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Файл:Language. Английский язык для филологов. Учебное пособие
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several modern languages of India and Pakistan contain many words that relate to government, industry, and current technology taken in from English.
This is the result of British rule in these countries up to independence and the
worldwide use of English as a language of international science since then.
In general, loanwords are rapidly and completely assimilated to the pre-
vailing grammatical and phonological patterns of the borrowing language.
The German word Kindergarten, literally “children’s garden,” was borrowed
into English in the middle of the 19th century to designate an informal
school for young children. It is now regularly pronounced as an English
word, and the plural is kindergartens (not Kindergärten, as in German). Occasionally, however, some loanwords retain marks of their foreign origin;
examples include Latin plurals such as cacti and narcissi (as contrasted with
native patterns such as cactuses and narcissuses).
Languages differ in their acceptance of loanwords. An alternative way
of extending vocabulary to cope with new products is to create a descriptive
compound from within one’s own language. English aircraft and aeroplane
are, respectively, examples of a native compound and a Greek loan creation
for the same thing. English potato is a loan. French pomme de terre (literally, “apple of the earth”) is a descriptive compound. Chinese is particularly
resistant to loans; aircraft, railway, and telephone are translated by newly
formed compounds meaning literally fly machine, fire vehicle, and lightning
(electricity) language. Some countries try to resist loans, believing that they
reduce a language’s identity or “purity,” and introduce laws aimed at
stopping the influx and form committees to provide native translations.
Language change, however, is never restrained by such efforts; even in
countries that have followed a legal road (such as France). Loanwords continue to flow into everyday speech. It can be argued that loans add to a language’s richness and flexibility: English itself has received loans from more
than 350 languages.
III. Practice (Активизация лексики). Выполните следующие
упражнения.
1. а) Объясните значения выделенных слов из текста урока.
б) Найдите в тексте урока словосочетания, соответствующие
русским эквивалентам:
быть адаптированным; быть относительно стабильным; технология; значительный; легко понятный; в общем соблазне; шутливое творение; технический термин; до сих пор не найден; монеты конца 20-го
века; заимствованные слова; полностью ассимилированный; альтернативный путь; сложный; быть сдержанным; следовать законному пути;
буквальное значение.
102
2. Приведите в соответствие термины из левой колонки с их
1. technology
a. having a particular meaning; indicative of something
2. significant
b. suitable for a new use or purpose; modify
3. dialect
c. charm
4. lure
d. the application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes, especially in industry
5. enticement
e. tempt (a person or animal) to do something or to go
somewhere, especially by offering some form of reward
6. adapt
f. a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a
specific region or social group
1. temptation
a. humorous
2. adapt
b. novelty
3. hawk
c. adjust
4. jocular
d. lure
5. physician
e. doctor
6. innovation
f. falcon
1. significant
a. lending
2. hawk
b.variety
3. native
c. unimportant
4. borrowing
d.foreign
5. identity
e. concrete
6. abstract
f. dove
толкованием из правой колонки:
3. Закончите предложения, употребляя слова из упражнения 2:
1. In times of stress her dreams seemed to her especially __________.
2. The Lancashire _________ seemed like a foreign language.
3. The excitement of hunting big game in Africa has been a __________
to Europeans for 200 years...
4. Shelves were built to __________ the library for use as an office.
5. Despite the __________ of low prices, sales fell sharply from 2000's
record level.
6. They should be allowed to wait for cheaper _______ to be developed.
4. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его синонимом
из правой колонки:
5. Сопоставьте каждое слово из левой колонки с его антонимом
из правой колонки:
103
6. Составьте словосочетания с данными прилагательными и су-
1. vocabulary
a. community
2. classical
b. translations
3. abstract
c. languages
4. international
d. extension
5. isolated
e. science
6. native
f. area
ществительными
IV. Checklist (Упражнения на понимание содержания текста)
1. Просмотрите текст об истории языка еще раз и ответьте
на вопросы:
1. Every language can alter its vocabulary very easily, can’t it?
2. What structures in languages are relatively stable and what ones can
change very quickly?
3. Do the speakers of the same language use the same vocabulary?
. Переведите их на русский язык:
4. What means do all languages have for creating new words?
5. What is the influence of the words and word elements of Latin and
Greek on scientific vocabulary of European languages?
