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Файл:Language. Английский язык для филологов. Учебное пособие
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3. Key Words. Запомните слова, которые вам понадобятся при работе
с материалом данного урока:
1. substantially [səb'stæn(t)ʃ(ə)lɪ] – 1) по существу; в основном;
большей частью; главным образом; 2) существенно, в значительной
степени;
2. succinct [sək'sɪŋ(k)t] – краткий; сжатый; короткий, лаконичный;
3. friendliness ['frendlɪnəs] – дружелюбие, дружелюбность;
4. hostility [hɔs'tɪlətɪ] – враждебность;
5. constitute ['kɔn(t)stɪtjuːt] – 1) составлять; 2) основывать;
учреждать, создавать; 3) вводить в силу, принимать (закон);
6. to impart [ɪm'pɑːt] – сообщать, передавать, разглашать (новости,
знания);
7. to establish [ɪs'tæblɪʃ], [es-] – 1) учреждать; 2) устанавливать
(отношения); 3) устанавливать (какой-л. факт);
8. a radio broadcast – радиопередача;
9. initially [ɪ'nɪʃ(ə)lɪ] – в начальной стадии, в начале; в исходном
положении;
10. native tongue – родной язык;
11. to be designated – назначаться;
12. bilingualism [baɪlɪ ŋgwəlɪzəm] – билингвизм, двуязычие;
13. species-specific – видоспецифичный, видоспецифический (напр.
об антигене);
14. feature ['fiːʧə] – особенность, характерная черта; деталь,
признак, свойство; свойства, особенности, общий вид;
15. to cope – справляться;
16. modes of thought – способы мышления;
17. contiguity [ˌkɔntɪ'gjuːətɪ] – 1) близость, контакт; 2) ассоциация идей;
18. immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət] – 1) ближайший; 2) непосредственный;
3) а) недавний, произошедший недавно, б) происходящий здесь и сейчас,
текущий;
19. temporal and spatial – временные и пространственные;
20. conventionalized movements – условные движения;
21. superficially [ˌs(j)uːpə'fɪʃɪəlɪ] – 1) неглубоко, поверхностно;
2) внешне, на поверхности;
22. controversial [ˌkɔntrə'vɜːʃ(ə)l] – спорный; дискуссионный;
23. imaginative [ɪ'mæʤɪnətɪv] – 1) одарённый богатым воображением;
2) творческий, оригинальный; 3) образный, художественный;
24. psycholinguistic ['saɪkəu lɪŋ'gwɪstɪk] – психолингвистика;
25. to draw attention – привлекать внимание;
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26. to express [ɪk'spres], [ek-] – 1) а) изображать; б) выражать;
высказывать в) выражать себя; выражать свои мысли, чувства,
высказываться;
27. to be considered [kən'sɪdəd] – быть обоснованным, продуманным;
28. signed languages – языки жестов;
29. to comport [kəm'pɔːt] – 1) (comport with) согласовываться с (чем-л.);
соответствовать (чему-л.); 2) вести себя (определённым образом);
30. ape [eɪp] – человекообразная обезьяна;
31. chimpanzee [ˌʧɪmpæn'ziː] – шимпанзе;
32. primate ['praɪmeɪt] – примат.
II. Reading (Чтение). Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Every physiologically and mentally typical person acquires in childhood the ability to make use, as both sender and receiver, of a system of
communication that comprises a circumscribed set of symbols (e.g., sounds,
gestures, or written or typed characters). In spoken language, this symbol set
consists of noises resulting from movements of certain organs within the
throat and mouth. In signed languages, these symbols may be hand or body
movements, gestures, or facial expressions. By means of these symbols,
people are able to impart information, to express feelings and emotions, to
influence the activities of others, and to comport themselves with varying
degrees of friendliness or hostility toward persons who make use of sub-
stantially the same set of symbols.
Different systems of communication constitute different languages; the
degree of difference needed to establish a different language cannot be
stated exactly. No two people speak exactly alike; hence, one is able to recognize the voices of friends over the telephone and to keep distinct a number
of unseen speakers in a radio broadcast. Yet, clearly, no one would say that
they speak different languages. Generally, systems of communication are
recognized as different languages if they cannot be understood without specific learning by both parties.
