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Файл:English for Special Purposes. Language of Chemistry. Tutorial
.pdf
101
развивать конкурирующие процессы, технология, низкая
себестоимость, новые инвестиции, запранированные химические
процессы (проекты), быстрая урбанизация.
10. Imagine that an important visitor is coming to your firm. She has sent
you this fax. Draft the fax to Ms. Trosborg arranging the date and the
time you propose for the visit.
CONSORTIUM
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Telephone: +(45) 72 14 33 21 Fax: +(45) 56 39 42 38
TO: Publicity Office/Manager Dear Sir or Madam,
We have heard from one of our mutual customers that your company
is involved in a number of interesting design projects.
As I am shortly staying in your city on business, I am writing to
enquire whether it would be convenient to visit your office.
I shall be in town from 10th to 15th November. I would be free any
morning from 11.30 onwards and in the afternoon of 15th November.
I would be extremely grateful if you could confirm whether a brief
visit could be arranged on one of the days and at the times suggested.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Anita Trosborg
11. Substitute the given information about China42 with the possible
information about Russia. Write the comparative analysis. Translate
the last paragraph into the Russian.
First, China’s chemical industry is moving to a new chapter of
development. From the headlong expansion of the early 2000s, the
chemical industry is now entering a period of consolidation and more
selective growth, and the bar on foreign investment has been raised. As
already noted, overcapacity is now a challenge in a number of product
segments. Any international company wanting to make an investment now
faces a more selective appraisal by the Chinese authorities. International
42
http://urbanica.spb.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Methodology-and-Conclusions.-Industrial-Framework-
of-Russia.-The-250-Largest-Industrial-Centers-of-Russia.pdf.
102
companies that cannot bring access to feedstock or to technology that China
lacks may not find much of a welcome mat.
Second, as growth in the commodities market slows, more Chinese
companies are expected to shift their activities to the specialties side of the
market. There are already a significant number of successful Chinese players
in specialties, and this group is growing fast. Examples include Bairun, the
leader in the Chinese flavors-and-fragrances market; Yantai Wanhua, an
isocyanates maker; and Zhejiang NHU, a vitamin maker. Chinese companies
have developed competitive processes in a range of products, including
xanthan gum and glyphosate, and low-cost technology has helped them
become uncontested market leaders in vitamin C; at the same time, many
Chinese companies are adept at reverse-engineering products made by
international companies. Chinese players will be making a concerted push to
move upmarket and combining it with their local-player advantages, most
importantly, their lower production costs compared with imports and their
greater ease in establishing relationships with key customers – both trump
cards in a slower and more competitive environment.
Third, China is becoming more environmentally conscious, and new
investments in chemical facilities are likely to become increasingly contested
by the local population. A growing number of planned chemical projects have
been withdrawn or modified following protests (their number doubled in the
second half of 2012), and a “not in my backyard” mentality is becoming
common. Compounding this challenge is China’s rapid urbanization, which
might force the relocation of many chemical plants to make way for
expanding residential settlements. Intensifying pressures in this area represent
a further challenge to international players, which often do not have local
networks in place to help them navigate these types of issues.
12. What are the given Russian equivalents of the following words?
Company structure:
– Board of Directors
– Chairman (GB), President (US)
– Managing Director = MD (GB), Chief Executive Officer = CEO (US)
– Production Department
– Marketing Department
– Finance Department
– Research and Development Department (R&D)
103
– Personnel Department
– Market Research Dept.
– Sales Dept.
– Purchasing Dept.
– Accounts Dept.
– Conference Room
– Reception
– Planning Dept
13. Read the telephone techniques43 and fill the gaps in the summary.
Training officer: Right. I think the best thing is if I give you some
rules. If you make notes now, you can ask questions and we can discuss
what I’ve said afterwards. Is that OK? All right.
Right, first of all, give your name slowly and clearly. Identify
yourself and your position in the company, all right? Just make sure you’re
talking to the correct person. Right, after that, say right away what you’re
calling about, don’t expect the other person to guess this or work it out.
Plenty of mistakes are made that way! Be brief; remember that the other
person may have other things to do than to talk to you on the phone.
Right, also if it’s a bad line, say that you’ll call back at once. Then ring
back and start the call again. OK? Speak slowly and clearly, but in a friendly
voice and smile! All right? The other person can hear if you smile. Don’t let
the other person misunderstand your attitude as being, you know, unfriendly.
