Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:English for Special Purposes. Language of Chemistry. Tutorial
.pdf
61
2) Ethically responsible companies want to do the right thing in areas such
as: employment and community: they want to pay attention to things
that affect all people, not just their employees, in the areas where the
company has its offices, factories and activities; the environment: they
want to conduct business in ways that protect the environment to ensure
that the air, rivers etc. are not polluted and plant and animal life are not
endangered; winning new business: they want to get business without
engaging in corrupt behaviour, for example offering bribes - money
given to someone so that they behave unethically.
3) Companies want to be seen as good corporate citizens, with activities
that are beneficial not only for their stakeholders - their employees,
shareholders and so on - but for the community and society as a whole.
4) Ethical corporate behaviour includes accountability - the idea that
companies are completely responsible for what they do and that people
should be able to expect them to explain their actions.
5) Transparency is explaining this behaviour in a way that can be
understood by outsiders, and not trying to hide anything.
6) Companies may say that they demand high levels of probity and
integrity - complete honesty - from their employees, and that they do
not tolerate any form of misconduct.
7) Companies have long had codes of ethics and codes of conduct saying
how their managers and employees should behave. Now they are looking
at these issues in more systematic ways. They are designating executives
to oversee the whole area of corporate social responsibility (CSR).
30. Agree or disagree: state your reasons and provide examples (in
written form) using the following expressions: to agree with, to be in
agreement with, to be consistent with, to be in keeping with, to be in
line with, to fit into, to hold for, to be valid for, to be true for.
Chemical Engineering is a very successful professional field for many
individuals.
Chemistry is an internationally renowned and respected subject with
excellent prospects and a diverse range of career pathways. In three years
that will fly by, you’ll get a real in-depth knowledge of this fascinating
subject, preparing you for further education and giving you the credentials
to enhance your job options straight away.
62
UNIT 3. TEAMWORK, TELEPHONING, NEGOTIATION
1. Practice the reading of the following words and check the meaning
of the ones you don’t know.
Responsibility, manufacturer, perspective, collaboration, hostility,
satisfaction, cohesiveness, coordination, self-managing, contributions,
effectiveness, negotiation, conventions, aspiration, fermenting, hostility,
productive, managerial goal.
2. Give the initial forms of the following words.
Correlated, productive, ability, forming, cohesiveness, promotes,
analyzing, unintended, management, relationship, sharing, teamwork,
unintended, setting, employee.
3. State to what parts of speech the following italicized words belong.
1) A single brain can’t bounce different ideas off of each other.
2) A 2008 meta-analysis also found a relationship between teamwork and
team effectiveness.
3) A team that continues to work together will eventually develop an
increased level of bonding.
4) Through teamwork the sharing of these qualities will allow team
members to be more productive in the future.
5) In order to minimize social loafing, management can make individual
performance more visible while in a team setting.
6) In experiments conducted in the 1990s, increase in-group cohesiveness
appeared to decrease social loafing.
7) Negotiation is not found only in businesses; it is often necessary to make
decisions with friends, family and yourself.
8) These benefits are more than zero in a negotiation and both sides can
reach an agreement.
9) Let people know that you understand what they want, understand why
they want it, and that you think it's a legitimate interest.
10) Your aspiration and best alternative define the range of possible
agreements for you.
63
4. Check if you remember the following verbs.
To contribute, to correlate, to motivate, to be subjective, to be motivated,
to reduce, to decrease, to be skilled, to relax, to focus, to lack, to define, to
overlap, to connect.
5. Study the meaning of the following word combnations; make up your
sentences and find them in text A.
1) An increased level of bonding, reduce social loafing, to decrease
social loafing, a healthy competition, set the aspirations too low, the level of
teamwork, balances of member contributions, unique perspective, to
contribute equally, a switch from production line work, measuring individual
performance, a team setting, to increase employee motivation, in-group
cohesiveness, the root of the issue, cultivating curiosity, keep your emotions
stable, lack confidence, a legitimate interest.
