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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_4421_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1.6 Mixed Disorders
- •1.7 Isolated Symptoms
- •1.7.1 Snoring
- •1.7.2 Catathrenia
- •1.8 Summary
- •References
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- •1.2.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Adult
- •1.2.2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Pediatric
- •1.3 Central Sleep Apnea
- •1.3.5 Primary Central Sleep Apnea
- •1.5 Sleep-Related Hypoxemia Disorder
- •2.7 Summary
- •References
- •3: Health Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- •3.1 Cardiovascular Consequences
- •3.1.1 Chronic Heart Failure
- •3.1.2 Systemic Hypertension
- •3.1.3 Coronary Heart Disease
- •3.1.4 Arrhythmias
- •3.1.5 Cerebrovascular Disease
- •3.2 Respiratory Consequences
- •3.2.1 Asthma
- •3.2.3 Pulmonary Embolism
- •3.2.4 Pulmonary Hypertension
- •3.3.1 Diabetes Mellitus
- •3.3.2 Metabolic Syndrome
- •3.3.3 Sexual Dysfunction
- •3.4 Gastrointestinal Consequences
- •3.4.2 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- •3.5 Obstetric Outcomes
- •3.5.2 Gestational Diabetes
- •3.5.4 Maternal Surgical Complications
- •3.6 Perinatal Outcomes
- •3.6.1 Impaired Fetal Growth
- •3.6.2 Preterm Birth
- •3.6.4 Stillbirth
- •3.6.5 NICU Admission
- •3.7 Perioperative Outcomes
- •3.8 Accident-Related Consequences
- •3.9 Cancer-Related Outcomes
- •3.10 Survival Outcomes
- •3.10.1 Overall Mortality
- •3.10.2 Cardiovascular Death
- •3.10.4 Perioperative Mortality
- •References
- •4.1 Patient Case
- •4.2 Introduction
- •4.3 History
- •4.4.1 Oxygen
- •4.4.2 Vascular
- •4.4.3 Endocrine
- •4.6.1 Attention & Executive Function
- •4.6.4 Visual-Spatial
- •4.7 Summary
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Obesity
- •5.3 Hypertension
- •5.4 Diabetes Mellitus
- •5.5 Fatty Liver Disease
- •5.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •6.1 Background
- •6.2 History Taking
- •6.3 Physical Examination
- •6.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •Further Reading
- •7.1 Background
- •7.2.2 Screening Tools
- •7.2.3 Diagnostic Tests
- •7.2.7 Clinical Guidelines
- •7.3 Home Sleep Apnea Test (HSAT)
- •7.3.1 Advantages
- •7.3.2 Disadvantages
- •7.3.3 Patient Selection
- •7.3.4 Data Obtained
- •7.3.8 Recommended Follow-Up
- •7.3.9 Clinical Outcomes
- •7.4 Polysomnography (PSG)
- •7.4.1 Patient Selection
- •7.4.4 Follow-Up
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •Further Reading
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.4 CBCT and OSA
- •8.5.1 CPAP
- •8.5.2 Oral Appliances
- •8.5.3 Maxillomandibular Advancement
- •8.6 Upper Airway Stimulation
- •8.7 Summary
- •References
- •9.1.1.1 Cranial Base Lengthening
- •9.1.1.2 Cranial Base Flexion
- •9.1.5.3 Tongue Growth
- •References
- •10.2.1.1 Cranial Base
- •10.2.1.2 Facial Height
- •10.2.1.4 Pharyngeal Airway Space
- •10.2.1.6 Hyoid Bone Position
- •10.3.1 Maxillary Expansion
- •10.3.1.4 RME for OSA
- •References
- •11.2 Pathophysiology
- •11.3 Clinical Exam
- •11.5 Treatment
- •11.6 Summary
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.5 Mask Options
- •12.6.1 Dry Mouth
- •12.6.2 Tangled Tubing
- •12.6.3 Condensation
- •12.6.4 Headgear Problems
- •12.6.6 Ramp
- •12.6.7 Cleaning Equipment
- •12.6.8 Skin Irritation
- •12.6.9 Nasal Congestion
- •12.6.10 Aerophagia
- •12.7 Cleaning Equipment
- •12.7.1 Travel Options
- •References
- •13: Oral Appliance Therapy
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Terminology
- •13.3.2 Device Designs
- •13.4 Methodology
- •13.7.2 Device Design
- •13.7.5 Non-anatomical Traits
