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Файл:Language. Английский язык для филологов. Учебное пособие
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languages. It should be mentioned that philologists are not only creative
people, but they are also good journalists, successful translators and interpreters, writers, critics, editors, and script writers. Nowadays, a philologist’s
profession is extremely diverse.
Prospects of this profession:
1) to carry out research;
To study the subject of science in the history of its formation and for the
depth of knowledge of phenomena in the ontology of language, it is necessary to be a philologist. A philologist’s job involves studying texts and other
works written in different times. A philologist determines various changes in
words and the language, as many words have changed their meanings in
course of time.
The description of the phenomenology of literature is only one of the
facets of scientific research. On a reasonable question, what is the practical
significance of research in this field, we can answer that the word is a way of
being, embodied in the word form. Philological studies of the laws of the
formation of words make discoveries in the ways of historical and modern
thinking, which, in turn, helps to know a person deeper.
Philologist comprehensively studies language, its nature, functions and
internal structure, historical development and classification. Linguistics is
the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of
grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include
sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics,
comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics. Linguistics is divided into
general and particular, theoretical and applied.
General linguistics collects universal data on all languages, and private
linguistics is the science of one language. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic knowledge in practice. For example, language teaching,
creation of textbooks and dictionaries, translation from one language to another. One of the promising areas of application is the use of mathematical
apparatus in the description of the language for the creation of special computer programs.
2) to collect folklore information;
Philologists have to travel a lot, in order to collect the information in the
places where they can find the initial form of the language.
3) to prepare the material for publication;
Philologists always carry out the in-depth analysis of the information
they obtained. Publishing activities include many directions, everything related to the organization, production and distribution of printed products in
any form. It is in this sphere that the philologist is in full demand. What kind
of profession is this? It becomes clear at every stage of publishing activity:
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authorship of materials (journalist, copywriter, blogger – producer of author's texts), editorial work and preparation of materials for printing, promotion of materials and release. Thanks to the strength of the word and its importance in the information environment, journalism is often called the
fourth power of society.
4) teaching activity;
Most frequently philologists work as teachers of languages or literature,
and this corresponds to reality. Russian language and literature are among
the main disciplines and are subject to mandatory attestation at the end of
the cycle of incomplete and secondary education. The results of the Unified
State Examination (USE) influence on admission to higher educational institutions. A teacher of Russian language and literature and foreign language
can always find a work place in secondary educational institutions, in the
system of higher and additional education. The profession of a philologist is
needed everywhere. In addition, a philologist has to be a good public
speaker, as the majority of philologists work as teachers, and this skill is essential for them.
5) compiling dictionaries;
6) translations;
The profession of an interpreter is in demand in the labor market of
Russia. A specialist who is not only knowledgeable in the field of a foreign
language, but also in the techniques of synchronous, technical, literary
translations must necessarily be a professional - a philologist. There are
pros and cons in this area like in all other professions. To be a philologist is
to have a large number of opportunities, which let you find your place in
various spheres of activity and occupy any post. Knowledge of foreign languages helps to find a job abroad. The positive moments are the demand for
this specialty and the salary level, which is much higher than the average
salary for Russia. The downside of the profession is a high level of psycho-
emotional stress and responsibility in simultaneous interpretation, which is
not always compensated by the amount of payment. The interpreter must
have a good command of different style methods of communicating information either verbally or in writing.
A philologist’s job is a hard work that requires diligence, rich imagination, communicative and literacy skills. These specialists are able to understand the soul of the nation, because "language is the living flesh of ideas,
feelings and thoughts". In this statement, belonging to the Russian writer
Alexei Tolstoy, the importance of the profession of philologist is expressed.
Such a specialist contributes to the enrichment of speech and ethnic selfdetermination of the nation.
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III. Practice (Активизация лексики). Выполните следующие уп-
1. humanitarian
a. emphasis given to a particular syllable or word in speech
2. folklore
b. the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of
being
3. diverse
c. the traditional stories, customs, and habits of a particular community or nation
4. ontology
d. concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare
5. stress
e. a noun or noun phrase functioning as one of the main
components of a clause, being the element about which
the rest of the clause is predicated
6. subject
f. showing a great deal of variety; very different
ражнения.
1. а) Объясните значения выделенных слов из текста урока.
б) Найдите в тексте урока словосочетания, соответствующие
русским эквивалентам:
период Возрождения; следует упомянуть; творческие люди; сценаристы; перспективы этой профессии; глубина знаний; с течением времени; внутренняя структура; социолингвистика; психолингвистика; частное; применение лингвистических знаний на практике; быть востребованным в полной мере; продвижение материалов; выпуск; подлежащий ...; обязательная аттестация; неполное и среднее образование;
Единый государственный экзамен; средние учебные заведения; система
высшего и дополнительного образования; уровень заработной платы; обратная сторона профессии; синхронный перевод; этническое самоопределение нации.
