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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5193_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Disclaimer for Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Manual
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Commercialization
- •References
- •References
- •3: Asensus Surgical: Senhance Surgical System
- •Asensus Surgical: Senhance Surgical System
- •Senhance System Console
- •Straight Stick Instruments
- •Articulating Instruments
- •Energy
- •Intelligent Surgical Unit
- •Advanced Intelligent Surgical Unit Features
- •Senhance Connect
- •Surgeons Console Design
- •Arm Cart Design
- •The Hugo RAS™ System
- •Robotic Arms
- •The Surgeon’s Console
- •System Tower
- •Arm Cart
- •Hugo Instruments
- •Future Developments
- •References
- •5: Versius Surgical Robot
- •Introduction
- •System Design
- •Surgeon Console
- •Disclaimers
- •The Head-Up Display (HUD)
- •Some Important Icons
- •Alarm Icons
- •Arm Modes
- •Arm Clash
- •System Connections
- •Approved Procedures
- •Some Important Safety Features
- •Conclusion
- •6: Virtual Incision: MIRA Surgical System
- •Introduction
- •The MIRA Surgical System
- •Indication
- •Additional Technical Information
- •Clinical Data
- •Telesurgery
- •Purpose
- •Adopting
- •Operationalizing
- •Standardizing
- •Lessons
- •Conclusion
- •Bibliography
- •Introduction
- •Curricula Components
- •Web-Based Training
- •Virtual Simulation
- •Bedside Skills
- •Console Training
- •Training Programs
- •Intuitive Surgical Da Vinci Curriculum
- •Robotic Training Network (RTN)
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •9: Digital Surgery
- •Introduction
- •Advanced Visualization
- •3D Visualization
- •Fluorescence-Guided Surgery
- •Augmented Reality
- •Current Implementation
- •Enhanced Instrumentation
- •Data Capture
- •Video Data
- •Data Analytics
- •Artificial Intelligence
- •Surgical Decision-Making
- •Skills Assessment
- •Patient Care
- •Automated Surgery
- •Connectivity
- •Telementoring
- •Education
- •Clinical Practice
- •Telesurgery
- •Robotic Surgical Platforms
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Foundational Knowledge
- •Practical Skills
- •Continuing Education
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Robotic Surgery Curriculum
- •Surgical Decision-Making
- •Surgical Technique
- •Operative Technique
- •Facebook™ Groups
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •12: Robotic Paraesophageal Hernia Repair
- •Postoperative Care
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnosis
- •Endoscopic Functional Luminal Imaging Probe (EndoFLIP)
- •Treatment
- •Pharmacotherapy
- •Endoscopic Treatment
- •Botulinum Toxin Injection
- •Pneumatic Dilation
- •Per-oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM)
- •Heller Myotomy
- •Operative Steps
- •Liver Retraction
- •Hiatal Dissection
- •Myotomy
- •Partial Fundoplication
- •Intraoperative Complications
- •Esophageal Perforation
- •Gastric Perforation
- •Vagal Nerve Injury
- •Postoperative Care
- •References
- •14: Robotic Esophagectomy
- •Introduction
- •Robotic-Assisted Ivor-Lewis Esophagectomy
- •Abdominal Phase
- •Thoracic Phase
- •Robotic-Assisted McKeown Esophagectomy
- •Thoracic Phase
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Local Resection: “Wedge Gastrectomy”
- •Lymphadenectomy
- •Proximal Gastrectomy
- •Distal Gastrectomy
- •Total Gastrectomy
- •Reconstruction
- •Billroth I
- •Roux-en-Y
- •Double-Tract Reconstruction
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •16: Robotic Sleeve Gastrectomy
- •Introduction
- •Operative Technique
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •17: Robotic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Patient Preparation
- •Technique (Key Operative Steps)
- •Complications
- •Early Complications
- •Late Complications
- •References
- •18: DS/SADI
- •Introduction
- •Patient Preparation
- •Surgical Technique
- •Single Anastomosis DuodenoIleal Bypass
- •Sleeve Gastrectomy
- •Bowel Measurement
- •Duodenal Dissection
- •Duodenoileostomy
- •Bowel Measurement