- •13.7.6 Disease Severity
- •13.7.7 Supine Dependency
- •13.12.3 Adherence
- •13.12.4 Mean Disease Alleviation
- •13.13 Long-Term Outcomes
- •13.16 Guidelines
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Positional Therapy
- •14.2.1 Weight Loss
- •14.2.2 Nasal EPAP Therapy
- •14.2.3 Oral Pressure Therapy
- •14.2.4 Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
- •References
- •15.1 Introduction: Background Information
- •15.4 Preoperative Assessment
- •15.4.1 Physical Examination
- •15.4.2 Polysomnography
- •15.4.3 Clinical History
- •15.5 Preoperative Consent
- •15.6 Preoperative Assessment
- •15.6.1 Surgical Setting
- •15.8 Instrumentation
- •15.8.1 Tonsillectomy
- •15.8.2 Adenoidectomy
- •15.9 Postoperative Management
- •15.9.1 Pain
- •15.9.2 Diet
- •15.9.3 Follow-Up
- •15.10 Expected Outcomes by Population
- •15.10.1 General Population
- •15.10.2 Complex Children
- •15.10.2.1 Obese Children
- •15.10.2.2 Down Syndrome
- •15.10.2.3 Craniofacial Syndromes
- •15.10.2.4 Synchronous Airway Lesion
- •15.11.3 Cardiovascular Parameters
- •15.13 Conclusion
- •References
- •Further Reading
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.3.1 Anatomic Factors
- •16.8 Summary
- •References
- •17: Palatal Surgery for OSA Patients
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2.2 Nasopharyngeal Endoscopy
- •17.2.3 Cephalometrics
- •17.3.1.1 Success Rate of UPPP
- •17.3.1.2 Limitations of UPPP
- •17.3.1.3 Impact of UPPP
- •17.3.1.4 Complications of UPPP
- •17.3.2.2 Z-Palatopharyngoplasty
- •17.3.2.3 Expansion Sphincter Pharyngoplasty
- •References
- •18: Hypopharyngeal Surgery for OSA Patients
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Historical Perspective
- •18.3 Patient Selection
- •18.4 Physical Exam
- •18.5 Imaging I
- •18.5.1 Imaging
- •18.6 Drug-Induced Sedated Endoscopy
- •18.7 Treatment Algorithm
- •18.8 Procedures
- •18.8.1 Transoral Robotic Surgery
- •18.8.2 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
- •18.8.3 Genioglossus Advancement
- •18.8.4 Tongue Base Suspension
- •18.8.5 Hyoid Suspension
- •18.8.7 Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulators
- •18.9 Future Directions
- •References
- •Suggested Reading
- •19.1.1 Imaging
- •19.2.1.1 Pierre Robin Sequence
- •19.2.1.2 Craniofacial Microsomia
- •19.2.2.1 Crouzon’s Syndrome
- •19.2.2.2 Apert Syndrome
- •19.2.3.1 Treacher Collins Syndrome
- •19.2.3.2 Goldenhar Syndrome
- •19.3 Surgical Correction
- •Bibliography
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.4.2 Surgical Technique (DOME)
- •20.4.4 Consolidation Phase
- •20.6 Discussion
- •References
- •21.3.3 Maxillomandibular Setback
- •References
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.3 Results
- •22.3.1 Success Rate
- •22.4 Cases
- •22.5 Discussion
- •22.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •23.1 Patient Evaluation
- •23.1.1 Patient Concerns
- •23.1.4 Facial Evaluation
- •23.1.5 Lateral View
- •23.1.6 Oral Examination
- •23.1.7 Periodontal Evaluation
- •23.1.8 Tongue Assessment
- •23.1.9 Temporomandibular Joint
- •23.1.10 The Nose
- •23.1.11 Oropharyngeal Airway Assessment
- •23.2 Radiographic Evaluation
- •23.2.2 Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph
- •23.2.5 Cephalometric Analysis
- •23.3 Dental Model Analysis
- •23.3.1 Arch Length Measurements
- •23.3.2 Tooth Size Analysis
- •23.3.3 Tooth Position
- •23.3.4 Arch Width Analysis
- •23.3.6 Cuspid-Molar Position
- •23.3.7 Tooth Arch Symmetry
- •23.3.10 Ankylosed Teeth
- •23.4 Summary
- •References
- •24.1 TMJ Articular Disc Displacement
- •24.3 Reactive Arthritis (ReA)
- •24.5 Trauma
- •24.6 TMJ Ankylosis