6. How does the process of borrowing words from foreign languages occur?
7. Are loanwords rapidly and completely assimilated to the language or
are the marks of their foreign origin retained?
8. How do languages differ in their acceptance of loanwords? Give ex-
amples.
2. Какие предложения верны (T), а где допущены ошибки (F)?
Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. Vocabularies are relatively stable and change noticeably over centu-
ries rather than decades. ________
2. Technology is among the most significant drivers of change both in
word stock and in word meanings. _________
3. People speaking the same dialect don’t have the same vocabulary of
words readily used and readily understood. _________
4. Chinese is particularly resistant to loans. _________
5. English has received loans from more than 250 languages.
_________
6. Sanskrit words for certain parts of learned vocabulary are used in Indian
languages as well as classical languages used in European languages. _____
104
3. Определите основную идею текста.
4. Выпишите ключевые предложения из каждого параграфа
текста. Передайте кратко содержание текста, используя эти
предложения.
V. Additional Reading and Tasks (Дополнительные тексты и
задания)
1. Прочитайте текст, изучите вопросы заимствования
лексики и будьте готовы к дискуссии на тему иностранных
заимствований в языке.
THE NEW ENGLISH EMPIRE
English as the World's Language
Citizen of the world
If you speak English you are truly a citizen of the world and you are at
home everywhere on our planet.
It is true that there are more Chinese-speaking people than English
speakers, but Chinese is restricted to one country whereas English is used
worldwide and has indeed become the world’s language.
More than a billion people speak English worldwide, roughly 25 % of
the world’s population. Of these about 350 million speak English as their
mother tongue. 400 million speak English in countries that have adopted it
as a second language in administration, business and university education. In
a country like India, with 200 different languages the Prime Minister always
uses English when he wants to address the whole Indian nation on important
occasions.
Another 350 million people worldwide learn and speak English as a foreign language.
More Facts
•English is used as an official or semi-official language in 60 countries
(French in 27, Spanish in 20).
•Three quarters of the world’s mail, telexes and cables are in English.
•English is the medium for 80% of the information stored in the world’s
computers.
•Only Chinese has more mother tongue speakers (750 million), but
hardly anybody uses it as a second or as a foreign language.
•The first language extraterrestrial beings may hear is English. A space
probe travels through space carrying a tape-recorded English greeting from
the United Nations on behalf of the people of our planet.
105
The New English Empire
In the course of its global success English has invaded so many other
languages, that some people ironically speak of ‘The New English Empire’.
The Japanese eat aisu-kurimu (ice cream) in their man-shon (mansion=apartment). Baj, Baj (bye bye) says the Swede in his tajta jeans (tight
jeans). After his thriller or bestseller the Italian enjoys the performance di
clase of his Fastback car with its piccolo spoiler or reads about il future
dell’un-derwear and la linea executive in the L’Oumo Vogue News. Mean-
while the German least his jeep, sponsort a Racing Team, luncht at the Steak
House. And the Russians have discovered seksapil (sex-appeal).
French language purists throw up their arms in horror at les anglicismes
like fast food, le hot money and le jumbo jet, which have recently joined the
well-established le dancing, le living (living room), le camping. French gov-
ernments tried to defend their language with laws preventing companies from
corrupting their advertisements with English expressions. Nevertheless, it is
now a fact that one word in 166 in a quality newspaper like Le Monde is
English. A study claims that in everyday French 5 % of the vocabulary consists of anglicismes.
It is interesting to note how English words can change their meaning
when entering another language. In French un egghead (originally: a thinker,
an intellectual) now means an idiot, un jerk (stupid, irresponsible person)
has become a good dancer
2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Define the following terms:
• mother tongue
• second language
• foreign language
2. Name the countries where English is spoken as a mother tongue or
used as a second language.
3. How do you think to use English in the future?
4. Why is English so important for developing countries?
5. Would it be a good idea if English really became the world’s lan-
guage and everybody spoke English only?
6. What do you think of the French attempt to stop English by passing a
law against it? What are the chances of success of such measures?
7. How can words change their meanings when they get into another
language?
8. Has English invaded your language? Do you have ‘computers’,
‘hamburgers’, ‘live music’? Make a list of such words.