- •Enteroenterostomy
- •Postoperative Care
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Part I: Revisional Foregut Surgery
- •Introduction
- •Operative Principles: Robotic Revisional Foregut Surgery
- •Presurgical Care: Optimization/Prehabilitation
- •Operating Room Setup
- •Patient Positioning
- •Access/Port Placement/Liver Retraction
- •Fundoplication Takedown
- •Crural Repair
- •Mesh Reinforcement
- •Antireflux Procedure
- •Outcomes
- •Part II: Revisional Bariatric Surgery
- •Introduction
- •Preoperative Assessment
- •Setup
- •Access/Port Placement/Liver Retraction
- •Surgical Technique
- •Outcomes
- •References
- •20: Robotic Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) Inguinal Hernia Repair
- •Introduction
- •Preoperative Evaluation
- •Robotic TAPP
- •Instrumentation
- •Dissection
- •Mesh
- •Closure
- •Special Cases
- •Acute Presentation
- •Common Complications
- •Chronic Pain
- •Recurrence
- •Testicular Ischemia
- •Mesh Infection
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Preoperative Considerations
- •Intraoperative Considerations
- •R-TAPP
- •IPOM
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •22: Complex Robotic Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
- •Background
- •Preoperative Planning
- •Botox Injection
- •Patient Selection
- •Operative Procedure
- •Patient Positioning
- •Technique
- •Hybrid Robotic Ventral Hernia Repair
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •23: Robotic Cholecystectomy
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Robotic Dissection
- •Single-Port Robotic Cholecystectomy
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Robotic Liver Resection
- •Patient Selection
- •Positioning
- •Port Placement
- •Standard Robotic Instruments
- •Right Hepatectomy (see Video 1)
- •Falciform Dissection
- •Hilar Dissection
- •Intraoperative Ultrasound
- •Parenchymal Transection
- •Left Hepatectomy
- •Hilar Dissection
- •Pringle Maneuver
- •Left Lateral Sectionectomy
- •Right Posterior Sectionectomy
- •Segment 7 Resection
- •Segment 8 Resection
- •Robotic Biliary Reconstruction
- •Choledochal Cyst
- •Bile Duct Injury
- •Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •25: Robotic-Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple)
- •Robotic Whipple
- •Patient Selection
- •Operative Steps
- •Supra-pancreatic/Hilar Dissection
- •Uncinate Dissection
- •Reconstruction Phase
- •Final Steps
- •Vascular Resections
- •Postoperative Care
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •26: Right Hemicolectomy
- •Introduction
- •Indications
- •Preparation
- •Patient Positioning
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Background
- •Indications
- •Operation Steps
- •Left Hemicolectomy
- •Total Colectomy
- •Learning Curve
- •Future Directions
- •Suprapubic Approach
- •Single-Site Robotic Surgery
- •da Vinci SP® Surgical System
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •28: Low Anterior Resection
- •Background
- •Learning Curve
- •Training Program
- •Genitourinary Function
- •Preoperative Planning
- •Operative Procedure
- •Room Setup
- •Patient Positioning
- •Technique
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •29: Robotic Lateral Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
- •Introduction
- •Pertinent Anatomy
- •Patient Positioning
- •Right Adrenalectomy
- •Port Placement
- •Technique
- •Left Adrenalectomy
- •Port Placement
- •Technique
- •Postoperative Care
- •Limitations
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Operative Room Setup
- •Patient Position
- •Surgical Procedure
- •Step 1: Working Space
- •Step 3: Console Time
- •Discussion
- •References
- •31: Robotic Pulmonary Lobectomy
- •Current Evidence
- •Surgical Technique
- •Right-Sided Resections
- •Right Upper Lobectomy
- •Right Lower Lobectomy
- •Right Middle Lobectomy
- •Left-Sided Resections
- •Left Lower Lobectomy
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •32: Robotic-Assisted Cardiac Surgery
- •Introduction
- •Robotic-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass
- •Operative Technique
