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Файл:Learning to Speak English. Учебное пособие по разговорному английскому языку
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Being unemployed entitles you to free medical treatment.
Children and pensioners are entitled to a discount.
6. thesis [′θi:sis]; (syn.) dissertation [,disə′tei∫(ə)n] n – дис-
сертация
defend a thesis / a dissertation [di′fend] – защитить диссертацию
defence of one’s thesis / dissertation – защита диссертации
Postgraduate students must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within three years. He wrote his dissertation on chemical engineering. All doctoral programmes require students to defend their
theses before they can graduate. You are likely to defend a PhD thesis only once; your defence is a special occasion, so consider dress-
ing appropriately, at least business casual.
7. elaborate [i′læb(ə)rət] adj, [i′læbəreit] v – искусно сделан-
ный, сложный; разрабатывать
This is the stage for an elaborate research programme. The
government will elaborate the concept for further development of the
higher education system.
8. apply [ə′plai] v – обращаться (for – подавать заявление в
учебное заведение; to – к кому-л.)
applicant [′æplikənt] n – заявитель; тот, кто подает заявле-
ние; кандидат, претендент
I’ve applied for a new job with the local newspaper. We’ve
applied to a charitable organization for a grant for the project. How
many applicants did you have for the job?
9. award a degree [ə′wɔ:d] – присуждать степень
earn a degree [′ə:n] – получить степень
hold a degree – обладать степенью
a degree holder – обладатель степени
A degree may be awarded with or without honours. What is
required to earn a Bachelor’s degree? I hold a Master’s degree in
Accounting at University of New York. A degree holder earns, on
average, more than a diploma holder every month.
10. supervisor [′sju:pərvaizə]/(syn.) adviser [əd′vaizə] n –
консультант, руководитель
11. guide [′gaid] n v – руководитель, советник; руководить¸
направлять; быть руководителем
guidance [′gaidəns] n – руководство
under guidance – под руководством
41
Dr. Smith became my guide. A lawyer guided them through
the complex application procedure. The agency offers practical guid-
ance to people starting their own businesses. A new research programme is available under the guidance of Dr. Wills, Department of
Chemistry.
12. admit [əd′mit] v – принимать (в университет)
admission [əd′mi∫n] n – прием (в учебное заведение)
The number of British students admitted to university dropped
this year. All students from abroad must apply for admission to a
German university.
13. compete [kəm′pi:t] v – конкурировать, соревноваться
competitive [kəm′petitiv] adj – конкурсный; соревнующий,
конкурирующий
competitive examination – конкурсный экзамен
It’s difficult for a small shop to compete against/with the big
supermarkets. Graduates have to fight for jobs in a highly competitive market. Competitive examinations are used in many countries for
university and college admissions.
14. sit for an examination – держать (сдавать) экзамен
He was unable to sit for his end-of-term examinations for medical reasons.
15. public [′pΛblik] adj – государственный, национальный
A public college is supported financially by the government.
16. level n – уровень
Students at this level require a lot of help.
17. lead (to) [li:d] v – вести; приводить (к чему-л.), быть
причиной (чего-л.)
An accounting degree can lead to many positions in the accounting and finance fields.
18. equivalent [i′kwivələnt] adj – равноценный, равнознач-
ный, эквивалентный
She’s doing the equivalent job in the new company but for
more money.
19. experience [ik′spiəriəns] n – опыт (жизненный); квали-
фикация, мастерство
work experience – опыт работы
I don’t think she has the experience for the job.
20. due to [′dju:tu:] prep – благодаря
His success is entirely due to hard work.
42
2. Match the pairs of synonyms from A and B and translate
A
B
1. aim
2. complicated
3. go beyond
4. because of
5. dissertation
6. learnedness
7. advisor
8. continuing
9. contest
10. authorise
a. thesis
b. supervisor
c. pursue
d. entitle
e. exceed
f. ongoing
g. compete
h. elaborate
i. literacy
j. due to
1. to sit for an exam
2. to hold a degree
3. to defend a thesis
4. to apply for admission
5. to award a degree
6. to admit to university
7. to lead to a result
8. to earn a degree
a. защитить диссертацию
b. принимать в университет
c. дать результат
d. обладать степенью
e. присуждать степень
f. получить степень
g. сдавать экзамен
h. подавать заявление в
учебное заведение
1. literate
2. competitive
3. work
4. public
5. elaborate
6. compulsory
7. university
8. excessive
9. equivalent
10. student
a. preparations
b. quantity
c. admission
d. person
e. degree
f. exam
g. guidance
h. experience
i. education
j. university
them.
3. Match the English word combinations with the Russian
equivalents. Use them to make sentences of your own.
4. Match the following attributes on the left with a suitable
noun on the right.
5. Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention
to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below.
43
I. a) apply v – обращаться с просьбой, просить; использо-
вать, применять; прикладывать, прилагать
b) applicant n – заявитель; тот, кто подает заявление; кандидат, претендент
c) application n – заявление; заявка; применение, приложение, использование
d) applied adj – прикладной, практический
1. I’ve sent off applications for four different jobs.
2. Successful applicants will receive notification within the week.
3. Leave the paint to dry between applications. 4. Please apply in
writing to the address below. 5. The design has many applications.