Typically, people acquire a single language initially – their first language,
or native tongue, the language used by those with whom, or by whom, they are
brought up from infancy. Subsequent “second” languages are learned to different degrees of competence under various conditions. Complete mastery
of two languages is designated as bilingualism; in many cases – such as up-
bringing by parents using different languages at home or being raised within a
multilingual community – children grow up as bilinguals.
Language, as described above, is species-specific to human beings.
Other members of the animal kingdom have the ability to communicate,
through vocal noises or by other means, but the most important single fea-
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ture characterizing human language (that is, every individual language),
against every known mode of animal communication, is its infinite produc-
tivity and creativity. Human beings are unrestricted in what they can communicate; no area of experience is accepted as necessarily incommunicable,
though it may be necessary to adapt one’s language in order to cope with
new discoveries or new modes of thought.
Animal communication systems are by contrast very tightly circumscribed in what may be communicated. Indeed, displaced reference, the ability to communicate about things outside immediate temporal and spatial
contiguity, which is fundamental to speech, is found elsewhere only in the
so-called language of bees. Bees are able, by carrying out various conven-
tionalized movements (referred to as bee dances) in or near the hive, to indicate to others the locations and strengths of food sources. But food sources
are the only known theme of this communication system. Surprisingly, however, this system, nearest to human language in function, belongs to a species remote from humanity in the animal kingdom. On the other hand, the
animal performance superficially most like human speech, the mimicry of
parrots and of some other birds that have been kept in the company of humans, is wholly derivative and serves no independent communicative function. Humankind’s nearest relatives among the primates, though possessing
a vocal physiology similar to that of humans, have not developed anything
like a spoken language. Attempts to teach sign language to chimpanzees and
other apes through imitation have achieved limited success, though the interpretation of the significance of ape signing ability remains controversial.
In most accounts, the primary purpose of language is to facilitate communication, in the sense of transmission of information from one person to
another. However, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic studies have drawn
attention to a range of other functions for language. Among these is the use
of language to express a national or local identity (a common source
of conflict in situations of multiethnicity around the world, such as in Belgium, India, and Quebec). Also important are the “ludic” (playful) function
of language – encountered in such phenomena as puns, riddles, and crossword puzzles – and the range of functions seen in imaginative or symbolic
contexts, such as poetry, drama, and religious expression.
Language interacts with every aspect of human life in society, and it can
be understood only if it is considered in relation to society. Because each
language is both a working system of communication in the period and in
the community wherein it is used and also the product of its history and the
source of its future development, any account of language must consider it
from both these points of view.
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III. Practice (Активизация лексики). Выполните следующие
1. hostility
a. the result of careful thought
2. to constitute
b. having or showing creativity or inventiveness
3. considered
(opinion)
c. a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or
the head, to express an idea or meaning
4. to express
d. is unfriendly or aggressive
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ehavior towards people
or ideas
5. imaginative
e. an observable event
6. gesture
f. on the surface
7. superficially
g. to say what one thinks or means
8. phenomenon
h. to be (a part) of a whole
упражнения.
1. а) Объясните значения выделенных слов из текста урока.
б) Найдите в тексте урока словосочетания, соответствующие
русским эквивалентам:
отправитель и получатель; система коммуникации; набор символов; выражение лица; посредством; чувства и эмоции; вести себя;
с младенчества; воспитываться в различных условиях; многоязычное
сообщество; человеческие существа; быть неограниченным; напротив;
вид, удаленный от человечества; мимика попугаев; для облегчения общения; передача информации.
2. Приведите в соответствие термины из левой колонки с их
толкованием из правой колонки:
3. Закончите предложения, употребляя слова из упражнения 2:
1. Obviously, it was Anne’s __________ opinion that Mavis was a
bold-faced liar...
2. Children may find it easier to __________ themselves in a letter than
in a formal essay.
3. The last decade has witnessed a serious rise in the levels of racism
and ____________to Black and ethnic groups...
4. They should adopt a more _________ approach and investigate alter-
native uses for their property.
5. Alex made a _________ of apology.
6. I understood the issue only ___________.
7. In modern philosophical use, the term __________ has come to mean
things, which are experienced by the senses as distinct from the things of life
in and of itself.
