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Файл:Language. Английский язык для филологов. Учебное пособие
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161
15. The Greeks created the alphabet on the system that __________by
a) had been previously used
c) was previously used
b) has been previously used
d) previously was used
a) from
c) in
b) for
d) into
a) in
c) at
b) on
d) by
a) on
c) in
b) into
d) by
a) in
c) at
b) on
d) for
a) within
c) for
b) to
d) of
a) either…or
c) neither…nor
b) both…and
d) as…as
a) at
c) of
b) to
d) on
the Phoenicians.
UNIT 8. Предлоги. (Prepositions)
1. Philology in the general sense derives ________ the historical devel-
opment of Classical Philology.
2. Ferdinand de Saussure insisted ________ the importance of the syn-
chronic analysis.
3. The term “philology” itself enters the English language ______ the
16th century from the Middle French philologe, in the sense of “love of literature”.
4. Language is central and probably unique _____ human experience.
5. There are several major divisions ________ the field of linguistics.
6. Linguistics examines human language ______ as an abstract system
_______ in its psychological and social contexts
7. Knowledge ______ linguistics is different from knowledge of lan-
guage.
162
8. A speaker can use a language _________ any conscious knowledge
a) with
c) in
b) without
d) at
a) on
c) with
b) of
d) off
a) for
c) into
b) in
d) on
a) into
c) at
b) for
d) under
a) In
c) On
b) For
d) By
a) at
c) by
b) for
d) on
a) in
c) of
b) on
d) for
a) of
c) to
b) in
d) at
of its internal structure.
9. Structuralists are primarily concerned ______ phonology, morphol-
ogy and syntax.
10. They focus ____ the physical features of utterances with little regard
for meaning or lexicon.
11. They divide words _______ word classes distinguished according to
grammatical features.
12. ____ example, a noun is defined in terms of its position in a sen-
tence and its inflections.
13. Phonetics describes how speech sounds are produced _______ the
vocal apparatus.
14. Syntacticians describe the rules _____ converting the first sentence
into the second.
15. Syntax is the study _____ the structure of sentence.
163
UNIT 9. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
a) may
c) have to
b) must
d) would
a) may
c) could
b) should
d) would
a) should
c) can
b) may
d) must
a) could… could
c) could… might
b) could… should
d) could…would
a) can
c) may
b) could
d) might
a) should
c) would
b) may
d) must
a) should
c) may
b) shall
d) might
a) may
c) could
b) should
d) can
1. We ______ pose the central problem of this inquiry in the following
terms.
2. I ______ mention that I am using the term “language” to refer to an
individual phenomenon.
3. Two individuals _____ communicate to the extent that their lan-
guages are sufficiently similar.
4. If we _______ investigate in sufficient detail, we ______ find that no
two individuals share exactly the same language in this sense.
5. It is doubtful that we _____ give a coherent account how the term is
actually used.
6. It _______ be possible and worthwhile to undertake the study of lan-
guage in its sociopolitical dimensions.
7. In everyday conversation you ____ hear sounds like these: hipme,
hichu, hidim. What do they mean?
8. A linguist _______ know and understand the internal structure of the
language without actually speaking it.
164
9. A speaker ______ use a language without any conscious knowledge
a) can
c) must
b) may
d) have to
a) can
c) must
b) may
d) have to
a) can
c) must
b) may
d) have to
a) would
c) should
b) could
d) will
a) can
c) must
b) may
d) have to
a) can
c) must
b) may
d) had to
a) would
c) should
b) could
d) will
of its internal structure.
10. This goal ______be best expressed by Noam Chomsky in his book
Reflections on language.
11. One ______ simply be fascinated by the elements of language in
themselves.
12. A human language ________ be an extraordinary intellectual
achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task.
13. The study of grammar is something that everyone ____ find fasci-
nating, fruitful and even entertaining.
14. Children _______ learn by heart bits of labels for sentences, without
ever finding out what the task was intended to do.
15. It was claimed that the ability to analyze sentences _______ im-
prove the command of spoken and written language.
165
UNIT 10. Условные предложения. Сослагательное наклонение
a) could… could
c) could… might
b) could… should
d) could…would
a) go
c) would go
b) will go
d) will have gone
a) was
c) be
b) were
d) have been
a) could explain
c) could have explained
b) could have explain
d) can explain
a) may specialize
c) might specialize
b) may specialized
d) may be specialize
a) be
c) was
b) is
d) were
a) would not have
c) would not had
b) will not have
d) did not have
a) share
c) shared
b) have share
d) shares
глагола (Conditional Sentences/ Subjunctive Mood)
1. If we _______ investigate in sufficient detail, we ______ find that no
two individuals share exactly the same language in this sense.
2. If I have enough points in Standard National Examination I _______
to philological department of our University.
3. If I _______ you I would go to Moscow state university.
4. If he were a linguist, he ________ what it is that an individual knows
when said to know a language.
5. If I were a linguist, I _________ in Syntax.
6. If human linguistic ability _______ unconstrained, then languages
might vary greatly.
7. Spanish and Italian _________ many similarities if they were not de-
scended from Latin.
