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Файл:English for Special Purposes. Language of Chemistry. Tutorial
.pdf
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4) the identification and complete analysis of the subject …
5) to get the relevant data and make a report …
6) to provide unbiased evidence …
7) to study various types of non-living things and related systems …
8) developing the industrial processes …
9) special journals related to science and technology …
10) to be closely connected with other sciences …
8. Read and translate text B into Russian.
TEXT B. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN CHEMISTRY2
Career options in the world of chemistry are too vast to be discussed
and classified easily, as no job profile can function without the basics of
chemistry in it. Be it our homes, clothing, medications or even our
surrounding, they are all a part of chemistry some way or the other. Some
of the major career options in chemistry are:
Analytical Chemist: the main job of an analytical chemist is to use
different types of methods to find out the chemical nature of various
substances, which are present around us. Such a chemist does the
identification and complete analysis of the subject. He also tries to evaluate
these substances behave when kept under different conditions.
Clinical Biochemist: a clinical biochemist works in the world of
medicine. The main job of a biochemist is to take a patient’s body sample
and do its detailed analysis and interpretation to get the relevant data and
make a report of it. This data and report further assists the doctor in
investigating and diagnosis the disease that the patient is suffering from and
also proves beneficial in treating the patient effectively.
Forensic Scientist: a scientist working in a forensic lab helps to
investigate criminal and civil cases in a very important way. Using his strong
knowledge of chemistry, he provides unbiased evidence that can be used in the
court of law. This evidence either proves the suspect guilty or non-guilty or helps
to understand the nature of the criminal activity in details. A forensic scientist
determines all evidence like time and date of crime, weapons used and the extent
of harm done. The court’s decision relies on these facts to a great extent.
Research scientist: aresearch scientist studies various types of nonliving things and related systems so that we can understand in details how
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http://www.ayushveda.com/mens-magazine/opportunities-for-you-in-the-careers-of-chemistry/.
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the physical world around us works. In order to become a research scientist,
you should have a thorough knowledge of not only chemistry but also
subjects like astronomy, physics and earth and material science.
Chemical Engineer: there are various types of products,
commodities and special chemicals, which we have very little knowledge
about. They can prove to be very helpful for the environment and in the
production of useful things. A chemical engineer helps in developing the
industrial processes so that the production of these products and
commodities can take place easily.
Science Writer: all the news articles that are related to the world of
science are researched, written and then edited by a science writer. He also
writes and edits specialized columns for various trades and businesses, huge
companies, publication houses and special journals related to science and
technology. In some cases, such writers also work for the general media.
Modern chemistry has now numerous independent trends, or rather,
independent branches of science: electrochemistry, photochemistry,
radiochemistry, low-temperature and high-pressure chemistry, hightemperature and low-pressure chemistry, and so on.
It is common knowledge that a scientist working in one of these
branches finds difficulty in understanding his colleague who is a specialist in
another branch. Chemical “dialects” became independent chemical
“languages.” And this is only part of the trouble. Modern chemistry is closely
connected with other sciences: biology, geology, mechanics and cosmogony.
These “alliances” formed a whole plaid of hybrid sciences: agro chemistry,
biochemistry, geochemistry, Cosmo chemistry (stereochemistry), chemoinformatics, green chemistry, flavour chemistry, physiochemical mechanics,
immunochemistry, marine chemistry, and many others.
9. Make up 6 sentences beginning them with the introductory phrases
(use Text A and Text B).
– Further study proves (has proved, proved) that …
– Careful research demonstrates (has demonstrated, demonstrated) that …
– Thorough study confirms (has confirmed, confirmed) that …
– Extensive research makes it clear (have made it clear, made it clear) that …
– Numerous experiments suggest (have suggested, suggested) that …
– Detailed analysis shows (has shown, showed) that ..
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10. Give the Russian equivalents of the following word combinations.
Make up your own sentences.
Branch of science, to be made up, the subject of chemistry, expect to
master, the field of chemistry, to devide the subject into, the composition of,
substances and materials, to discover unknown compounds, analytical
procedures, fundamental theoretical reasoning, the application of, the
development of, to solve chemical problems, overlap with, integrates
elements from, in connection with, unique properties, changing the
composition, the preparation of new catalysts, modifying the system, an
important tool, various substances, under different conditions, beneficial in
treating, unbiased evidence, thorough knowledge, the industiral process,
numerous independent trends, low/high pressure, hybrid sciences.
11. Paraphrase the following sentences using according to, to be
characterized by, to be characteristic of, and to be typical of.