2) The strengths of team mates …, to argue less and explore more …,
to focus on two objectives to achieve positive interdependence …, working to
maximizing productivity…, to held responsible for his/her actions …, to
contribute to …, the completion of the project …, to give positive feedback for
accomplishments …, to allow teammembers to assure responsibilities…, to
encourage and facilitate each other to achieve team goals …, collaborative
success…, to promote higher achievments and productivity …, to be critical
to team success, tremendous motivational power of positive feedback …, to
allow to assure responsibilities …, to build positive relatioshionship …
6. Read and translate text A into Russian. Divide text A into logical parts
and entitle each of it. Find the key sentences of each part.
TEXT A. CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEAMS26
Effective teams are rewarding and share many common characteristics.
Respect for other team members is essential for team effectiveness. Valuing
the strengths of teammates, while minimizing their weaknesses, promotes
26
https://itll.colorado.edu/images/uploads/courses_workshops/geen1400/textbook/ch06teamwork_and_
working_in_teams.pdf.
64
team cohesion. Cooperating as a team requires trust, focusing on—and
believing in—the end goal, arguing less and exploring more.
At a minimum, there are five keys to a productive team: positive
interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction,
appropriate use of social skills and group processing.
1. Positive interdependence is achieved when members of the team rely
on each other to complete the project. They understand that their
individual success is inherently linked with that of their other team
members and with the success of the team as a whole. Group members
focus on two objectives to achieve positive interdependence:
maximizing their own productivity and working to maximize the
productivity of all other group members.
2. Individual accountability means that each team member is held
responsible for his or her contribution to the completion of the project.
Team members do not “slack off” and allow other team members to
assume their responsibilities.
3. Promotive (face-to-face) interaction implies that group members
recognize the contribution of others in the team and give positive
feedback for their accomplishments. They encourage and facilitate each
other to achieve team goals, recognizing the tremendous motivational
power of positive feedback.
4. Appropriate use of social skills is necessary because interpersonal and
small group skills are critical to team success. Group communication
skills contribute to building positive relationships between team
members and promote higher achievement and productivity.
5. Through group processing techniques, team members reflect on how
well their team is functioning and how well members are using their
social skills to help all members of the team achieve collaborative
success. The entire team is committed to team success and recognizes
that effective teamwork does not just “happen”; it is the result of
investment, commitment and continuous mainte- nance of the team.
7. Read text B and paraphrase the sentences in bold using the following
introductory phrases.
– What I mean (want) to say (to emphasize, to express, to prove, to show, to
make it clear) is that …
– What the author means (wants) to say (to emphasize, to express) is that …
– What we find in fact is that …; What usually happens is that …
65
TEXT B. TEAMWORK27
Benefits: Problems solving: A single brain can’t bounce different ideas
off of each other. Each team member has a responsibility to contribute equally
and offer his or her unique perspective on a problem to arrive at the best
possible solution. Teamwork can lead to better decisions, products, or services.
The quality of teamwork may be effective by analyzing the following six
components of collaboration among team members: communication,
coordination, balances of member contributions, mutual support, effort,
and cohesion. In one study, teamwork quality as measured in this manner
correlated with team performance in the areas of effectiveness (i.e., producing
high quality work) and efficiency (i.e., meeting schedules and budgets).
Healthy competition. A healthy competition in groups can be used to
motivate individuals and help the team excel.
Developing relationships. A team that continues to work together
will eventually develop an increased level of bonding, which can help
people avoid unnecessary conflicts since they have become well
acquainted with each other through teamwork. Team members’ ratings
of their satisfaction with a team are correlated with the level of teamwork
processes present.
Everyone has unique qualities: every team member can offer their
unique knowledge and ability to help improve other team members.
Through teamwork the sharing of these qualities will allow team members
to be more productive in the future.
Things to avoid. Teamwork may have an “unintended effect of
fermenting hostility toward the managerial goal of making the teams fully self-
managing.” In one case study of manufacturer, a switch from production
line work (with bonuses given for individual performance) to teamwork
(in which an individual's earnings depended on team performance) caused
workers to resent having to monitor each other. There is a potential of
“social loafing” (i.e., an individual's doing less work in a team than what he/she
would normally do working individually).
In order to minimize social loafing, management can make individual
performance more visible while in a team setting. This can be done by forming
smaller teams, specializing specific tasks to certain individuals, and measuring
individual performance.