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4. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его синонимом
1. friendliness
a. characteristic
2. to establish
b. to manifest
3. feature
c. similar
4. to express
d. national
5. imaginative
e. amicability
6. alike
f. account
7. state, public
g. to ascertain
8. report
h. creative
1. sender
a. local
2. conventionalized
b. immediate
3. national
c. friendliness
4. different
d. inscribed
5. remote
e. spoken
6. hostility
f. receiver
7. written
g. similar
8. circumscribed
h. original
1. imaginative
a. contiguity
2. religious
b. sources
3. spatial
c. kingdom
4. national
d. contexts
5. food
e. purpose
6. communication
f. system
7. primary
g. identity
8. animal
h. expression
из правой колонки:
5. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его антонимом
из правой колонки:
6. Составьте словосочетания с данными прилагательными и
существительными. Переведите их на русский язык:
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IV. Checklist (Упражнения на понимание содержания текста).
Выполните следующие упражнения.
1. Просмотрите текст о характеристиках языка еще раз и ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is a language?
2. What does a human system of communication comprise?
3. When are systems of communication recognized as different languages?
4. How do members of the animal kingdom have the ability to communicate?
5. What information can the language of bees communicate?
6. Are human beings restricted in what they can communicate?
7. What range of functions for a language do you know?
8. What is the necessary aspect for the language to be understood?
2. Какие предложения верны (T), а где допущены ошибки (F)?
Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. Human beings from childhood can communicate using a set of symbols. _____
2. In spoken language, this symbol set consists of hand or body movements, gestures, or facial expressions. _____
3. Different languages cannot be understood without specific learning.
_____
4. Attempts to teach sign language to chimpanzee apes through imitation have achieved a great success. _____
5. Complete mastery of two languages is impossible. _____
6. Language can be understood in relation to society and the period
wherein it is used. _____
3. Подберите каждому параграфу текста правильный заголовок.
PARAGRAPH 1 …………………………...
PARAGRAPH 2 …………………………...
PARAGRAPH 3 …………………………...
PARAGRAPH 4 …………………………...
PARAGRAPH 5 …………………………...
PARAGRAPH 6 …………………………...
A. Native tongue and bilingualism
B. Making use a system of communication
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C. The purposes language can and has been made to serve
D. Human language and animal communication systems
E. Functions of language
F. A different language
4. Подготовьте сообщение на 2 минуты о характеристиках
языка.
V. Additional Reading and Tasks (Дополнительные тексты и за-
дания).
1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:
Language as a Human Attribute
Language sets people apart from all other creatures. Every known human society has had a language and though some nonhumans may be able to
communicate with one another in fairly complex ways, none of their communication systems begins to approach language in its ability to convey information. Nor is the transmission of complex and varied information such
an integral part of the everyday lives of other creatures. Nor do other communication systems share many of the design features of human language,
such as the ability to communicate about events other than in the here and
now. But it is difficult to conceive of a human society without a language.
Language, like culture, that other most human attribute, is notable for its
unity in diversity: there are many languages and many cultures, all different
but all fundamentally the same, because there is one human nature and because a fundamental property of this human nature is the way in which it allows such diversity in both language and culture.
1. What differentiates human language from nonhuman systems of
communication?
2. What unites language and culture?
VI. Grammar in Use (Практическая Грамматика)
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) ACTIVE
Времена группы Simple употребляются для описания обычного,
регулярного, систематически повторяющегося действия, а также
простого факта в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.
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Спряжение глаголов во временах группы Simple
Present
Past
Future
V (Vs – 3л.ед.ч)
V2 (–ed)
will/shall + V
+ I/You/We/They work
+ He/She/It writes
+ I / He/She/It
We/You/They worked
wrote
I/We shall work
He/She/It/You/They
will write
Вспом. гл.: do (does –
3 л.ед.ч)
Вспом. гл.: did
Вспом. гл.: will /
shall
– I/You/We/They do not
work
– He/She/It does not write
Do I work? Does he write?
– I did not work
– He did not write
Did I work? Did he
write?
