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Файл:Language. Английский язык для филологов. Учебное пособие
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151
10. Many linguists __________ their skills in management, administra-
a) applying
c) are applying
b) is applying
d) applied
a) becoming
c) becomes
b) are becoming
d) became
a) formulating
c) are formulating
b) formulate
d) were formulating
a) was becoming
c) becoming
b) is becoming
d) become
a) was synthesizing
c) synthesizing
b) synthesized
d) has synthesizing
a) were developing
c) developing
b) was developing
d) develope
a) Are
c) Did
b) Do
d) Have
a) Have
c) Do
b) Did
d) Are
tion and journalism nowadays.
11. Philologists as people with a subtle and creative soul _________
outstanding writers and bloggers according to a recent survey.
12. Neogrammarians, a group of German historical linguists and classi-
cal scholars _________ sound correspondences in the Indo-European languages in the 1870s.
13. Saussure’s notion of a language “system” __________ a foundation
of much work in semiotics and structuralism nowadays.
14. Leonard Bloomfield __________ the theory and practice of linguis-
tic analysis in 1933.
15. Western lexicography and progress in the field of translation ________
in the Middle Ages as Christian missionary activity increased.
UNIT 3. Типы вопросительных предложений (Types of Questions)
1. ________ language loans and other influences of foreign languages
good or bad for a language?
2. _______ we really need to stick to the purity of Russian?
152
3. The French Academy was the first to issue special laws for the pur-
a) didn’t it
c) wasn’t it
b) didn’t they
d) weren’t they
a) doesn’t it
c) don’t it
b) hasn’t it
d) isn’t it
a) What
c) Which
b) Whose
d) Why
a) s
c) was
b) are
d) –
a) can it
c) can’t them
b) can’t they
d) can’t it
a) based in Canada
c) at least four languages
b) when to introduce a second
language
d) at the same time
a) Before the age of about 7
c) Without any language contami-
nation
b) In all cases
d) Her study
a) When
c) Where
b) What
d) How
pose of protecting French, _________?
4. Russia has also tried to take similar measures, ________?
5. _________ one do you usually prefer – a newer foreign loan-word or
its older Russian equivalent?
6. What _______ the dangers of too many loan words in a language?
7. Very young children can learn at least four languages at the same time
without affecting their ability to speak all of them perfectly, _________?
8. Match the question to the answer. What was an acrimonious debate
among educators about?
9. Match the question to the answer. What compared children who were
moving back and forth across the boundaries of French, English, Russian,
Spanish and sign language?
extensive?
10. ________ is sometimes simple and limited, sometimes complex and
153
11. Match the question to the answer. What may morphological impact
a) different plural forms
c) short Latin and French sentences
b) the various pronunciations
d) grammatical words like pronouns
a) Why
c) How
b) Which
d) Who
a) 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
c) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1
b) 4, 1, 5, 2, 3
d) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
a) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3
c) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
b) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
d) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
a) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4, 6
c) 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3
b) 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 1
d) 4, 3, 1, 2, 6, 5
a) had developed
c) have developed
b) develop
d) has developed
a) grow
c) have grown
b) has grown
d) had grown
a) had accelerated
c) has accelerated
b) have accelerated
d) accelerated
introduce?
12. ________ may transfers into English from French be pronounced?
13. Restore a word order in the question. Chinese, is, what, language,
kind of?
14. Restore a word order in the question. what, is, written, Spanish, al-
phabet?
15. Restore a word order in the question. English, when, much of the
vocabulary of, did, Latin, enter?
UNIT 4. Времена Группы Perfect (Active)
1. For the next step toward the development of an alphabet, we must go
to Egypt where picture writing __________ sometime near the end of the 4
millennium BC.
2. Contact between cultures _________ with globalization.
th
3. The process of dominant languages killing off smaller languages with
globalization.