6. The centre is regarded as the leading research centre for applied
economics in Europe. 7. He wants a job in which he can apply his
foreign languages. 8. The paint should be applied thinly and evenly.
II. a) due n – должное; то, что причитается; (pl.) сборы,
налоги, пошлины
b) due adj – должный, соответствующий, надлежащий;
обязанный; подлежащий выплате
c) in due course – в свое (надлежащее) время
d) in due time – в свое время
e) with due regard – с должным вниманием
f) due adv – точно, прямо
g) due to – благодаря, вследствие, в результате
1. He failed again, but to give him his due, he did try hard.
2. The next meeting is due to be held in three months’ time. 3. £50 is
due to me from the people I worked for last month. 4. These new
methods must be employed with due regard to the protection and
preservation of the natural environment. 5. You will receive notification of the results in due course. 6. Our thanks are due to everyone.
7. Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
8. From here, you go due east until you get to a forest. 9. Members of
the society pay $1,000 in annual dues. 10. We turned south and in
due time found ourselves walking along the shore of the lake.
11. What time is the next bus due?
III. a) level n – уровень; плоскость, горизонтальная по-
верхность; уровень (инструмент)
b) level adj – ровный, плоский, горизонтальный; равный
c) do one’s level best – сделать все возможное
44
d) level v – выравнивать
e) level off v – выровнять, сровнять
1. The exam can be taken at three levels. 2. Tickets are hard to
come by but I’ll do my level best to get you one. 3. Make sure the
camera is level before you take the picture. 4. The water level in the
lake is much higher after heavy rain. 5. House prices now seem to be
levelling off after the steep rises of the last few years. 6. The unions
are fighting to keep wages level with inflation. 7. Level the wet cement before it sets. 8. Inflation is going to rise two percent from its
present level. 9. Archaeologists found pottery in the lowest level of
the site. 10. The top of the tree is level with his bedroom window.
11. You should build on the level, not on the slope.
6. Fill the gaps with the suitable words below and define
parts of speech.
I. a) admit b) admittance c) admitted
d) admittedly e) admission f) admissible
1. There’s a notice outside the building that says “No
________ before twelve noon”. 2. ________, I could have tried
harder but I still don’t think all this criticism is fair. 3. Each ticket
can ________ one member and one guest. 4. Photographs are usually
________ evidence provided it can be proved that they are authentic.
5. Hundreds of people were unable to gain ________ to the hall.
6. Congratulations to all of our ________ students for Autumn 2013!
II. a) elaborate
b) elaborately
c) elaborateness
d) elaboration
1. It was the most ________ decorated cake – all sugar flowers
and bows. 2. She imparts something of her own ________ to them.
3. This point needs greater ________. 4. They’re making the most
________ preparations for the wedding.
III. a) equivalent
b) equivalently
c) equivalence
1. There’s a general ________ between the two concepts.
2. Those less-known companies manufacture ________ products at
cheaper prices. 3. Critics argued that women could not and should
not be educated ________ to men.
45
SECTION 2
READING AND DISCUSSION
7. Read and translate Text 3A “Higher Education”.
TEXT 3A
HIGHER EDUCATION
Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education
for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best mass-education
systems in the world producing the literacy rate (98%) exceeding
most Western European countries. Education is split into a compulsory basic education, and an ongoing higher education.
Due in great part to demands of the international educational
organisations, the system of education in Russia began to change
over the past few years. Universities began transitioning to the system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for a Bachelor’s
degree and 2 years for a Master’s degree. They also offer Specialist’s
degree programmes which last 5 or 6 years. A Specialist’s degree
graduate needs no further academic qualification to pursue a professional career.
Higher education is provided by public and non-public (nonState) accredited higher educational institutions. There are two levels
of higher education:
• Basic higher education (4 years) leading to a Bachelor’s de-
gree, the first university level degree. This is equivalent to a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in the US or Western Europe.
• Postgraduate higher education (5 – 6 years or more). After
two years of study, students are entitled to receive a Master’s De-
gree. This is equivalent to Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Master of
Arts (M.A.) degrees in the US or Western Europe. After a Master’s
degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: a
Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) degree (the first level, equivalent to a Ph.D. degree) and a Doctor of Sciences(Doktor Nauk) degree(the second, highest level requiring many years of research expe
46
Moscow State University
Lomonosov monument
rience and writing a second dissertation. A Bachelor’s degree programme lasts at least 4 years of fulltime university-level study. It is elaborated in accordance with the State
Educational Standards which regulate
almost 80% of their content. The other 20% are elaborated by the university itself. The Bachelor’s degree
programme includes professional and
special courses in Science, the Humanities, Social and Economic
disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing State final exams. Having obtained a Bachelor’s degree, students may apply to enter a Master’s degree programme. A Bachelor’s degree is awarded in all fields except Medicine after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance
of a supervisor and passing the final exams. In Medicine, the first
stage lasts six years.
