in the history of fashion. In
Europe, pink was associated with the upper class as the pink dye was imported
after an expensive __EXPEDIT__ to Asia. It was a colour favoured by the nobility
and aristocracy for clothes for both genders.
The pink was a __FAVOUR__ colour of Madame de Pompadour, who was
the chief mistress of the French king Louis XV. The French porcelain
manufacturer Sevres created a special and exquisite tint and named it Rose
Pompadour to honour her [18].
b) Read the text again. Guess if 1-5 below are true (T) or false (F).
1. “I believe in pink… I believe in miracles” – said Angelina Jolie. T / F
2. The color pink is immediately associated with femininity in our minds. T /
F
3. A pink shirt worn by a man is something new these days. T / F
4. The color pink was always a weak presence in the history of fashion. T /
F
5. The French porcelain manufacturer Sevres created a special and exquisite
tint and named it Rose Pompadour to honor her. T / F
V*. Translate the following sentences into English using the active
vocabulary of the Unit.
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