Ah, right, don’t use technical terms or abbreviations, because the
other person may not understand these as well as you do. Also give
important information, like figures, names, quantities, dates and so on,
slowly and carefully. Repeat all the important information. Make sure that
the other person has noted it down correctly - especially numbers, which are
often the most difficult thing to understand over the phone. Also let the
other person finish speaking – don’t interrupt him or her even if you think
you know what he wants to say. That’s...they’ll take it as very rude.
Ah...if possible, don’t phone during the other person’s lunch hour or
just before they’re about to stop work for the day, right? Find out what time
it is in the other country before you call. I mean, think about it from your
43
Misztal Mariusz. Tests in English Thematic Vocabulary. Intermediate and Advanced Level. Киев:
«Знания», 1999.
104
own point of view, I mean if you’re heading off for a sandwich you don’t
want to have to be on the phone for an hour or so before...
Also note down all the important information you’re given by the
other person. OK? You don’t want to have to waste the phone bill calling
up again. Now, if you do all this, you can prevent misunderstandings
occurring. OK, well, if you have any questions, anybody?
Summary
1) Identify yourself by giving your ____ and your _____ in the company.
2) Make sure you’re talking to the __________ ___________.
3) Say right away what you’re calling about. Be _______, and don’t waste time.
4) If it’s a ___________ _______, say that you’ll _________ _________
at once. Then start the call again.
5) Speak slowly and clearly, but in a friendly voice. ___ while you’re speaking.
6) Don’t use ___________ terms or ___________, because the other
person may not understand these as well as you do.
7) Give important information, like figures, __________, _________,
dates and so on, slowly and carefully.
8) Don’t _________ the other person even if you think you know what he
or she is going to say.
9) Don’t phone during the other person’s ___________ ________- find
out what time it is in the other country before you call.
10) __________ _________ all the important information you’re given by
the other person.
14. Study the meaning of the following word combinations. Make up your
own sentences using the given word combinations.
1) one of the most transformative periods …
2) to tackle cost …
3) to respond to the future impact …
4) inevitable external environmental pressures …
5) rampant supply …
6) weak global demand …
7) to drive out marginal producers …
8) to face up to a vital existential issue …
9) to be canceled or postponed …
10) company announcements …
105
15. Divide text 2 into logical parts and entitle each of it. Find in the text
the key sentences of each part; combine them into a summary using
the following phrases: the subject of the text is …; the author of the text
says that …; he points out that …; next the author emphasizes the idea
that …; the author goes on saying that …; the text ends with …;
the author concludes that … .
16. Read and translate text 2; find English equivalents to the given
Russian word combinations.
Аккуратно подводить итог, период трансформации,
энергетический бизнес, стратегическое суждение со стороны лидеров
компании, проблемы стоимости и инвестиций, ближайшая
перспектива, будущее воздействие, неизбежное внешнее экологическое
давление, понижение цен на нефть, ближневосточная нестабильность,
слабый мировой спрос, замедление экономического роста, поддержание
цен на нефть, обеспечения доли на рынке, добыча нефти и газа, вести
переговоры, месторождение нефти, сокращение стоимости,
стратегическое направление компании, насыщенное энергопотребление,
мощная тенденция, минимизировать, сократить выбросы CO2.
TEXT 2. A FUTURE THAT LIMITS FOSSIL FUELS44
“The Stone Age did not end for lack of stone, and the Oil Age will end
long before the world runs out of oil.” So said Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani,
former Saudi Arabian oil minister, in an interview in 2000. Sixteen years
later, Yamani’s words neatly sum up the troubled state of the oil and gas
(O&G) industry. Although the demise of oil is still some time away, it’s clear
that the sector is going through one of the most transformative periods in its
history, which will ultimately redefine the energy business as we know it.
Navigating change of this scale will require smart, strategic judgment
on the part of O&G company leaders. They must tackle cost and investment
concerns in the short term while readying themselves to respond to the
future impact of inevitable external environmental pressures. The
sensational drop in oil prices – below US$40 per barrel at the end of 2015,
down more than 60% from their high in the summer of 2014 – reflects
rampant supply and weak global demand amid concerns over slowing
44
http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/perspectives/2016-oil-and-gas-trends.
106
economic growth around the world, especially in China. This imbalance is
only going to worsen this year.
Saudi Arabia continues to pump at full tilt, less concerned about
propping up oil prices and more intent on securing market share, hoping to
drive out marginal producers, particularly in the United States. As early as
the second quarter of 2016, the flow of Iranian oil is likely to increase,
adding to the glut. Even Middle East instability, such as the tension that
erupted between Russia and Turkey in Syria toward the end of 2015, has
not budged crude prices. Consequently, we expect oil prices to remain low
for the near future, although it would not surprise us if volatility returns.