- •Outcomes
- •Robotic-Assisted TECAB
- •Hybrid Coronary Revascularization (HCR)
- •Robotic-Assisted Mitral Valve Surgery
- •Patient Selection
- •Outcomes
- •Robotic Aortic Valve Replacement
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •33: Mediastinal Procedures
- •Introduction
- •Anterior Mediastinal Mass Example Case Scenario
- •Anterior Mediastinal Mass Excision Operative Steps
- •Middle Mediastinal Mass Example Case Scenario
- •Middle Mediastinal Cyst Excision Operative Steps
- •Posterior Mediastinal Mass Case Scenario
- •Patient Positioning
- •Posterior Mediastinal Mass Excision Operative Steps
- •Summary
- •References
- •34: Liver Transplantation
- •Introduction
- •Robotic Donor Hepatectomy
- •Patient Selection
- •Positioning
- •Port Placement
- •Instruments
- •Adjunct Robotic Instruments
- •Right Donor Hepatectomy
- •Falciform Dissection
- •Hilar Dissection
- •Demarcation
- •Parenchymal Transection
- •“Rubber Band” Retraction Technique
- •Parenchymal Transection
- •Closure
- •Left Donor Hepatectomy
- •Hilar Dissection
- •Demarcation
- •Parenchymal Transection
- •“Rubber Band” Retraction Technique
- •Parenchymal Transection

10 Navigating Resources forAspiring andExperienced Robotic Surgeons
113
d. American Urological Association (AUA) Robotic Surgery Courses
These include hands-on workshops and courses specically designed for urological surgeons interested in robotic-assisted surgery. [25]
e. Da Vinci Training Passport
A wide-ranging set of training courses focusing on furthering technical knowledge as well as skills through hands-on lab work. This program also included a
proctoring series where surgeons can get one-on-one coaching from experienced
robotic surgeons. [26]
Professional Communities andNetworking
1. Professional organizations
Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)
i. The society strives on developing and promoting standards, guidelines, and
best practices in robotic surgery through many different methods, including
courses, guidelines, and library of robotic surgery content. [27]
Society of Robotic Surgery (SRS)
ii. A global organization dedicated to advancement of robotic surgery with
yearly annual meetings to educate and further develop best practices among
robotic surgeons. [28]
European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES)
iii. A global community of surgeons in Europe and beyond that focuses on endo-
scopic and minimally invasive surgery, including robotic surgery with educational programs and conferences. [29]
2. Social Media and Networking
a. LinkedIn Groups
Groups such as “Robotic Surgery Network,” “Surgical Innovation and
Robotics,” and many other provide a great platform for networking among various surgeons. [30]
b. Facebook Groups
Groups such as “Robotic Surgery Discussion Groups,” “Robotic Surgery—
Clinical Cases and Discussion,” and others are typically private groups where surgeons and healthcare professionals share experiences, ask questions, and discuss
robotic surgery techniques and technologies. [31]

114
Y. Taghikhan and A. Sarin
c. X (Formerly Known as Twitter)
Ability to interact with robotic surgeons from all over the globe in order to gain
insight into the latest robotic advancement. [32]
@roboticsurgery: an example of a Twitter handle that shares news, research
updates, and developments in the eld of robotic surgery.
#RoboticSurgery: A popular hashtag where users share articles, research, and
discussions related to robotic surgery.
#MinimallyInvasiveSurgery: a broader hashtag that often includes posts about
robotic surgery as part of the minimally invasive surgery community.
d. Reddit- r/Surgery
An online community where surgeons discuss many topics, including robotics
surgery. A platform for sharing, exchanging ideas, and seeking advice from peers in
the eld. [33]
Continuing Education
Many of the previously mentioned societies such as SAGES offer opportunities
through meetings, online content, and courses for physicians to earn CMEs. Below
are highlights of some lesser-known CME opportunities for aspiring and current
robotic surgeons.