1) Analytical chemistry seeks to determine the identity, the composition of
substances and purity of chemicals and materials.
2) Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental
theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics).
3) Materials chemistry is a new breadth of study in graduate programs,
and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a
focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials.
4) Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases
(solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases.
5) Biochemistry is the branch that will tell us what life is as well as in
connection with pharmacology and medicine biochemistry will find
ever more powerful means for fighting diseases.
6) Carbon has unique properties that allow it to make complex chemicals,
including those of living organisms.
7) Physical chemistry is the study of the physical properties of chemicals,
which are characteristics that can be measured without changing the
composition of the substance.
8) In order to become a research scientist, you should have a thorough
knowledge of not only chemistry but also subjects like astronomy,
physics and earth and material science.
9) Modern chemistry has now numerous independent trends, or rather,
independent branches of science: electrochemistry, photochemistry,
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radiochemistry, low-temperature and high-pressure chemistry, hightemperature and low-pressure chemistry, and so on.
10) It is common knowledge that a scientist working in one of these
branches finds difficulty in understanding his colleague who is a
specialist in another branch.
11) Chemical Engineering is a field, which has evolved by combining
chemistry, which is related to the industries, and the physics, which is
related to different procedures like the motion of fluids, transfer of
energy and chemical diffusion.
12) Most of the time, the terms Chemical Engineering and Chemical
Technology are considered as being related to same concept and field
of study, but there is a difference between both these fields and they are
different careers today.
13) These “alliances” formed a whole plaid of hybrid sciences: agro chemistry,
biochemistry, geochemistry, Cosmo chemistry (stereochemistry), chemoinformatics, green chemistry, flavour chemistry, physiochemical
mechanics, immunochemistry, marine chemistry, and many others.
12. Answer the following questions.
1) What are the major career options for chemists? What definition of
chemistry do you know? What is discussed in detail under the name of
subject of chemistry?
2) Which branches of science are, according to the article, closely related
to chemistry? Do you agree?
3) Why is chemistry a science? What criteria are mentioned?
4) Who works for the world of medicine?
5) Who can help to investigate criminal and civil cases?
6) What does the forensic scientist determine?
7) What does the research scientist study?
8) What knowledge should you have if you want to be a research scientist?
9) Does the chemical engineer help in developing the industrial processes so
that the production of these products and commodities can take place easily?
10) What does the science writer do?
11) What career would you like to choose from the mentioned above?
13. Find the key sentences of each passage in text B and combine the key
sentences into a short summary.
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14. Study the meaning of the following word combinations and make up your
own sentences.
1) to monitor and plan the operations of …
2) to be related to the industries …
3) a combined study of engineering, biology and technology …
4) same concept and field of study …
5) the manufacturing process of industrial products …
6) the use of … is limited to …
7) the development and evolution of new concepts ..
8) the understanding of difficulties and problems …
9) sister branches with some differences …
10) to be related to designing and operating …
15. Read text C and give the main points in 3-5 sentences.
TEXT C. PROFESSIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING3
Chemical Engineering is a very successful professional field for many
individuals. The basic job of a Chemical Engineer is to monitor and plan the
operations of chemical plants. Chemical Engineering is a field, which has
evolved by combining chemistry, which is related to the industries, and the
physics, which is related to different procedures like the motion of fluids,
transfer of energy and chemical diffusion. Chemical Engineering is basically
a combined study of engineering, biology and technology.
Most of the time, the terms Chemical Engineering and Chemical
Technology are considered as being related to same concept and field of
study, but there is a difference between both these fields and they are
different careers today. Chemical Engineering has evolved from the field of
Chemical Technology. On the other hand, Chemical Engineering is a field
that deals with the manufacturing process of these industrial products. The
use of chemistry in Chemical Engineering is limited to twenty percent only. It
is mostly related to designing and operating the chemical plants, and is
studied as a different discipline today. Chemical Technology is related to
manufacture of industrial goods and is more of an art rather than science. The
field of Chemical Technology is related to the manufacturing of goods like
paper, plastics and dyes.
3
http://www.ayushveda.com/mens-magazine/profession-of-chemical-engineering.
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Science and technology is growing at a rapid pace today and there are
many new concepts which are now part of Chemical Engineering including
energy science, surface science and many other industrial biological
procedures. There are elements of these new concepts, which are studied in
the field of Chemical Engineering. Since of the development and evolution
of new concepts, the field of Chemical Engineering now deals with the
understanding of difficulties and problems which are the part of these new
concepts at initial and minor levels rather than at industrial levels. Chemical
Engineering and Chemical Technology both are sister branches of science
with some differences. The scope of the field of Chemical Engineering has
become much wider because of scientific developments.