2. Приведите в соответствие термины из левой колонки с их
толкованием из правой колонки:
3. Закончите предложения, употребляя слова из упражнения 2:
1. Albert Jones' new style will inevitably put him in touch with a much
more _______ and perhaps younger audience.
2. Kant's work on the critique of experience became ultimately indistin-
guishable from _________ and metaphysics.
3. Air bombardment raised criticism on the __________ grounds that
innocent civilians might suffer.
4. Normally, the ________ falls on the first syllable.
5. In Chinese _________ the bat is an emblem of good fortune.
6. In grammar, the _________ of a clause is the noun group that refers
to the person or thing that is doing the action expressed by the verb.
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4. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его синонимом
1. emerge
a. apart
2. establishment
b. autonomous
3. aside
c. synchronous
4. independent
d. creation
5. simultaneous
e. occupation
6. profession
f. arise
1. independent
a. poor
2. science
b. irresponsibility
3. verbally
c. arts
4. rich
d. dependent
5. responsibility
e. negative
6. positive
f. in writing
1. humanitarian
a. research
2. scientific
b.data
3. historical
c. activity
4. universal
d.subject
5. publishing
e. institution
6. educational
f. development
из правой колонки:
5. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его антонимом
из правой колонки:
6. Составьте словосочетания с данными прилагательными и
существительными. Переведите их на русский язык:
IV. Checklist (Упражнения на понимание содержания текста)
1. Просмотрите текст о профессии филолога и её особеннос-
тях еще раз и ответьте на вопросы:
1. What subject is philology? When did it emerge?
2. What does philology study?
3. In what spheres of human activity could a philologist work?
4. What is the practical significance of research in the field of philology?
5. What does linguistics study?
145
6. What specific branches of linguistics do you know?
7. What branches is linguistics divided into? What are these examples?
8. What kind of professions are involved in publishing activity?
9. What is the most common work of philologists?
10. What are advantages and drawbacks of the job of interpreter?
11. What skills are necessary to be a good philologist?
2. Какие предложения верны (T), а где допущены ошибки (F)?
Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. Philology is a humanitarian subject, which emerged in the Middle
Ages. _______
2. Philology is an independent science, as well as literature studies, eth-
nography, folklore studies, and linguistics. ________
3. A philologist’s profession is extremely diverse. ________
4. A teacher of Russian language and literature can hardly find a work
place in secondary educational institutions. _______
5. Journalism is often called the fourth power of society. _______
6. A high level of psycho-emotional stress and responsibility in simultane-
ous interpretation are always compensated by the amount of payment. _______
3. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Происхождение филологии связано с образовательными процессами. Уже в школах Древней Греции учащихся обучали литературе. Это
показало важность языка, его художественной части. 2500 лет назад
появились первые работы по истории языка, изучению его свойств. Это
время принято считать рождением профессии "филолог". Но она начала развиваться гораздо раньше. В средние века филология тесно переплеталась с религией. Затем работы были посвящены вопросам веры.
Сегодня филология развивается далеко не в каждой стране. Чтобы она
начала развиваться, необходимо, чтобы не было давления со стороны
политиков и властей на науку.
V. Additional Reading and Tasks (Дополнительные тексты и задания)
1. Прочитайте стихотворение, обращая внимание на слова,
выделенные жирным шрифтом.
2. Переведите стихотворение на русский язык.
146
HOW DO YOU SAY THAT AGAIN?
By Eddie Maughologist
We English are a funny lot
500 000 words we've got
and spell the ones that sound the same
in different ways – eternal shame!
And words with selfsame spelling hold
pronunciations dozenfold.
It's through and brew, but hard and ward
It's bird and heard, but word and sword.
Read rhymes with lead and lead with red
and read with bed and so does said.
Why deer and dear, but beer and bear
and meet and meat, and fare and fair?
Peers and pears and stares and stairs
and here and there make funny pairs!
A show is not a show in shower
nor fat in father, flow in flower.
Consider dearth and great and threat
they rhyme with worth and eight and debt.
Foul is to soul like howl to hole
and sour to shower like role to bowl.
The sh-sound has a special mission
in sugar, issue, shine, suspicion
And ocean, conscious, nation, fission.
And -ough in plough, though, cough and rough
thoroughly tough, if you thought it's enough!
It's all so easy. Now you know it!
So here now says goodbye the poet.
3. Можете вы сказать, что произношение, правописание не
так важны в изучении иностранного языка?
4. Сколько имен в области филологии и лингвистики вы можете перечислить? Сделайте 5-минутную презентацию об одном из
филологов.
147
VI. Grammar in Use (Практическая Грамматика)
Spelling / Произношение
1. Найдите в каждой группе слов по одному слову, в котором
нет одного и того же гласного звука (в двухсложных словах звуки
подчеркнуты).
a) become sung company cold flood
b) plate treat wait weight great
c) lose used choose blouse few
d) doubt bough ought now shout
e) lost post toast ghost host
f) mist missed list iced kissed
g) love done gone sunk won
h) bird search heart word church
i) two show though go owe
j) about wonder suppose colour
2. Подчеркните правильное слово в каждом предложении.
a) Plеasе stop looking at mе likе that! It’s vеry rudе to stаir/starе.
b) I think you should prасtiсe/prаctise diving еvеry day.