Continuing Medical Education Opportunities
a. American College of Surgeons (ACS)
Offer CME-accredited robotic surgery courses as well as grand round series on
robotics and surgical education. [34]
b. Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons (SLS)
A multispecialty society that offers an open forum for surgeons interested in
robotics and minimally invasive surgery. They offer education recordings that qualify for CME credits in many specialties. [35]
c. Master of Science in Robotic Surgery (Advent Health University)
This program offers a master’s degree within 2years to physicians (attendings,
residents, and fellows) in robotic surgery. The program includes both self-study and
in-person coursework focusing on a variety of surgical subspecialties such as bariatrics, thoracic, and urology. [36]

10 Navigating Resources forAspiring andExperienced Robotic Surgeons
115
d. Annual SSF Robotics Course
An annual symposium with target audience of neurological and orthopedic surgeons covering the latest topics on robotic surgery within each respective eld. [37]
e. Mayo Clinic Advanced Surgical Technologies and Robotics
An annual symposium that focuses on the latest updates on robotic and other
technological healthcare advances through expert presentations and panel discussions. [38]
Conclusion
As the eld of robotic surgery continues to advance, so does the wealth of resources
available to surgeons. It is imperative for surgeons to continue to seek out new
resources to further their foundational knowledge and enhance their practical skills.
Many of these resources were covered in this chapter from books and journals to
social media and networking opportunities. Each resource helps novice and experienced surgeons enhance their expertise to stay at the forefront of robotic surgery
eld and improve patient outcomes while advancing in their careers.
References
1. Gharagozloo F, Patel VR, Giulianotti PC, Poston R, Gruessner R, Meyer M, editors. Robotic
surgery. Cham: Springer; 2021. [Crossref]
2. Novitsky YW. Atlas of robotic general surgery E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2021.
[Crossref]
3. Costello T.Principles and practice of robotic surgery – E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences;
2023. [Crossref]
4. Kroh M, Chalikonda S.Springerlink (Online service. Essentials of robotic surgery). Cham:
Springer; 2015. [Crossref]
5. Fong Y, Erhunmwunsee L, Pigazzi A, Podolsky D, Portenier DD.Robotic general surgery.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2024. [Crossref]
6. Journal of Robotic Surgery [Internet]. SpringerLink; 2024. [Crossref]
7. Wiley Online Library. Wiley online library | Scientic research articles, journals, books, and
reference works [Internet]. Wiley.com. 2019. [Crossref]
8. Sage Journals. SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class research journals [Internet].
Sagepub.com. 2023. [Crossref]
9. Annals of Surgery [Internet]. Lww.com. 2024. [Crossref]
10. Surgical Endoscopy [Internet]. SpringerLink. [Crossref]
11. SAGES Manuals– SAGES [Internet]. SAGES. 2023. [Crossref]
12. WebSurg, the online university of IRCAD [Internet]. websurg.com. [Crossref]
13. SCORE | General Surgery Resident Curriculum Portal [Internet]. Surgicalcore.org. 2019.
[Crossref]

116
14. A Post-operative Surgical Insights Platform | C-SATS. C-SATS [Internet]. C-SATS. 2021.
[Crossref]
15. Intuitive.com. 2023. [Crossref] [Crossref]
16. The Global Robotic Assisted Surgery Platform (GRASP) [Internet]. Global Robotic Assisted
Surgery Platform. 2024. [Crossref]
17. Behind The Knife: The Premier Surgery Podcast | Surgical Education [Internet]. behindthek-
nife.org. 2024. [Crossref]
18. Journal of Medical Insight | Peer-Reviewed Surgical Videos for Video-Based Surgical
Education [Internet]. Journal of Medical Insight. [Crossref]
19. CSurgeries [Internet]. CSurgeries. 2024. [Crossref]
20. GIBLIB [Internet]. Giblib.com. 2024. [Crossref]
21. Medical training simulation in virtual reality | Surgical Science [Internet]. Surg Sci. 2017.
[Crossref]
22. SAGES Robotics Residents and Fellows Courses – SAGES [Internet]. SAGES. 2024.
[Crossref]
23. Course specialties– IRCAD [Internet]. IRCAD. 2023. [Crossref]
24. Robotics– APDCRS [Internet]. Apdcrs.org. 2023. [Crossref]
25. AUA Annual Meeting [Internet]. Auanet.org. 2024. [Crossref]
26. Da Vinci Training Passport [Internet]. [Crossref]
27. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) [Internet].