The impact of this situation on O&G producers has been rapid and
dramatic. In the third quarter of 2014, when oil prices were still above $100
per barrel, the supermajors posted aggregate net income of $22.9 billion,
according to Bloomberg. Twelve months later, upstream profits had been
wiped out. In response, companies are slashing outlays. They are expected
to cut capital expenditures by 30% in 2016. Already, some $200 billion
worth of projects have been canceled or postponed. Both international and
national oil companies are negotiating aggressively for 10 to 30% discounts
from oil-field service providers. Head counts are affected as well. More
than 200,000 employees have been or will be let go in the O&G industry,
according to recent company announcements.
This reaction is not enough – or perhaps it is too much. Massive cost
cutting may offer some short-term breathing space, but it is a myopic,
panicky response that could leave businesses unequipped for the next turn
of the business cycle. What, then, will forward-thinking O&G executives
do? If you are one of those executives, you are probably already beginning
to think and act differently than you have in the past. It is time to reassess
the purpose and strategic direction of your company, and to find a profitable
role to play in the new O&G landscape. O&G executives must address a
vital existential issue: how to successfully do business in an increasingly
carbon-constrained world.
Competition, slumping oil prices, and glutted energy demand are not
the only giant-scale factors affecting your business. The O&G landscape is
being significantly reshaped by a potent emerging trend: the fear of climate
change and a powerful, concerted effort to reduce CO2 emissions and
minimize fossil fuels. If you are a business leader in this industry, your
most important task this year is to address or at least face up to a vital
existential issue: how do business successfully as an O&G company in an
increasingly carbon-constrained world.
107
17. Fill in the blanks and translate the text45: bankruptcy, partnership,
premises, corporations, registered, capital, creditors, shares,
prospectus, issue, liability, losses, sole trader, financial, files
The simplest form of business is the individual proprietorship or (1)
____: for example, a shop (US = store) or a taxi owned by a single person. If
several individuals wish to go into business together they can form a (2) ___:
partners generally contribute equal capital, have equal authority in
management, and share profits or (3) ___. In many countries, lawyers, doctors
and accountants are not allowed to form companies, but only partnerships with
unlimited (4) ___ for debts - which should make them act responsibly.
But a partnership is not a legal entity separate from its owners; like
sole traders, partners have unlimited liability: in the case of (5) ____ a
partner with a personal fortune can lose it all. Consequently, the majority of
businesses are limited companies (US = (6) ____) in which investors are
only liable for the amount of capital they have invested. If a limited
company goes bankrupt, its assets are sold (liquidated) to pay the debts; if
the assets do not cover the debts, they remain unpaid (i.e. (7)____ do not
get their money back.)
In Britain, smaller enterprises are private limited companies, which
cannot offer (8) _____ to the public; their owners can only raise capital from
friends or from banks and other venture capital institutions. A successful,
growing British business can apply to the Stock Exchange to become a public
limited company; if accepted, it can publish a (9) _____ and offer its shares for
sale on the open stock market. In America, there is no legal distinction between
private and public limited corporations, but the equivalent of a public limited
company is one (10) _____ by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Founders of companies have to write a Memorandum of Association (in
the US, a Certificate of Incorporation), which states the company’s name,
purpose, registered office or premises and authorized share (11) _____.
(12) _______ (always with an ‘s’ at the end) - is the technical term for
the place in which a company does its business: an office, a shop, a workshop,
a factory, a warehouse, etc. Authorized share capital means the maximum
amount of a particular type of share the company can (13) _______.
Founders also write Articles of Association (US = Bylaws), which set out
the rights and duties of directors and different classes of shareholders.
Companies’ memoranda and articles of association, and annual (14). ______
45
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Business_Studies/Business_Ownership
108
statements are sent to the registrar of companies, where they may be inspected by
the public. (A company that (15) ______ its financial statements late is almost
certainly in trouble.) In Britain, founders can buy a ready-made “off-the-shelf
company” from an agent, that is, a company formed and held specifically for
later resale; the buyer then changes the name, memorandum, and so on.
18. Study the meaning of the following word combinations.
1) cultural competence, cultural awareness,
2) cultural sensitivity in organizations …
3) self-determine the fate …
4) the land of myth and fantasy …
5) to support the decimation and impoverishment of the people …
6) the concept of invisibility …
7) the forced assimilation …
8) a loss of cultural heritage …
9) an age-old approach …
10) a perception of prejudice …
11) a perception of institutional and system inequities …
12) to overcome cultural barriers …
19. Comment upon the following statements.
1) Americans don't have a culture.