- •24.7 Other End-Stage TMJ Conditions
- •24.8 Summary
- •References
- •25.1 Background
- •25.2 Treatment Planning Maxillary Surgery
- •25.2.1 Bone Anatomy
- •25.2.2 Vascular Anatomy
- •25.5 Adjunct Procedures
- •25.6 Complications
- •References
- •26: Mandibular Surgical Procedures
- •26.1 Genioplasty Procedures
- •26.2 Osseous Genioplasty
- •26.2.1 Anteroposterior Augmentation
- •26.2.2 Surgical Procedure
- •26.2.3 Anteroposterior Reduction
- •26.2.4 Vertical Augmentation (Downgraft)
- •26.2.5 Vertical Reduction
- •26.3 Alloplastic Augmentations
- •26.3.1 Surgical Procedure
- •26.4 Genioplasty Complications
- •26.5 Mandibular Subapical Procedures
- •26.5.3 Possible Complications
- •26.6 Mandibular Body Surgery
- •26.7.1 Nonunion or Malunion
- •26.7.3 Infections
- •26.7.4 Periodontal Defects
- •26.7.5 Nerve Damage
- •26.8 Mandibular Ramus Surgery
- •26.9 Vertical Ramus Osteotomy
- •26.11.1 Early Relapse
- •26.11.2 Condylar Sag
- •26.11.4 Unfavorable Splits or Fractures
- •26.11.6 Periodontal Defects
- •26.11.8 Nerve Injury
- •26.11.9 Infections
- •26.11.10 Nonunion
- •26.11.11 Bleeding Problems
- •References
- •27.1 Occlusal Plane Alteration
- •27.1.1 History
- •27.2 Corrected Frankfort Horizontal Plane
- •27.3 High Occlusal Plane (HOP) Facial Type
- •27.3.6 MRI Evaluation
- •27.3.7 TMJ Disc Displacement
- •27.3.9 Reactive Arthritis
- •27.3.11 Other End-Stage TMJ Pathologies
- •27.6 Summary
- •References
- •28: Maxillomandibular Advancement
- •28.1.1 Symptoms
- •28.1.3.1 Noninvasive Treatments
- •28.1.3.2 Surgical Interventions
- •28.4.1 Preoperative Medical Assessment
- •28.5 Procedure
- •28.5.1.2 Plates Vs. Screws
- •28.7 Post-MMA Follow-Up Care
- •28.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •29.2.1 CASS Adoption Widespread
- •29.2.2 Overall CASS Accuracy
- •29.2.2.1 Soft-Tissue Prediction Simulators
- •29.2.3 Cost
- •29.4.1 Overall CASS Process
- •29.4.1.1 Step 1: Patient Referral
- •29.4.1.7 Step 7: Procedure
- •29.4.4 Case 3
- •29.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.2 Preoperative Considerations
- •30.2.1 Surgical Facility
- •30.2.2 Medical Clearance
- •30.2.3 Anesthesia Considerations
- •30.3 Inpatient Postoperative Management
- •30.3.1 Immediate Postoperative Course
- •30.3.2 Acute Pain Management
- •30.3.5 DVT Prophylaxis
- •30.3.6 Nutrition
- •30.3.7 Antibiotics
- •30.4.1 Follow-Up Regimen
- •30.4.2 Postoperative Occlusal Guidance
- •30.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •31.1 Paradigm
- •31.2 Preoperative
- •31.3 Acute Post-surgical
- •31.4 Long-Term Post-surgical
- •References

288
M. Daya and J. E. Portnof
19
. Fig. 19.4 MMA case in patient with history of cleft lip and pal-
ate. Virtual surgical planning with predictive movements (top). Preoperative lateral cephalogram (lower left) shows the anteroposterior
deciency of the maxilla. Postoperative lateral cephalogram with
MMA and hardware in place

Management ofObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) inCraniofacial Patients
289
19
. Fig. 19.5 Severe facial asymmetry case. Virtual surgical planning for correction of facial asymmetry with LeFort I osteotomy, right BSSO
and left inverted L osteotomy (top). Postsurgical panoramic X-ray with asymmetry corrected (bottom)

19
290
M. Daya and J. E. Portnof
. Fig. 19.6 Anterior mandibular osteotomy with the aid of virtual
planning the exact location of the genial tubercles. This allows to
plan the osteotomies incorporating the muscle attachment for
advancement and the fabrication of patient-specic plates for rigid
xation
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skeleton. Hamilton: BC Decker Inc.; 2007.