27
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamwork
66
Increasing employee motivation, by selecting employees who have
previously shown themselves to be motivated, and increasing job
enrichment, can also reduce social loafing. In experiments conducted in the
1990s, increase in-group cohesiveness appeared to decrease social loafing.
8. Answer the following questions.
1) What is the definition of “team training”? Provide your own definition.
2) What are the outcomes of team training?
3) How would you summarize a relationship between teamwork and team
effectiveness?
4) What can motivate individuals and help the team?
5) How can an increased level of bonding be developed?
6) What can be more productive in the future for teamwork?
7) What does “social loafing” mean?
8) What can be done to minimize the social loafing?
9. Combine text A and text B into a summary and retell.
10. Read text C and point out the main information using the expressions:
to prove (to be) correct (false, successful, of value, etc.); to find
something (to be correct) (false, of value, etc.).
TEXT C. HOW TO MAKE A SUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATION28
Negotiation exists in many situations in human life. Negotiation is
not found only in businesses; it is often necessary to make decisions with
friends, family and yourself. When you're skilled in negotiation, you can
build trust and good relationships. The most important tips are here.
Ask yourself questions. What do you want? Why is that important to
you? Some negotiators say that to get to the root of the issue, you must ask
yourself five different “why” questions. You don't have to know everything,
but you do have to understand what everybody wants and why.
Be confident, courteous, calm, and curious. Negotiating provoked
strong emotions and emotion causes people to be subjective and can cloud a
person's judgement. You have to stay calm at all times and remember to use a
28
http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Successful-Negotiation
67
positive tone. Cultivating curiosity allows you to relax the situation, focus on
the important issues and keep your emotions stable.
Come up with a win-win solution. In some negotiations, a gain for one
party means an equal loss for the other. For example, when you go to buy a car,
you want the lowest price and the salesman wants the highest. Another
example is a negotiation regarding one's salary, an employer wants to pay as
little as possible and you want the opposite. However, some benefits exist for
balancing the salary: add in flexitime, telecommuting, vacation, etc. These
benefits are more than zero in a negotiation and both sides can reach an
agreement.
Aspire for greatness. Define success before you come to the table.
What do you really want? Generally, people lack confidence when entering
a negotiation and they set their aspirations too low. Think about what you
want to achieve before entering negotiations.
Think about your alternatives. Determine your aspiration and work to
create a better one (your alternative). It's important to think about alternatives
because the negotiation will not always go as well as you hope.
Map your range. Your aspiration and best alternative define the
range of possible agreements for you. If the other person offers something
below your best alternative, don't take it.
Map their range. What does the other person want? What's their best
alternative? Let people know that you understand what they want,
understand why they want it, and that you think it's a legitimate interest.
Reach an agreement. Compare their range to yours. Where do the
two overlap? That's where you will find agreement.
11. Find in text C English equivalents to the following word combinations
and make up your own sentences.
Построить доверительные и хорошие отношения, суждение
человека, оставаться спокойными в любом случае, добраться до корня
проблемы, лучшая альтернатива, гибкой график, отпуск,
дистанционная работа, взаимовыгодное решение, диапазон возможных
соглашений, сильные чувства и эмоции, действительно должны
понять, выгода для одной стороны означает потерю для другой,
переговоры относительно зарплаты, стремление.
68
12. In a delicate negotiation29 you do not always say exactly what you think!
WHAT YOU THINK
1) We are unhappy with
this offer.
2) We are dissatisfied.
3) We can’t accept it.
4) You said there would
be a discount.
5) Don’t forget your
obligations.
6) We want a guarantee.
7) We won’t agree to
this.
8) We’re shocked you
expect us to cover the
costs.
9) That’s wrong.
10) We want a bigger
rebate.
11) We must finalize the
deal today.
12) You obviously don’t
understand.