2) If someone doesn't succeed it is because they are lazy or have personal
faults.
3) If you don't admit to even a perception of prejudice or institutional and
system inequities, it supports the idea that life is on a level playing field
- and then you don't have to do anything about it.
20. Paraphrase the following sentences using according to; to be
characterized by; to be characteristic of; and to be typical of.
1) The popular belief in the race concept dates back to at least 1600 when
Europeans built overseas empires in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
2) This assumption is based on the policy of “Anglo conformity,” which
seems ironic in light of the “rugged individual” mindset previously
mentioned.
109
3) This approach included the forced assimilation of many groups
including Native Americans and African Americans, which has brought
a loss of cultural heritage.
4) In the U.S. socialization process schools and media regularly project
institutions as being “color-blind” and present the culture as being fair
to everyone (a so-called “level playing field”).
21. Read and translate text 3; prepare information about diversity
barriers in Russia; give Russian equivalents to the following word
combinations: overcoming, awareness, inequities, cultural barriers,
unconscious, socialization, assumption, personal faults, forced
assimilation, sensitivity, loss of cultural heritage, competence,
perpetuates, invisibility, diversity, decimation, impoverishment,
mainstream culture, mindset.
TEXT 3. CULTURAL DIVERSITY BARRIERS:
U.S. MAINSTREAM CULTURE46
There are many barriers to building cultural awareness, cultural
sensitivity, and cultural competence in organizations. Americans don't have a
culture. This is an unconscious norm for mainstream American culture, based
on the Wild West pioneer philosophy of the “rugged individual” - we are “lone
rangers” who can self-determine our fate, unaffected by a larger influence.
Even though this may be the land of myth and fantasy, many people live there.
If it's different, it's wrong. This assumption has been referred to as
racism, but relates to many “antis”, such as anti-Semitism, and to antiimmigrant, anti-Catholic, and anti-non-white biases. The popular belief in
the race concept dates back to at least 1600 when Europeans built overseas
empires in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. The race concept supported the
decimation and impoverishment of the people on these continents.
You shouldn't talk about cultural diversity. This assumption is based
on the policy of “Anglo conformity,” which seems ironic in light of the
“rugged individual” mindset previously mentioned. Many think that if you
talk about cultural differences it perpetuates problems and is “divisive” and just brings up problems that are already solved. It also involves the
concept of invisibility - if you don't talk about different groups, they aren't
46
Kaye, G. & Wolff, T. (ed.). (1995). From the ground up! a workbook on coalition building and community
development. Chapter 5: multicultural issues in coalitions. Amherst, MA: AHEC Community Partners.
(Available from Tom Wolff and Associates.)
110
there. This approach included the forced assimilation of many groups
including Native Americans and African Americans. This assimilation has
brought about a loss of cultural heritage, other than European.
You shouldn't admit to being prejudiced. This is another age-old
approach; if you don't admit to even a perception of prejudice or
institutional and system inequities, it supports the idea that life is on a level
playing field - and then you don't have to do anything about it. Awareness
of the following themes is key in overcoming cultural barriers. In the U.S.
socialization process schools and media regularly project institutions as
being “color-blind” and present the culture as being fair to everyone
(a so-called “level playing field”). The assumption is that if someone
doesn't succeed it is because they are lazy or have personal faults - and that
it is the fault of the individual and not the mainstream culture.
22. Find English equivalents (text 3) to the given Russian word
combinations.
Самоопределить судьбу, осведомленность, понятие невиди-
мости, принудительная ассимиляция, восприятие, ущерб, предубеждение, системная несправедливость, единое игровое поле,
культурные различия, ключ в преодолении культурных барьеров,
разнообразие, культурное наследие, “страдающим дальтонизмом”,
предположение.
23. Translate text 4. What other valuable skills can be added
to the mentioned below? Find the key sentences of each part. Combine
them into a summary.
TEXT 4. THE MOST VALUABLE SKILLS IN OIL AND GAS47
Here are some of the most valuable skills for oil and gas workers,
regarded as more important than technical skills, according to a study
conducted by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and BP.
Ability to Learn. Not everyone that is hired will already have
experience working on a rig or have a background in petroleum
engineering. The companies know this. They are looking for smart
individuals who can learn, and who can learn fast. This is a very scientific
47
http://oilandgasjobsregister.com/energy/oil-careers/most-valuable-skills-in-oil-and-gas.
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