9. Read and discuss the ‘Quotes’. What are the facts behind them?
106
‘QUOTES’
Expressing agreement
That’s true.
I agree.
I totally agree.
I quite agree with that point of view.
Expressing disagreement
I don’t agree.
I’m afraid I don’t agree.
Quite the contrary.
I can’t agree with that point of view.
Expressing certainty
It is obvious (that)...
I am certain (that)...
I am sure (that)...
Expressing doubt
I doubt that...
It is hardly likely (that)…
It’s questionable (that)…
Developing the idea
There is one more thing to be oted...
More than that...
In this connection, I’d like to add...
What is more...
Giving opinions
My point is that...
It is my belief that...
I believe that...
I really think…
“There is no turning back. English as an international language is here
to stay. ”
The Duke of Edinburgh in a speech for the BBC
“The English language is one of Britain’s greatest assets, infinitely more
valuable than North Sea Oil. ”
The British Education Secretary
“Any educated person on the face of the globe is deprived if he does not
know English.”
R. Burchfield, former Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
“My company plans big deals with the Arab world. None of us speak
Arabic and they don’t know Japanese. All our plans, telephone calls and
meetings are in English. ”
Japanese businessman
“If I want to keep up with the latest techniques and products I certainly
have to maintain my English very strongly.”
3. Разделитесь на две команды и проведите дискуссию. Подготовьте аргументы за и против расширения словаря любого языка
за счёт заимствованных слов. Используйте следующие выражения
в оспаривании своего мнения:
Indian doctor
107
VI. Grammar in Use (Практическая Грамматика)
Значение, перевод
Примеры
Can (could)
1) Способность, умение, физическая возможность Перевод: могу,
умею, (быть) в состоянии 2) сомнение, недоверие, удивление,
невероятность (в отриц. и вопр.
предл-х) Перевод: не может быть
(чтобы), неужели, вряд ли
1. I can (=I am able to) speak English.
Я могу (способен) говорить поанглийски. I cannot (=can’t) speak
French. Я не могу говорить пофранцузски. Could you do the work?
(=Were you able to do…?) Мог
(Смог) ли ты выполнить эту работу?
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ (modal verbs)
Модальные глаголы в английском языке отличаются от остальных
глаголов тем, что они не обозначают конкретного действия или состояния, а отражают его модальность, то есть отношение к нему говорящего.
Отличительные свойства модальных глаголов
1. Не изменяются по лицам и числам, то есть не имеют окончания -s
в 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени. He can do it. We
can do it. She may take it. They may take it.
2. Не употребляются как отдельный член предложения – простое
глагольное сказуемое, но только в сочетании с еще одним, не
модальным, глаголом в форме инфинитива без частицы to (кроме ought
и иногда need), образуя составное глагольное сказуемое. I must go there.
Я должен пойти туда. You needn't do it. Вам не нужно делать этого. Но:
You ought to help him. Вам надо помочь ему.
3. Не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, герундия и причастия)
4. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модальных глаголов
образуются без вспомогательного глагола: в вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, в отрицательных − после него ставится отрицание not. Can you do it? May I take it?
Ought he to help him? They mustn’t do it.
5. Не имеют формы прошедшего времени (кроме can − could, may −
might) и аналитических форм (будущего времени, продолженного вида,
перфектных форм и форм страдательного залога). В случае необходимости вместо отсутствующих форм используются эквиваленты модальных глаголов.
Таблица 9
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
108
Will they be able to translate the text?
Смогут ли они перевести текст? 2.
Can it be true? Неужели это правда?
May (might)
1) Разрешение Перевод: можно, могу, разрешите 2) маловероятное предположение (в утверд. и отриц. предл-х) Перевод:
может, возможно, может быть
1. May I come in? Можно мне войти?
He was not allowed to take the book.
Ему не разрешили взять книгу. 2. He
may know the news. Он, возможно,
знает новости.
Must
1) Необходимость, приказание,
долженствование Перевод:
должен, обязан, нужно, надо
2) вероятное предположение
(в утверд. предл-и) Перевод:
должно быть, по всей вероятности, наверное, вероятно
1. You must do this work. Вы должны
(обязаны) выполнить эту работу.