WHAT YOU SAY
a) Unfortunately, we would be unable to
accept that.
b) With respect, that’s not quite correct.
c) I’m sure we don’t need to remind you of
your contractual obligations.
d) We’re rather surprised you expect us to
cover the costs.
e) We would find this somewhat difficult
to agree to.
f) We were rather hoping to finalize the
deal today.
g) I’m sorry but we’re not very happy with
this offer.
h) Actually, we were hoping for a slightly
more substantial rebate.
i) I’m afraid you don’t seem to
understand.
j) We understood there would be a
discount.
k) We would need some sort of guarantee.
l) We’re not completely satisfied.
You need to be able to express yourself diplomatically, to make your
point firmly but politely. Match what you think with what you say.
13. Is there any difference between making informal and formal calls?
Discuss it in mini-groups.
14. Read and find the following word combinations in Text C; make up
your own sentences.
1) some special rules and conventions apply …
2) to call someone in a company …
3) to explain the background and purpose …
29
https://hollymarg.wikispaces.com/file/view/SP+04+2012.pdf.
69
4) to confuse the receiver or appear impolite …
5) to make a request for information or a meeting …
6) to find out when you can speak to …
7) to make a clear arrangement …
8) to call back again to find out something to be missed …
9) a difficult silence at the end of the call …
10) to try to fit in with schedule …
11) to close the call …
TEXT D. TELEPHONING IN ENGLISH
30
You are probably used to making informal calls to family and friends.
When making calls to companies, however, some special rules and
conventions apply. This article explains how to call someone in a company
that you do not know personally (the most common kind of formal call made
by students) and give you some models and language that you can use.
General rules. When making a formal call, three rules should influence
your choice of words:
Be brief. Do not waste the receiver’s time.
Be clear. Explain the background and purpose of your call.
Be polite. Recognize the receiver’s point of view.
These rules can sometimes conflict. If you are too brief, you may
confuse the receiver or appear impolite. Try to balance the three rules.
1. Making a call to someone you do not know. The most difficult calls
to make are calls to people that you do not know. Usually, the purpose of
your call will be to make a request for information or a meeting. This kind of
call can be divided into sections according to the function each serves:
Locate the person.
Make request.
Make arrangement.
Close the call.
In the following examples, we will imagine that you are calling Mr.
Chu to arrange a visit to his office.
2. Locate the person. If the person you want to speak answers the call,
this part is simple. If the receiver gives her name when he answers your call,
30
Naterop B. Jean, revel Rod. Telephoning in English. Third Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
70
you can skip to the next stage. If the receiver does not give his name, you can
confirm that you have the right person: Hello, is that Mr. Chu?
More often the number that you have will connect you to an operator
or secretary. In 96 this case you will have to ask to speak to Mr. Lau:
Hello, I’d like to speak to Mr. Chu Kim-Chong, please.
If Mr. Lau is not available, you will need to find out when you can
speak to him: Could you tell me when he will be available?
If the person you are calling has a busy schedule, you may have to
call several times. When you are finally connected, it is best to pretend that
this is your first call. Do not mention how difficult it was to make contact!
Sometimes, you will not know the name of the person who might be
able to help you. In this case, you can state your request and then say:
Could you put me through to someone who might be able to help me?
Locating someone at a company can be frustrating if you are passed
from person to person. Try not to let your frustration show!
3. Make request. Making a request involves three stages: introducing
yourself, giving background, and making the request itself.
Introduce yourself by giving your name and explaining who you are:
I’m ...., I’m a first-year student at Kazan University....
If someone else has given you the receiver’s name, you should also
mention this: Mr. Chu from Southeast Products suggested that I call you....
Give the background to your request by explaining why you are
making it: I’m doing a project on work experience and I need to arrange a
visit to a company in your field....
Make your request politely and clearly. Make sure that the received
knows exactly what agreeing to your request will involve: how much of her
time will it involve and what will she or her staff will have to do: I wonder
if I could pay a visit to your office for an hour or so sometime in the next
two weeks, to talk to one of your staff about....
4. Make arrangement. If the person you are calling agrees to your
request, it is important to make a clear arrangement.
If you are arranging a meeting, for example, arrange the time and
place and make sure you know where to go and what to do when you get
there. Make a note of all the information so that you do not need to call
back again to find out something you have missed.
If the person you are calling cannot agree to your request, he may
modify it. Listen carefully and try to fit in with his schedule.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]