2. McCarthy JG. Distraction of the craniofacial skeleton.
NewYork: Springer; 1999.
3. Yu W, Wang M, Yao K, Cai M. Individualized therapy for
treating obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric Crouzon syndrome
patients. Sleep Breath. 2016:1119–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11325-016-1378-0.
4. Heggie AA, Portnof JE, Kumar R.The rotational genioplasty:
a modied technique for patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44(6):760–2. https://doi.
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5. Abraham C, Virbalas J, DelRosso LM. Severe obstructive
sleep apnea in a child with Goldenhar syndrome and nasal
obstruction. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(6):825–7. https://doi.
org/10.5664/jcsm.6626.
6. Baugh AD, Wooten W, Chapman B, Drake AF, Vaughn
BV. Sleep characteristics in Goldenhar syndrome. Int J Pediatr
Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(3):356–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijporl.2014.12.024.
7. Kaban LB, Bouchard C, Troulis MJ.Management of pediatric
TMJ ankylosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:1966–78.
8. Cohen MM Jr. Perspectives on craniofacial anomalies, syndromes and other disorders. In: Lin KY, Ogle RC, Jane JA,
editors. Craniofacial surgery: science and surgical techniques.
Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002. p.3–38.
9. Obstructive sleep apnea. In: Miloro M, Kilokythas A, editors.
Management of complications in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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10. Sher AE, Shprintzen RJ, Thorpy MJ. Endoscopic observations
of obstructive sleep apnea in children with anomalous upper airways: predictive and therapeutic value. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;11:135–46.
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293
Miniscrew-Assisted Maxillary
Expansion Techniques
forTreatment ofObstructive
Sleep Apnea
AudreyJung-SunYoon, StanleyYung-ChuanLiu,
andChristian Guilleminault
Contents
20.1 Introduction – 294
20.2 Dierent Designs ofMiniscrew- Assisted/Bone-Anchored
Rapid Maxillary Expanders – 294
20
20.3 Installation of Miniscrew-Assisted Maxillary Expanders – 296
20.4 Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary Expansion (DOME)
Protocol – 296
20.4.1 Custom Design andInstallation ofExpanders – 296
20.4.2 Surgical Technique (DOME) – 298
20.4.3 Activation ofExpander andOrthodontic Treatment – 298
20.4.4 Consolidation Phase – 299
20.4.5 Determining theAmount ofExpansion – 299
20.4.6 Retention andRelapse – 300
20.5 Case Result ofDOME – 300
20.6 Discussion – 301
References – 303
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. B. Kim et al. (eds.), Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54146-0_20

294
A. J.-S. Yoon et al.
20
20.1 Introduction
An important element of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
pathophysiology involves risk factors created by the
maxillofacial and oropharyngeal anatomy [1]. Maxillary
constriction is associated with alterations in tongue posture resulting in retroglossal airway narrowing which is
one of the dening characteristics of OSA [1]. Maxillary
constriction with a high arch palate appears to be one of
reasons for high nasal airway resistance and this transverse deciency of the maxilla is associated as a potential contributor to the development of OSA [2].
In the pediatric population with patent sutural junctions, rapid maxillary expansion (RME) corrects the
transverse discrepancy of the hypoplastic maxilla by
bony expansion along the mid-palatal and circummaxillary sutures. Overall, there is an increased nasal cavity
volume and resultant decrease in nasal airow resistance
[3]. Expansion also widens the distance between dilator
muscles of the upper airway. The soft tissue sequela of
maxillary expansion is allowing the tongue to protrude
forward and upward, thus expanding the posterior pharyngeal airway space [4]. Therefore, RME is an effective
treatment for OSA in patients with maxillary constriction [5]. In a 12-year follow-up study, Pirelli has conrmed stable, long-term results post-RME treatment for
pediatric OSA [6].
In children, maxillary widening often does not
require surgical intervention since the mid-palatal suture
is still patent; the maxilla is widened simply by placing a
RME appliance in the palate anchored to the teeth.
Biologically, fusion of the mid-palatal suture occurs
during the early teens and often coincides with the
pubertal growth spurt [7]. Any attempts to expand the
maxilla after the sutures have fused often incorporate
surgical osteotomy to facilitate expansion. Even so, the
expanders still exert lateralizing forces on the dentition,
and expansion forces tend to concentrate more on the
supporting dental segments rather than the mid-palate
or nasal oor. In 1964, a study by Krebs on orthopedic
transverse modication demonstrated that expansion is
50% skeletal and 50% dental in younger children while
the percentage dramatically changes to 35% skeletal and
65% dental in adolescents [8]. Over the years, there have
been many RME design modications to minimize dental side effects while maximizing skeletal expansion.