2. He must know the news. Он, должно
быть, знает новости
Have to
Необходимость (в силу обстоятельств), вынужденное
действие Перевод: должен,
нужно, надо, вынужден, приходится
He had to do this work. Ему пришлось (он должен был) выполнить
эту работу. He doesn’t have to do it.
Ему не нужно делать это. They will
have to do this work. Им придется
выполнить эту работу.
Be to
Необходимость, долженствование (по предварительной договоренности, расписанию, заранее намеченному плану) Перевод: должен, нужно
The lecture is not to begin at 10 a.m.
Лекция не должна начинаться в 10 ч.
The lecture was to begin at 10 a.m.
yesterday. Лекция должна была
начаться в 10 часов утра вчера.
Should
Мнение, личный совет
Перевод: следует, следовало
(бы), нужно
He should do morning exercises every
day. Ему следует делать зарядку
каждый день.
Ought to
Моральный долг должен,
нужно
He ought to help his friend. Он
должен помочь своему другу.
Окончание таблицы 9
109
NB! Форма must not (mustn’t) выражает запрет. Перевод: нельзя.
Модальные
глаголы и их
эквиваленты
Значение
Present
Past
Future
1. CAN
can
could
–
to be able to
am able to
is able to
are able to
was able to
were able
to
shall be
able to
will be
able to
2. MAY
may
might
–
to be allowed
to
Возможность
совершения
действия
am allowed to
is allowed to
are allowed to
was al-
lowed to
were
allowed to
shall be
allowed to
will be al-
lowed to
3. MUST
must
–
–
to have to
have to has
has to
had to
shall have to
will have to
to be to
am to
is to
are to
was to
were to
–
should
should
–
–
ought to
Долженст-
вование
ought to
–
–
May I do it? No, you mustn’t. Можно мне сделать это? Нет, нельзя.
Для выражения отсутствия необходимости употребляется глагол
needn’t (не нужно): Must I do it? No, you needn’t. Должен ли я делать
это? Нет, не нужно.
Изменения модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов во временах
Таблица 10
Упражнения
1. Используйте модальные глаголы can, may, must + инфинитив
глаголов в скобках в соответствующей форме.
1. The analysis of sounds in different languages ... (to be) very useful
for foreign language teachers.
2. One .... simply (to be fascinated) by the elements of language in
themselves and want to discover their order and arrangement.
110
3. A linguist ... (to know) and understand the internal structure of a lan-
guage without actually speaking it.
4. After finishing secondary school or college ... (to a apply) to a university, polytechnic, college of education or you ... continue to study in
a college of further education.
5. As an Englishman does not like to use more words more syllables
than are strictly necessary, so he does not like to say more than he … stand to.
6. No language is logical in every respect, and we … not expect usage
to be guided always by strictly logical principles.
7. Without falling into that error we …, nevertheless, compare different
languages and judge them by the standard of logic.
8. In praising the logic of the English language we … not lose sight of
the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic facts or the exterior
world is at war with the logic of grammar.
9. Most languages … treat such words only as singulars, but in English
one is free to add a verb on the singular if the idea of unity is essential.
10. The human mind/brain is a complex system with various interacting
components, one of which we … call the language faculty.
2. Прочтите и переведите этот отрывок. Объясните использование модальных глаголов в предложениях.
Semantics is the study of meaning in human language. The injunction
No Parking in All Spaces has two possible meanings. It can mean that each
parking space in the lot is subject to the restriction that no parking event
may take place in it. On that meaning, you violated the restriction and
should pay the fine. But it can also mean that no one can use the judge that
you didn’t use all the spaces – you only parked in one of them – and thus,
you should not have to pay the fine. In Semantics, we can approach this as a
difference in the scopes of the quantified expressions no parking and all
spaces – that is, a difference on what, exactly, is being quantified over by
each expression.
3. Прокомментируйте значение модальных глаголов. Переведи-
те предложения на русский язык (can, may).
1. "Can't you sleep, Signor Tenente?" he asked. "No." "I can't sleep, ei-
ther." (Hemingway)
2. Alice: I'll come too if I may. (Gow and D’Usseau)
3. I said, "I am Martin Lynchgibbon. We have met before, though you
may have forgotten. Palmer asked me to meet you. May I carry something?"
(Murdoch)
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