с) Thе doсtor gavе Martin a through/thorough еxamination.
d) Could you givе mе somе аdvice/аdvise about languagе сourses?
е) Wе wantеd to go by train, but wе сouldn’t afford the fаir/fоre.
f) Сould you wait a momеnt? I’m not quiet/quite rеady.
g) Rеading аllowed/аloud is hard unlеss you havе timе to сhесk first.
h) Sorry I did’t сomе to уour party, but I just fеlt two/too tirеd.
i) You сan havе modеl J6 or modеl J8, but the lаtеr/lаtter is morе
еxpеnsivе.
j) Thе baсk of thе сhair is nеarly falling off its really lose/loosе.
4. Отметьте галочкой, рифмуется ли пара слов.
a) swееt/еat
b) worsе/horsе
i) сhosе/bruisе
j) low/go
c) worn/torn
d) losе/loosе
e) tеa/bее
f) thought/short
g) latеr/lattеr
h) word/hеard
k) abroad/affoгd
l) quitе/diеt
m)friеnd/lеanеd
n) blood/food
o) wеight/hеight
148
TESTS GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY /
a) perceive
c) will perceive
b) perceived
d) perceives
a) been
c) were
b) was
d) be
a) will exist
c) existed
b) existing
d) exist
a) seems
c) seemed
b) seem
d) will seem
a) begin
c) began
b) begun
d) will begin
a) are
c) were
b) will
d) was
a) will lose
c) lost
b) are lost
d) will lost
ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕСТЫ
1. Выполните лексико-грамматические тесты.
UNIT 1. Времена группы Simple (Indefinite) Tense (Active). Прида-
точные предложения времени и условия (Zero/First Conditionals)
1. Many people _______ philology as something very vague and abstract.
2. The transfer of more complex information, ideas and concepts from
one individual to another, or to a group, ________ the single most advantageous evolutionary adaptation for species preservation.
3. Language __________ long before writing, emerging probably simul-
taneously with sapience, abstract thought and mankind.
4. The advent of a writing system, however, _________ to coincide with
the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to more permanent agrarian encampments.
5. The pictures _______ as representing what they were, pictographs,
and eventually, certain pictures represented an idea or concept, ideographs,
and finally to represent sounds.
6. Written language ________ the product of an agrarian society.
7. Linguists say that the ideas will lose when the words _______.
149
8. The Greek alphabet ______ to Latin and Cyrillic.
a) lead
c) will lead
b) led
d) are lead
a) come
c) had come
b) will come
d) came
a) were
c) been
b) will be
d) was
a) will have
c) had
b) has had
d) has
a) continue
c) have continued
b) continued
d) has continued
a) begins
c) began
b) begin
d) begun
a) are likely die
c) will likely die
b) likely die
d) die likely
a) contains
c) will contain
b) contain
d) containing
a) was painting
c) painting
b) were painting
d) are painting
9. The Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek scripts all ________ from the
Phoenician.
10. Some hieroglyphs ______ biliteral, some triliteral.
11. Unlike Akkadian, the Egyptian syllabic system _______ no defini-
tive vowels.
12. The Akkadian characters _________ to represent syllables with de-
fined vowels.
13. The process of language extinction ________ when the children
drop learning a language.
14. At least half the world’s 6,000 languages _________ out in the
XXIst century and only 5 per cent of languages are “safe”.
15. Each language ________ words that uniquely capture ideas.
on cave walls.
UNIT 2. Времена группы Progressive (Continuous) Tense (Active)
1. As long ago as 25,000-30,000 years BC, humans _________ pictures
150
2. Whether these pictures ________ a “story” or represented some type
a) were telling
c) tell
b) telling
d) told
a) were beginning
c) beginning
b) began
d) was beginning
a) were disappearing
c) is disappearing
b) are disappearing
d) disappearing
a) are damaging
c) is damaging
b) damaging
d) was damaging
a) substitute
c) substituting
b) were substituting
d) are substituting
a) gives
c) is giving
b) gave
d) was giving
a) looks for
c) were looking for
b) are looking for
d) looking for
a) are constantly choosing
c) choosing
b) constantly choosing
d) chose
of “spirit house” or ritual exercise is not known.
3. Around 4100-3800 BC with those tokens a written language _______
to develop.
4. Many of the world’s languages _________ as modern communica-
tions, migration and population growth end the isolation of ethnic groups.
5. The loss of languages _________ because when a language dies,
much of a culture dies with it.
6. An increasing number of Britons ________ “center” for “centre”,
program” for “programme” and “color” for “colour”.
7. He ________ the orthographic representation of grammatical differ-
ences now.
8. We ________ the use of mathematical apparatus in the description
of the language for the creation of special computer programs.
9. Philologists _________ a narrower topic and are engaged in writing
scientific papers on it, revealing topical issues.
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