With the introduction of temporary skeletal attachments, bone miniscrews can be placed in the maxilla to
secure a RME appliance such that it can directly apply
forces to the maxilla, effectively bypassing teeth as
anchor units. This creates new avenues of maxillary
expansion even if no teeth are present and avoids any
undesirable tooth movement. This new group of
miniscrew- anchored maxillary expanders can attain
greater physiologic suture expansion, minimize negative dentoalveolar iatrogenic effects, and achieve maximum nasal expansion as compared to conventional
RME [9, 10].
Even with creative efforts to transfer lateral forces of
RME expansion screw directly to the maxillary bone,
the success of suture split and skeletal expansion without osteotomy is not always predictable in the adult
OSA population. To increase the success of maxillary
skeletal expansion, Yoon, Liu, and Guilleminault have
developed the “Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary
Expansion (DOME) protocol for adult OSA patients
which integrates minimally invasive osteotomies with
miniscrew-anchored maxillary RME [11]. This establishes much more predictable skeletal expansion results
and more importantly reliable OSA improvements [12].
In this chapter, various miniscrew-anchored RME
expansion designs and techniques for the treatment of
OSA are introduced with or without corticotomy in
order to achieve maximum improvement of OSA.
20.2 Dierent Designs ofMiniscrew-
Assisted/Bone-Anchored Rapid
Maxillary Expanders
There are numerous designs of bone-anchored expanders that can be applied in OSA maxillary expansion
cases: bar type, multiple miniscrew-supported expander,
acrylic supporting design, hybrid design, customized
“specic to patient” design (. Fig.20.1).
The advantages and disadvantages of each design
type are listed in . Table20.1.
There are reports that some of these expanders are
sufcient to overcome sutural tension without surgery
and can be a practical alternative to surgically assisted
rapid palatal expansion in specic cases especially for
teenagers and young adults. However, the most reliable
and effective technique is still introducing site-specic
osteotomies with a bone-anchored expander to minimize iatrogenic dental and periodontal damage in the
older adult OSA population [13, 14].

ab
Miniscrew-Assisted Maxillary Expansion Techniques forTreatment ofObstructive Sleep Apnea
295
20
c
d
e
f
. Fig. 20.1 Different types of miniscrew-assisted maxillary
expander. a Bar type. b Multiple miniscrew-supported expander. c
Acrylic supporting design. d Hybrid design (combination of toothand bone-anchored expander). e & f Customized designs; any cus-
tom combination of numbers of bone screws, location of screws, and
different design of jackscrews specic to the shape and thickness of
palate

296
A. J.-S. Yoon et al.
20
20.3 Installation of Miniscrew-Assisted
Maxillary Expanders
The surgeon usually places the miniscrews or certain
types of expanders such as the bar-type expander
(. Fig.20.2) [15].
The RME device is traditionally placed by the
orthodontist prior to surgery. Different designs have
varying protocols for installation depending on the type
. Table 20.1 The advantages and disadvantages of each
design type of miniscrew-assisted maxillary expanders
Design Advantage Disadvantage
Bar type
5 KLS Martin
RPE
5 TPD
(Transpalatal
distractor)
Multiple
miniscrewsupported
expander
Acrylic base
reinforced with
four miniscrews
5 C-expander
5 Pre-fabricated
design
5 Same day
appointment
process (no lab
work necessary)
5 Can be inserted
in areas with
very narrow
palate
5 Can choose
design with
miniscrew
anchors on the
side of palate or
secured on roof
of palate
5 Can be
custom-made to
individual
5 No teeth
involvement to
avoid any dental
periodontal
damage
5 Cost-effective
5 Fabricated
in-house
5 Easy
refabrication for
second expander
5 Can be
custom-made to
individual
5 Able to insert
very narrow
palate
5 No teeth
involvement to
avoid any dental
periodontal
damage
5 Technique-sensitive:
Screw needs to be
placed at a
non-favorable angle
5 Difcult to position–
must be parallel to
expansion vector to
avoid asymmetric
expansion
5 Only single point
contact on each side
resulting in more
concentrated forces
during expansion
5 High cost of
fabrication
5 High cost of
components
5 Multiple piece
fabrication
5 Process requires
multiple
appointments to
complete
5 Technique-sensitive
5 Difcult to remove