16. Make up sentences based on the main ideas of text C. Retell the text.
17. Give the English equivalents of the following word combinations.
Выбор профессии, высокооплачиваемая профессия, добыча нефти и
газа, новые инструменты и методики, различные специальности,
актуальные научные исследования, явления в природе, специалист по
компьюторным наукам, теоретические проблемы, техническое
обеспечение, системный анализ, профессиональная подготовка,
интеграция программного обеспечения, радиоактивные отходы, явления в
космосе, познания человека, годовая зарплата, государственный и
частный сектор, для нужд науки и промышленного сектора, летательный
аппарат, ракеты и самолеты, задача специалиста, достойная жизнь.
18. Translate the text into English. What can be the analogy to this in Russia?
ДЕСЯТЬ САМЫХ ВЫСОКООПЛАЧИВАЕМЫХ ПРОФЕССИЙ,
СВЯЗАННЫХ С НАУКОЙ
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При умелом выборе профессии можно не только удовлетворить
свое любопытство за счет налогоплательщиков, но и хорошо заработать.
Мы представляем 10 самых востребованных и высокооплачиваемых
профессий, связанных с наукой, на примере США.
Инженер-нефтяник. В этой профессии исследователи разрабатывают
новые способы улучшения добычи нефти и газа. Область нефте- и
4
https://naked-science.ru/article/top/10-highest-paid-science-jobs.
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газодобычи постоянно нуждается в новых инструментах и методиках и
готова щедро расплатиться с разработчиками. В этой индустрии немало
различных специальностей, но самые высокие зарплаты у инженеров,
занимающихся непосредственно добычей нефти и газа. Средняя годовая
зарплата: $127 520.
Физик. Физики, которые не только преподают в университетах, а
активно вовлечены в актуальные научные исследования, обычно
неплохо зарабатывают. Одни выдвигают теории и находят новые
законы, объясняющие явления в природе, другие специализируются на
практических приложениях физических законов и явлений. Средняя
годовая зарплата: $106 440.
Специалист по информатике и компьютерным наукам. Выбравшие
карьеру специалиста по компьютерным наукам занимаются
теоретическими проблемами программирования и обработки данных,
решают задачи, связанные как с программным, так и с техническим
обеспечением. Информационные системы, электронные данные,
системный анализ и компьютерное программирование – всем этим
занимаются отдельные области компьютерных наук, развитие которых
неплохо оплачивают. Средняя годовая зарплата: $100 900.
Инженер по аппаратному обеспечению. Эта работа предполагает
профессиональную подготовку в области электротехники, компьютерного
тестирования, дизайна и интеграции аппаратно-программного
обеспечения. В таких специалистах нуждаются практически во всех
отраслях: государственной, коммерческой, научной и военной. Средняя
годовая зарплата: $100 180.
Инженер по ядерной технике. Приложение научных и
технических данных, связанных с ядерной физикой, к проблемам
добычи ядерной энергии и эффективного устранения радиоактивных
отходов – вот основной круг задач инженера-ядерщика. Средняя
годовая зарплата: $ 99 750.
Астроном. Из детей, которые любят считать на небе звезды, могут
получиться астрономы. Эта область науки изучает явления в космосе и
расширяет познания человечества о Вселенной. Полученные знания
могут помочь улучшить и нашу жизнь на Земле. Средняя годовая
зарплата: $ 99 730.
Инженер по программному обеспечению. Инженерыпрограммисты занимаются исследованием, разработкой и
тестированием операционных систем, программного обеспечения для
компьютеров и компьютерных сетей, как локальных, так и глобальных
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для частного, государственного и военного секторов. Средняя годовая
зарплата: $ 94 520.
Математик. Разумеется, преподавая математику в школе много
денег не заработаешь, однако математики, занимающиеся серьезными
исследованиями, получают неплохую зарплату. В область их
деятельности входит, прежде всего, приложение математического
аппарата для нужд науки и промышленного сектора. Средняя годовая
зарплата: $ 94 960.
Инженер по аэрокосмической технике. Дизайн, конструкция и
тестирование ракет, самолетов и других летательных аппаратов –
основная задача специалистов по аэрокосмической технике. Средняя
годовая зарплата: $ 93 980.
Естественные науки. Химики, биологи и другие «естественники»
зарабатывают несколько меньше астрономов и физиков, но все же на
достойную жизнь, по крайней мере, в США, хватает и им. Средняя
годовая зарплата: $ 91 850.