8. If two languages _______ some property, this property might either
be due to common inheritance or due to some property of the human language faculty.
166
9. If you tell her, that rhetoric continues to play an important function in
a) won’t believe
c) didn’t believe
b) doesn’t believe
d) isn’t believe
a) study
c) can study
b) you study
d) you will study
a) had had a chance
c) have a chance
b) have had a chance
d) had a chance
a) had had a chance
c) have a chance
b) have had a chance
d) had a chance
a) had studied
c) would study
b) will study
d) study
a) know
c) known
b) knew
d) had know
a) be
c) had been
b) was
d) have been
a) taking
c) to take
b) take
d) taken
contemporary public life, she __________ you.
10. If you want to put linguistic theories into practice in areas such as
foreign language teaching, speech therapy, translation and speech pathology,
______ Applied linguistics.
11. I should be glad to work with Prof. Smith if I __________.
12. I should have been glad to work with Prof. Smith if I __________.
13. If I were a philologist I _______ ancient manuscripts.
14. I wish I _______ two foreign languages.
15. I wish I _________ a writer.
UNIT 11. Инфинитив. Герундий. Причастия (Infinitive/Gerund/
Participles)
1. Borrowing is _________ a word or phrase from one language into
another, or from one variety of a language into another.
167
2. The example of the item so _________ is arpeggio from Italian into
a) taking
c) to take
b) take
d) taken
a) borrowing
c) borrow
b) borrowed
d) to borrow
a) Borrowing
c) Borrow
b) Borrowed
d) To borrow
a) being
c) be
b) been
d) to be
a) being
c) be
b) been
d) to be
a) writting
c) to write
b) written
d) write
a) listed
c) listing
b) list
d) to list
a) vary
c) varied
b) varying
d) variety
English.
3. The item __________ is not returned, because it never left the source
language and in any case changes in the transfer.
4. _________ is sometimes simple and limited.
5. What appears to be a single process affecting two languages may
______ multiple.
6. A word taken from a typologically or genetically related language
would appear ________ more easily assimilated than one taken from a very
different kind of language.
7. Like English, Spanish is an Indo-European language _________ in
the Roman alphabet.
8. The 1,029 transfers ________ in the corpus entered English from 84
languages in 1987–1989.
9. English has borrowed to ________ degrees from every other lan-
guage with which it has come in contact.
168
10. Individuals may use an exotic expression because it seems to them
a) to be
c) being
b) be
d) been
a) time-hallow
c) time-hallowing
b) time-hallowed
d) time-hallowd
a) forming
c) formed
b) to form
d) form
a) characterized
c) characterize
b) to characterizing
d) characterizing
a) to approaching
c) to approach
b) approaching
d) approach
a) speaking
c) spoken
b) speak
d) spoke
______ the most suitable term available.
11. While so prestigious a language could provide ________ resources.
12. Although such reactions are not properties of the item itself, the as-
sociations ________ may affect its new use, so that it may remain in a limited field.
13. The most important single feature __________ human language is
its infinite productivity and creativity.
14. None of nonhumans’ communication systems begins ________ lan-
guage in its ability to convey information.
15. Medieval grammarians envisaged three stages in the _______ process.
169
TEST QUESTIONS / КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Дайте полные ответы на следующие вопросы:
Term 1/1 семестр
1.Define the language. List the functions of language.
2.Describe the set of symbols that language can comprise.
3.Explain in what way human language is different from animal com-
munication.
4.Talk about the primary purpose of language.
5.Say how language and culture may have unity in diversity.
6.Speak on the origin of language. List languages, which were recog-
nized as the primary language of the Humankind.
7.Name philosophers, philologists, and historians who contributed to
speculations about the origin of language.
8.Talk about connection between language and thought.
9.Give some recommendations how to overcome difficulty of learning
to speak a foreign language.
10. Define the role of phonetics, grammar and semantics in speaking a
foreign language.
Term 2/2 семестр
1. Describe the problems of translation. Define the role of cultures in
difficulties of translation from one language to another.
2. Speak on the translation of poetry. Describe very special difficulties
that the translation of poetry presents.
3. Explain why technical prose is the easiest type of material to translate.
4. Speak on an important by-product of decipherment and decoding
techniques.
5. Speak on various types of grammatical structure that languages can
exhibit. Give examples.
6. Do you agree that one language can exhibit various types of struc-
ture? Use the English language as an example.
7. Explain why assigning languages to different types is difficult.
8. Compare two systems of classification, historical and typological.
9. Explain why speech is species-specific to humankind.
10. Speak about the advantages of speaking and hearing – as a primary
means of human communication.
170
Term 3/3 семестр
1. List functions performed by language in certain contexts.
2. Speak about two parts the meaning of any sentence comprises.
3. Define two things that can limit the formal resources of any language
for making distinctions in the structural meanings of sentences.
4. Explain why the same thing in different languages can have different
associations.
5. Formulate the commonest delusion in considering vocabularies.
6. Explain how every language can alter its vocabulary very easily.
7. Prove that languages differ in their acceptance of loanwords.
8. Speak about borrowing in the language. Is the process of borrowing
new words unavoidable nowadays? In your opinion, is this good or evil for
the language?
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