SAGES. 2013. [Crossref]
28. Society of Robotic Surgery | SRS [Internet]. Society of Robotic Surgery | SRS. [Crossref]
29. Robotics subcommittee– EAES [Internet]. EAES. 2024. [Crossref]
30. LinkedIn. LinkedIn [Internet]. LinkedIn. 2024. [Crossref]
31. Facebook [Internet]. Facebook. 2019. [Crossref]
32. x.com [Internet]. X (formerly Twitter). [Crossref]
33. Reddit. reddit [Internet]. reddit. 2019. [Crossref]
34. Robotics and Surgical Education [Internet]. ACS. [Crossref]
35. Education SLS [Internet]. Sls.org. 2024. [Crossref]
36. Online Master of Science in Robotic Surgery [Internet]. AdventHealth University. [Crossref]
37. 9th Annual SSF Robotics Course 2024– Seattle Science Foundation CME – Continuing
Education (CE) [Internet]. Cloud- cme.com. 2024. [Crossref]
38. Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development [Internet]. Mayo.edu. 2019.
[Crossref]
Y. Taghikhan and A. Sarin

Part III
Masters Program

Overview ofSAGES Masters Program
11
DanielB.Jones, BrianP.Jacob, andLindaSchultz
The SAGES Masters Program organizes educational materials along clinical pathways into discrete blocks of content that could be accessed by a surgeon attending
the SAGES annual meeting or by logging into the online SAGES University
(Fig.11.1) [1]. SAGES Masters Program has 12 pathways: Acute Care Surgery,
Bariatric, Biliary, Colorectal, Flexible Edoscopy, Foregut, Hernia, Leadership &
Professional Development, Liver, Pancreas, Robotics, Solid Organ. Flexible
Endoscopy, and Robotic Surgery (Fig.11.2). Each pathway is divided into three
levels of targeted performance: Competency, Prociency, and Mastery (Fig.11.3).
The levels originate from the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition [2], which has ve
stages: novice, advanced beginner, competency, prociency, and expertise. The
SAGES Masters Program is based on the three more advanced stages of skill acquisition: competency, prociency, and expertise. Competency is dened as what a
graduating general surgery chief resident or MIS fellow should be able to achieve;
Prociency is what a surgeon approximately 3years out from training should be
able to accomplish; and Mastery is what more experienced surgeons should be able
to accomplish after seven or more years in practice. Mastery is applicable to SAGES
surgeons seeking in-depth knowledge in a pathway, including the following: areas
of controversy, outcomes, best practice, and ability to mentor colleagues. Over time,
with the utilization of coaching and participation in SAGES courses, this level
should be obtainable by the majority of SAGES members. This edition of the
D. B. Jones (*)
Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
e-mail: dj477@njms.rutgers.edu
B. P. Jacob
Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount, Sinai, NY, USA
L. Schultz
Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Los Angeles, CA, USA
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025
S. Samreen et al. (eds.), The SAGES Manual of Robotic Surgery,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86927-3_11
119

120
Fig. 11.1 Masters
Program logo
Fig. 11.2 Masters
Program clinical pathways
D. B. Jones et al.
ACUTE CARE SURGERY
BARIATRIC
BILIARY
COLORECTAL
FLEXIBLE EDOSCOPY
FOREGUT
HERNIA
LEADERSHIP & PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
LIVER
PANCREAS
ROBOTICS
SOLID ORGAN

11 Overview ofSAGES Masters Program
Fig. 11.3 Masters Program progression
Table 11.1 Robotic curriculum
Curriculum elements Competency
Anchoring procedure—Competency 2
CORE LECTURE 1
CORE MCE 70% 1
Annual meeting content 8
Guidelines 1
SA CME hours 6
Sentinel articles 2
Social media 2
Hands-on robotic prociency verication 12
Credits 35
Curriculum elements Prociency
Anchoring procedure—Prociency 2
CORE LECTURE 1
CORE MCE 70% 1
Annual meeting content 5
FUSE 12
Outcomes database enrollment 2
SA CME hours (ASMBS electives, SAGES or SAGES-endorsed) 3
Sentinel articles 2
Social media 2
Credits 30
Curriculum elements Mastery
Anchoring procedure—Mastery 2
CORE LECTURE 1
CORE MCE 70% 1
Annual meeting content 3
Fundamentals of surgical coaching 4
Outcomes database reporting 2
SA CME credits (ASMBS electives, SAGES or SAGES-endorsed) 5
Sentinel articles 2
Serving as video assessment reviewer and providing feedback (FSC) 4
Social media 6
Credits 30
121
SAGES Manual—Robotic Surgery aligns with the current version of the new
SAGES University Masters Program Robotic Surgery pathway (Table11.1).