19. Find in text D English equivalents and make up sentences of your own.
Каждый аспект химической перерабатывающей промышленности, высококвалифицированный научный профессионал, фундаментальные исследования, проводить большую часть практической
работы, помогать исследователям в лаборатории, работать
независимо, опасные отходы, согласно самым высоким
профессиональным стандартам, научно-исследовательские работы,
выполнять химические тесты и эксперименты по качеству,
настроить аппарат для химических реакций, версия
производственного процесса, прикладная химия и математика,
аналитический метод, сверхурочное время, временная основа без
преимуществ, множество обязанностей, интерес к научнотехническим областям, навыки аналитического и критического
мышления, четко определенные карьерные лестницы, спрос на
компетентных специалистов, из-за сокращения финансирования,
навыки тайм-менеджмента, одновременно, управлять проектами,
взять на себя ответственность и обязательство.
20. Discuss the field of chemistry science you would like to work in.
21. Read and do the summary of text D.
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TEXT D. CHEMISTRY CAREERES: CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 5
Chemical technicians play a vital role in a variety of
industries by working with chemists and chemical engineers
to develop, test, and manufacture chemical products. These technicians are highly skilled scientific professionals who are critical
members of scientific teams that conduct much of the hands-on work that is
required. Some technicians assist senior researchers in the laboratory, but
many work independently to collect valuable information for review.
Chemical technicians work in laboratories, making sure that processes are
carried out safely, cost-effectively, and according to the highest
professional standards.
Chemical technicians work in every aspect of the chemical process
industry – from basic research to hazardous waste management. For some
people, accepting a chemical technician position is a great way to test the
waters before deciding whether to join the industrial chemistry workforce
on a permanent basis, while others may want to dive right in and enjoy a
variable and rewarding lifetime career.
Types of Chemical Technicians: laboratory technician - operates
standard laboratory equipment and conducts laboratory procedures ranging
from routine process control to complex research projects; process
technician - performs chemical tests and experiments for quality,
performance, or composition.
Typical Work Duties: set up apparatus for chemical reactions;
help devise and troubleshoot syntheses and analytical procedures;
manage databases; ensure that packaging of hazardous materials
complies with regulations; work in pilot plants, assisting engineers
with running experiments in a miniature version of a manufacturing
process.
Education Background: in the past, most chemical technicians were
trained on the job. Today, industry demands a solid foundation in applied
basic chemistry and math, plus experience using various kinds of standard
lab ware. Computer knowledge and oral and written communication skills
are also required. The best preparation is a two-year associate degree in an
applied science (A.A.S.) program designed to prepare people for a career in
chemical technology, which is currently offered at over 100 community and
5
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistry-careers/chemical-technology.html.
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two-year colleges. Some companies hire chemists with a B.S. degree as
technicians, but this is not always required.
Work Environment: chemical technicians are vital members of selfdirected work teams in chemical and related industries and government
agencies, with a few in academic institutions. Most are hired on a “nonexempt” basis – that is, they work a 40-hour week and are paid overtime for
additional work hours. Some employers hire technicians on a temporary basis
without benefits, such as health insurance, even though some temporary
assignments last as long as a few years. The workday can be very long when
involved with big projects. Chemical technicians tend to be on the move during
the day and have a variety of responsibilities. They often report to more than
one person. Most technicians work indoors, but a few work outdoors taking
samples and measurements.
Technical Skills: interest in scientific and technical areas; familiarity
with common laboratory equipment, instrumentation, and analytical
techniques; observational and recordkeeping skills to track conditions,
procedures, deviations, and results of experiments; analytical and critical
thinking skills to evaluate not only the results of experiments but also the
procedures used to obtain them.
22. Translate the following English sentences into Russian.
1) An important point to remember is that chemistry is a science, which
means its procedures are systematic and reproducible and its
hypotheses are tested using the scientific method.
2) Therefore, chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of
matter, their changes, the conditions under which such changes take
place, and the energy changes, which accompany them.
3) Chemistry is concerned with the nature of fire and the structure of
water, it deals with colors, catalysis and crystal structure, with physical
properties and chemical reactivity.
4) The word chemistry comes from the word alchemy, an earlier set of
practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy,
philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine; it is
commonly thought of as the quest to turn lead or another common
starting material into gold.
5) Industrial chemists are producing new materials to be used to build
lighter and stronger airplanes, more environmentally friendly
disposable cups, and more efficient anti-pollution devices for your car.
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