154
4. E-mail and the web _______ to a huge increase in the written word.
a) had led
c) led
b) has led
d) have led
a) has been
c) had been
b) have been
d) was
a) have certainly played
c) had certainly played
b) has certainly played
d) certainly play
a) has long recognized
c) have long recognized
b) have long recognize
d) had long recognized
a) see
c) has seen
b) saw
d) have seen
a) has never failed
c) has fail
b) have never failed
d) never failed
a) had tried
c) tried
b) have tried
d) had tried
a) independently viewed
c) have independently viewed
b) have independently view
d) had independently viewed
a) has invented
c) have invented
b) invented
d) had invented
5. For two centuries there ________ a domination of British English.
6. The Internet __________ a big part in a use of American English.
7. People __________ the force and significance of language.
8. In many cultures people ________ in the ability to name a means to
control or to possess.
9. The origin of language _________ to provide a subject for speculation.
10. Some people _________ to claim that the cries of animals and birds
evolved into human speech.
11. Several cultures __________ the main function of language as the
expression of thought.
12. In India the god Indra is said to _________ articulate speech.
155
13. Many words _________ their meanings in course of time.
a) have changed
c) has changed
b) change
d) will have change
a) kept
c) have kept
b) keep
d) has kept
a) develop
c) have develop
b) have developed
d) has developed
a) were found
c) found
b) was found
d) was find
a) was centered
c) were centered
b) are centered
d) centered
a) are adopted
c) adopted
b) were adopted
d) was adopted
a) be used
c) would be used
b) would used
d) used
a) adopted
c) were adopted
b) is adopted
d) was adopted
14. The use of professional interpreters at international conferences,
________ the oral side of translation very much alive.
15. Language can ________ only in a social setting.
UNIT 5. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) времен групп Sim-
ple, Progressive, Perfect
1. One of the earliest examples of a written language ________ in the
excavations of Uruk in Mesopotamia at a level representing the time of the
crystallization of the Sumerian culture.
2. Agrarian societies __________ around the cultivation of grain.
3. The signs of the Sumerians __________ by the East Semitic peoples
of Mesopotamia.
4. Akkadian became the first Semitic language and ___________ by the
Babylonians and Assyrians.
earned their place in alphabetic history by symbolizing the vowels.
5. The Phoenician Alphabet __________ by the early Greeks who
156
6. Philology includes many subjects, and each of them _________ in its
a) is engaged
c) engages
b) was engaged
d) were engaged
a) were subjected
c) are subjected
b) was subjected
d) is subjected
a) is known
c) was known
b) known
d) knows
a) gives
c) given
b) was given
d) is given
a) was aimed
c) aimed
b) is aimed
d) aimes
a) was started
c) were started
b) started
d) was started
a) is made
c) were made
b) are made
d) was made
a) are used
c) being used
b) are being used
d) are being use
industry.
7. Homer was the first, whose notes _________ to careful analysis.
8. It _________ that written texts are one of the most sources that reflect
the history of the people.
9. A great role _______ to the practice of translation.
10. This branch of science _________ at research foreign languages,
their history and features.
11. The collection of data on ancient manuscripts _________ in the
XVIII century.
12. A great contribution to the creation and development of the Russian
language ________ by Russian philologists.
in everyday speech, largely because they are so prevalent on things like the
world wide web.
13. American expressions such as “hi there” _________ more and more
157
14. It __________ that many computer spell-check programmes reject
a) is pointed
c) is pointed out
b) points out
d) pointed out
a) was facilitated
c) is facilitated
b) were facilitated
d) facilitated
a) – ____ contested
c) most ____ contested
b) the most ____ contested
d) the more ____ contested
a) most striking
c) more striking
b) the most striking
d) the more striking
a) more general
c) the more general
b) most general
d) the most general
a) More interesting
c) A most interesting
b) A more interesting
d) Most interesting
a) much early
c) more earlier
b) more early
d) much earlier
British words in favour of their American counterparts.
15. The development of philology _________ by the design of a roman-
tic worldview in that period, as well as the beginning of the struggle against
the Turkish invaders.
UNIT 6. Сравнительная и превосходная степень прилагатель-
ных и наречий. (Comparatives and Superlatives)
1. Linguistics is arguably _______ hotly _______ property in the aca-
demic realm.
2. Even ________, there are documented cases of sign languages being
developed in communities of congenitally deaf people who could not have
been exposed to spoken language.