122
D. B. Jones et al.
Robotic Surgery Curriculum
The Robotic Curriculum is a little different from the other SAGES Masters Program
pathways. To complete the robotic pathway, a robotic surgeon should complete
requirements in the corresponding pathway. For example, for successful completion of the Robotic Competency Curriculum for Hernia, the learner should be able
to demonstrate a robotic ventral hernia for competency, a robotic inguinal hernia
for prociency, and a robotic complex abdominal wall reconstruction or a recurrent
hernia repair to accomplish mastery. This recognizes the importance of understanding disease and also unique technical expertise of mastering the robot
technology.
The key elements of the Robotic Surgery curriculum include core lectures for the
pathway, which provides a 45-min general overview, including basic anatomy,
physiology, diagnostic workup, and surgical management. As of 2018, all lecture
content of the annual SAGES meetings are labeled as follows: basic (100), intermediate (200), and advanced (300). This allows attendees to choose lectures that best
t their educational needs. Coding the content additionally facilitates online retrieval
of specic educational material, with varying degrees of surgical complexity, ranging from introductory to revisional surgery.
SAGES identified the need to develop targeted, complex content for its
mastery- level curriculum. The idea was that these 25-min lectures would be
focused on specific topics. It assumes that the attendee already has a good
understanding of diseases and management from attending/watching competency and proficiency- level lectures. Ideally, in order to supplement a chosen
topic, the mastery lectures would also identify key prerequisite articles from
Surgical Endoscopy and other journals, in addition to SAGES University videos. Many of these lectures will be forthcoming at future SAGES annual
meetings.
The Masters Program has a self-assessment, multiple-choice exam for each module to guide learner progression throughout the curriculum. Questions are submitted
by core lecture speakers and SAGES annual meeting faculty. The goal of the questions is to use assessment for learning, with the assessment being criterion referenced with the percent correct set at 80%. Learners will be able to review incorrect
answers, review educational content, and retake the examination until a passing
score is obtained.
The Masters Program Robotic Surgery curriculum taps much of the of
SAGES existing educational products including FLS, FES, FUSE, SMART, Top
21 videos, and Pearls (Fig.11.4). The Curriculum Task Force has placed the
aforementioned modules along a continuum of the curriculum pathway. For
example, FLS, in general, occurs during the Competency Curriculum, whereas
the Fundamental Use of Surgical Energy (FUSE) is usually required during the
Prociency Curriculum. The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) is a
multiple-choice exam and a skills assessment conducted on a video box trainer.
Tasks include peg transfer, cutting, intracorporeal and extracorporeal suturing,
and knot tying. Since 2010, FLS has been required of all US general surgery

11 Overview ofSAGES Masters Program
123
Fig. 11.4 SAGES educational content: FLS, FUSE, FES, SMART, Top 21 videos
residents seeking to sit for the American Board of Surgery qualifying examinations. The Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery (FES) assesses endoscopic
knowledge and technical skills in a simulator. FUSE teaches about the safe use
of energy devices in the operating room and is available at FUSE.didactic.org.
After learners complete the self-paced modules, they may take the certifying
examination.
The SAGES Surgical Multimodal Accelerated Recovery Trajectory (SMART)
Initiative combines minimally invasive surgical techniques with enhanced recovery
pathways (ERPs) for perioperative care, with the goal of improving outcomes and
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