Having obtained a Bachelor’s degree, students may apply to
enter a Master’s degree programme. The admission to this programme is competitive. A Master’s degree is awarded after successful completion of two years’ full-time study. Students must carry out
research including practical training, and prepare and defend a thesis
which constitutes an original contribution, and sit for final examinations.
8. What would you say if you took part in the following dia-
logue? Use the information given in Text 3A. Act the dialogue.
A.: What general types is education in Russia split into?
B.: … .
A.: Why did higher education in Russia begin to change?
B.: … .
A.: What is higher education provided by?
B.: … .
A.: What are the levels of the present system of higher educa-
tion?
B.: … .
A.: What does a Bachelor’s degree programme include?
B.: … .
47
A.: What is a Master’s degree programme characterised by?
B.: … .
A.: Can all students apply to a Master’s degree programme?
B.: … .
A.: What degrees does postgraduate higher education in Russia
include?
B.: … .
9. Put questions to which these are the answers. The im-
portant words in the answer are italicized. Act the dialogue.
A.: … ?
B.: The literacy rate in Russia is 98%.
A.: … ?
B.: The system of higher education in Russia includes Bache-
lor’s, Master’s and Specialist’s degree programmes.
A.: … ?
B.: Basic higher education leads to a Bachelor’s degree.
A.: … ?
B.: A Bachelor’s degree programme takes four years to com-
plete.
A.: … ?
B.: A Bachelor’s degree in Russia is equivalent to a Bachelor
of Science degree in the US or Western Europe.
A.: … ?
B.: A Bachelor’s degree is awarded after defending a Diploma
project and passing the final exams.
A.: … ?
B.: The admission to a Master’s programme is competitive.
A.: … ?
B.: Master’s degree students must defend a thesis.
10. Comment on the picture given in the text.
11. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell
it in English.
12. Read Text 3B “Entry to University”. Give a brief over-
view of its structure and contents in English.
48
TEXT 3B
ENTRY TO UNIVERSITY
Traditionally, universities and institutes conducted their own
admission tests regardless of the applicants’ school record. There
were no uniform measure of school leavers’ abilities; marks issued
by high schools were perceived as incompatible due to grading variances between schools and regions. In 2003 the Ministry of Education launched the Unified State Examination (USE) programme. The
set of standardised tests for high school leavers issued uniformly
throughout the country and rated independent of the student’s
schoolmasters, akin to North American SAT (Scholastic Assessment
Test), was supposed to replace entrance exams to state universities.
Thus, the reformers reasoned that the USE would empower talented
school leavers from remote locations to compete for admissions at
the universities of their choice.
The legislators enacted USE in February 2007. In 2008 it was
mandatory for school leavers and optional for universities. It has
been fully mandatory since 2009. A few higher education establishments are still allowed to introduce their own entrance tests in addition to USE scoring. Such tests must be publicised in advance.
Awarding USE grades involves two stages. In this system, a
“primary grade” is the sum of points for completed tasks, with each
of the tasks having a maximum number of points allocated to it. The
maximum total primary grade varies by subject. The primary grades
are then converted into final or test grades by means of a sophisticated statistical calculation which takes into account the distribution of
primary grades among the examinees.
The first nation-wide USE session covering all regions of Russia was held in the summer of 2008.
13. Answer the following questions.
1. What was the traditional procedure for admission to higher
educational institutions?
2. What programme did the Ministry of Education launch in
2003?
3. What was the reason for introduction of unified state exami-
nations?
49
4. When did it become mandatory for school leavers to take
unified state examinations?
5. What stages does awarding USE grades involve?
6. When was the first nation-wide USE session covering all re-
gions of Russia held?
14. Identify the parts of the text in which these words and
phrases are used. Use these phrases in short stories of your own.
Admission (entrance) tests and examinations, marks (grades),
to launch a programme, Unified State Examinations (USE), a school
leaver, a higher education institution (establishment), optional, mandatory, to complete a task, the number/ the sum of points, to take into
account, an examinee.
15. Discuss the text in pairs. Use the patterns below as a
model and guidelines.
I. A.: It has been stated in the text that the Ministry of Educa-
tion launched the USE programme, because marks issued by high
schools were perceived as incompatible due to grading variances between schools and regions.
B.: I think it’s debatable. As a matter of fact the principal fea-
ture of the new examination process is its uniformity. In this case the
new system of examinations devalues school students’ personal qual-
ities and their participation in various academic contests over the
years. I think we the old system should be preserved.
A.: Well, I can’t agree with you … .
II. A.: It has been stated that a few higher education establishments are still allowed to introduce their own entrance tests in addition to USE scoring.
B.: I think it is unfair. The new system of examinations should
be mandatory for all school leavers and universities.
A.: Oh, no. I can’t agree with you at all … .
16. Mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
17. Read Text 3C “The Bologna Process”. Give a brief
overview of its structure and contents in English.
50
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