3. Those properties are not due to common ancestry but to __________
characteristics of the way languages are learned.
4. ___________ example is this: suppose that all human languages dis-
tinguish nouns from verbs.
5. Though recursion in grammar was implicitly recognized ________,
the importance of this aspect of language was only fully realized after the
1957 publication of Noam Chomsky's book Syntactic Structures.
158
6. Prior to this, __________ descriptions of linguistic systems were of
a) a most detailed
c) most detailed
b) the most detailed
d) the more detailed
a) more restricted
c) a more restricted
b) the more restricted
d) most restricted
a) the more important
c) more important
b) the most important
d) most important
a) Most important
c) The more importantly
b) Most importantly
d) The most importantly
a) a most rigorous
c) more rigorous
b) a more rigorous
d) most rigorous
a) upper
c) lower
b) uppest
d) lowest
a) a more likely
c) most likely
b) the more likely
d) the most likely
a) more ____ more
c) a more ____ a more
b) more ____ most
d) a more ____ the most
phonological or morphological systems.
7. In its _________ sense of "historical linguistics," philology was one
of the 19th century's first scientific approaches to human language.
8. The commonality of studied languages is ________ than their origin
or age.
9. _________, philology commends the ability to recognize the words
of one language from the roots of another, by recognition of common
(shared) roots and grammar.
10. Their influence has had a great effect on theories of syntax and se-
mantics and provides ________ mathematical basis.
11. In universities in the United States, the non-historic perspective
seems to have the _________ hand.
12. The next generation use the variety of language that is _______ to
lead to "success," often the acrolect of a particular language.
13. Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that spoken
language is ______ fundamental, and thus ______ important to study than
written language.
159
14. People learn to speak and process spoken languages ________ and
a) more easily ______ much
earlier
c) much easier ______ much earlier
b) more easier ______ more
earlier
d) more easily ______ more early
a) much convenienter
c) the more convenient
b) much more convenient
d) the convenientest
a) had been
c) was
b) has been
d) is
a) were first noted
c) had been first noted
b) was first noted
d) has been first noted
a) know
c) knew
b) knows
d) will know
a) have descended
c) descend
b) had descended
d) descended
a) will be
c) was
b) would be
d) would
_______ than writing.
15. For linguistic research that uses the methods of corpus linguistics
and computational linguistics, written language is often __________ for
processing large amounts of linguistic data.
UNIT 7. Косвенная речь. Согласование времен (Indirect Speech
/ Sequence of Tenses)
1. The guide told us that language ______ the object of fascination and
a subject of inquiry for 2,000 years.
2. I asked the teacher when the similarities between Sanskrit and Euro-
pean languages__________.
3. He said he ________ three foreign languages.
4. Professor told us that a common ancestor language from which Euro-
pean languages _________ now named Proto-Indo-European.
5. Did he tell you that he _______ very busy today?
160
6. Professor asked us how many branches of philology we ______.
a) know
c) knew
b) knows
d) will know
a) could be applied
c) would be apply
b) can be applied
d) will be applied
a) remains
c) remain
b) remained
d) remaine
a) study
c) had been studied
b) studies
d) has studied
a) see
c) sees
b) had seen
d) had saw
a) would insist
c) insist
b) will insist
d) insisted
a) always avoided
c) had always avoided
b) had always avoid
d) has always avoided
a) manage
c) managed
b) would manage
d) had managed
a) has been understood
c) was understood
b) had been understood
d) be understood
7. Scholars who reconstructed the original reading of the Bible from
manuscript texts were sure that this method _________ to Classical Studies.
8. I was sure that in British academia the word “philology” ______
largely synonymous to “historic linguistics”.
9. I asked him whether he interested what _______.
10. We didn’t know that radical philology _______ textual research as
an end in itself.
11. I heard that you ________ on faithful rendering of the text exactly
as it was in a manuscript, without emendations.
12. He said he ________ all critical methods of textual philology.
13. I read that Jean-Francois Champollion was a man who _________ to
decipher and translate the Rosetta Stone in 1822.
14. Sumerian language was deciphered after cuneiform ________.
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