– I won’t work
– He won’t write
Will I work? Will I
write?
always(всегда),
regularly (регулярно), of-
ten (часто),
usually (обычно), some-
times (иногда), sel-
dom/rarely (редко),
never(никогда),
every …(каждый …)
yesterday (вчера), the
day before yesterday
(позавчера), last … (в
прошлом…), … ago
(…назад), in 1995,
when (в вопросах и
придаточных
предложениях)
tomorrow (завтра),
the day after tomor-
row (послезавтра),
next … (на
следующей …), in
a month (через …),
in 2025, soon
(скоро)
Таблица 1
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ВРЕМЕНИ И УСЛОВИЯ
Для выражения будущего действия (вместо Future Indefinite) в
обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях условия и времени,
которые вводятся союзами if (если), when (когда), until (пока не), till
(пока), as soon as (как только), after (после того, как), before (до того,
как), употребляется Present Indefinite:
If he comes, I’ll ask him about it. – Если он придет, я спрошу его об этом.
She will go there when it stops raining. – Она пойдет туда, когда
пройдет дождь.
Упражнения
1) Раскройте скобки. Поставьте глаголы во времена Present,
Past или Future Simple.
1. A wide sense of the term "philology" (to describe) the study of a lan-
guage.
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2. Philology (to be) one of the 19th century's first scientific approaches
to human language.
3. Philology (to give) way to the modern science of linguistics in the
early 20th century due to the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure.
4. Some scholars however (to avoid) all critical method of textual phi-
lology.
5. Formal linguists (to study) the structures of different languages.
6. We hope that as we come to understand more about human language,
we (to understand) more about the processes of human thought.
7. Modern linguistics (to begin) to develop in the 18th century.
8. If we read the newspaper or listen to the newscasters around the English- speaking world, we (to develop) the impression that there is a World
Standard English.
9. Traveling around the country, for work or tourism, British people (to
use) British Standard English.
10. Some scholars (to avoid) all critical methods of textual philology.
11. If you (to place) a sheet of paper near your mouth and pronounce the
words pin and spin, the paper (to vibrate) after the /p/ in the first word but
not after the same sound in the second word.
2) Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский.
Прокомментируйте использование времён Present, Past или Future
Simple. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными.
1. In the academic traditions of several nations, a wide sense of the term
“philology” describes the study of a language together with its literature and
the historical and cultural contexts.
2. Philology thus comprises the study of the grammar, rhetoric, history,
interpretation of authors, and critical traditions associated with a given language.
3. In its more restricted sense of “historical linguistics”, philology was
one of the 19th century’s first scientific approaches to human language but
gave way to the modern science of linguistics in the early 20th century due
to the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure, who argued that spoken language
should have primacy.
4. Similarities between Sanskrit and European languages were first
noted in the early 16th century.
5. Philologist’s interest to ancient languages led to the study of what
were in the 18th century “exotic” languages for the light they could cast on
problems in understanding.
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6. At home or with friends, we will use a variety of English influenced
by the dialect of the region where we live.
7. Traveling around the country, for work or for tourism, British people
will use British Standard English.
8. Traveling around the world, we will talk together using world Standard English.
9. As many people are already bidialectal (knowing their national Standard and a regional dialect), the future will be a tridialectal one.
3) Поставьте глаголы в скобках во времена Present, Past or Future Simple.
1. When you __ to Martin, we shall often meet, (to be married) (Murdoch and Priestley)
2. Wait here, in case I __ you. (to want) (Collins)
3. Where __ you __ "when the seminary __, Padre? (to go, to close)
(Voynich)
4. Give me the railway guide, and I'll tell you when he __ here tomorrow. (to be) (Collins)
5. You __ here till it __ time to go to the barrier. (to stay, to be)
(Voynich)
6. If you __ me who you are I __ the dog on you. (to tell — negative, to
set) (Abrahams)
7. I'm going abroad next week. I don't know when I __ back, (to be)
(Greene)
8. My father-in-law is asleep... As soon as he __, he will, I know, want
to see you. (to wake) (Christie)
9. I __ Blackstable till I __ your wife, (to leave — negative, to be)
(Maugham)
10. You must wait, my friend, before you __ an answer to that question,
(to get) (Christie)
11. Will you wait a minute while I __ the manuscript? (to look through)
(Voynich)
12. If you __ not to tell mother, I __ you something, (to promise, to tell)
(Voynich)
13. "I want to see Annette." "I don't know if she __ you." (to see)
(Maugham)
14. I a,m sure you'll like him when you __ him. (to see) (Maugham)
15. Heaven knows when your poor child __ England again, (to see)
(Dickens)
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