miniscrews after use
5 Potential for food
trap, especially
surface area junction
between acrylic and
contact with surface
of palatal tissue
5 Multiple
appointmentprocess
(continued)
. Table 20.1 (continued)
Design Advantage Disadvantage
Hybrid design:
2 molar bands+2
miniscrews
5 Hybrid hyrax
(Ludwig
Design)
Hybrid design:
2 molar bands+4
miniscrews
5 MSE
(maxillary
skeletal
expander)
5 Easy to insert
and remove
miniscrews
5 Reduced
inventory
5 Can be
custom-made to
individual
5 Easy
refabrication for
second expander
5 High success
rate of
mid-palatal
suture splits on
young adults
5 Pre-fabricated
design of
jackscrew
including
miniscrew
insertion holes
5 Easy to insert
and remove
miniscrews
5 Simple technique
5 High success
rate of
mid-palatal
suture splits on
young adults
5 High cost of
fabrication
5 High cost of
components
5 Multiple piece
fabrication
5 Multiple appointment
process
5 Too bulky to insert
into very narrow
palate
5 High cost of
fabrication
5 High cost of
component
5 Multiple appointment
process
5 Jackscrews are too
big for very narrow
palate
5 Location of
mini-screw insertion
into bone are limited
and dictated by the
pre-fabricated holes
of expander
5 Once miniscrew
anchorage fails, it is
hard to change the
location
5 Miniscrews often
penetrate through
nasal cavity
(oroantral stula)
of expander. The following are examples of designs
which are usually placed by orthodontist (. Figs.20.3
and 20.4).
20.4 Distraction Osteogenesis Maxillary
Expansion (DOME) Protocol
20.4.1 Custom Design andInstallation
ofExpanders
All pre-fabricated miniscrew-retained expanders have an
inherent limitation of where the insertion points of the
miniscrews can be located. Optimizing the placement of
one miniscrew may compromise the other miniscrews
due to irregular bone thickness and density throughout

Miniscrew-Assisted Maxillary Expansion Techniques forTreatment ofObstructive Sleep Apnea
. Fig. 20.2 Bar-type expander: transpalatal distractor (TPD). (Courtesy of Dr. Bart Vande Vannet)
297
20
. Fig. 20.3 Fabrication, insertion of acrylic-base expander (C-implant), and expansion result. (Courtesy of Dr. Seong-Hun Kim). Suture
separation was achieved without osteotomy at patient’s age of 17
the palate. To increase the success rate of expansion and
decrease potential complications (e.g., miniscrew loosening, miniscrew perforation through the maxillary
sinus, etc.), the anatomic structures (especially bone
thickness at various locations of the palate) should be
carefully mapped using 3-D cone-beam computed
tomography (CBCT) imaging to generate a customfabricated expander design. The density and thickness
of palatal bone information gained from CBCT data
provide information to identify optimal positions for
placement of screws, deciding on the proper length of
screws to use, mapping suture location, and evaluating
status of sutural fusion. Recommended placement of
miniscrews would be as close to the mid-palatal suture
as possible with the caveat that sufcient bone thickness
needs to be present. Also, bicortical engagement of the

298
A. J.-S. Yoon et al.
20
. Fig. 20.4 Installation of a hybrid-design expander (MSE) and expansion result. Suture separation was achieved without osteotomy at
patient’s age of 16
palatal roof should be ideal [16] using an optimal screw
length as measured on CT so as not to create an oroantral stula and avoid root damage. The orthodontist and
surgeon need to work closely and plan together
Fig.20.5).
(.
verify that screw threads are intact; symmetric and easy
separation of the maxilla bilaterally should be observed.
Patients with less severe OSA can be discharged on the
day of surgery, while individuals presenting with more
severe OSA should be monitored overnight as a safety
precaution. The patient may resume a regular diet within
a week.
20.4.2 Surgical Technique (DOME)
DOME begins with a limited osteotomy at the Le-Fort I
level without down-fracturing. Additional auxiliary
20.4.3 Activation ofExpander
andOrthodontic Treatment
osteotomy at the midline of the maxilla may also be performed using a piezo-electric saw and wedge. As the
suture opens, a dental central diastema develops immediately (. Fig. 20.6). The expander screw is turned to
The expander device is activated by turning some type
of axial screw, usually at an expansion rate of 0.125–
0.25mm per day. On average, a total of 8–12mm maxil-
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