Практикум по развитию кросскультурного взаимодействия студентов транспортного факультета. Учебное пособие
.pdf4 Lesson 4 Safety system of travelling through tunnels in the
USA
Exercise 4.1 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
1)bottleneck – узкий проход, проезд
2)fixture - арматура
3)to be aware of - знать
4)hazard – опасность, опасный
5)velocity - скорость
6)acceleration - ускорение
7)smoothly - плавно
8)rush-hour – час пик
9)appropriate – соответствующий, подходящий
10)whereby – посредством чего (которой)
11)instantaneous - мгновенный
12)treadle - педаль
13)rabbit – световой зайчик, бегущий луч
14)to keep track of - проследить
15)semi-automated system – полуавтоматическая система
16)highway – автомагистраль, шоссе.
Exercise 4.2 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention
to the principal forms
1)to pace (-ed, -ed) – проводить, пропускать
2)to propose (-ed, -ed) - предлагать
3)to envision (-ed, -ed) – представлять себе, воображать
4)to lead (led, led) – вести, руководить
5)to line (-ed, -ed) – выстраивать рядами
6)to flash (-ed, -ed) – сверкать, вспыхивать
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7)to guide (-ed, -ed) - руководить
8)to slow (-ed, -ed) - замедлять
9)to indicate (-ed, -ed) – показывать, указывать
10)to keep (kept, kept) – сохранять, держать
11)to assign (-ed, -ed) – предназначать, определять
12)to respond (-ed, -ed) – реагировать.
13)to forecast (forecast, forecast) – предвидеть, прогнозировать
14)to bury (buried, buried) – прятать
Exercise 4.3 Form nouns using different suffixes and prefixes
To propose, to research, to move, to drive, to approach, to space, to forecast, to design, to guide, to program /me, to investigate, to calculate, to pace, to lead, to appear, to aid, to connect, to maintain.
Exercise 4.4 Compare the pairs of verbs. Translate them paying attention
to adverbs (out, down, on, by, etc.) Consult a dictionary
1)to figure – to figure out (to understand)
2)to break – to break down
3)to break – to break off
4)to break – to break out
5)to break – to break up
6)to put – to put on
7)to put – to put aside
8)to put – to put out
9)to put – to put over
10)to put – to put about
11)to slow – to slow down
12)to rush – to rush by.
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Exercise 4.5 Give a) synonyms b) antonyms the following words
a)hazard, to be aware of, velocity, to aid, appropriate, to figure out, to control, motorist, to defect
b)slow, ahead, to be aware of, appropriate, best, light.
Exercise 4.6 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Subjunctive Mood
1.The researches envision lights that would move along the roadside.
2.Moving lights would help motorists to maintain appropriate speed.
3.The central computer would calculate whether each auto should be driven faster or slower.
4.If a car broke down, the system would detect this and slow down or stop all lights behind that car.
Exercise 4.7 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to different use of should
and would
1.She felt certain that if she refused he would make some scene.
2.She talked a little about the old days and asked if I would come to the party.
3.They had heard that he would never be quite well again.
4.Then I thought about mother. She would certainly ask me where I had been
all day.
5.She began to consider how she should face her family.
6.It was not easy to see what to do about Jack, and someone proposed that he should come and stay with us.
7.They expected that the minister would interview him.
8.It was unlikely that he would take any steps against his brother.
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Exercise 4.8 Read and translate the text
Safety system of traveling through tunnels in the USA Traffic “rabbits” proposed by Westinghouse researcher
Traffic "rabbits” to pace motorists through tunnels and similar
bottlenecks have been proposed by Westinghouse researchers. They envision lights
that would move along the roadside to |
lead drivers |
quicklу |
through tunnels, somewhat like mechanical rabbits |
leading dogs |
on race |
tracks. |
|
|
Tunnels and their approaches would be lined with rows of lamps or fixtures spaced two or three feet apart. Each lamp would flash as a car approach it, giving the driver the appearance of a single light always moving just ahead of his car. A central computer "brain" connected to each light would be aware of all hazards in a tunnel, and would know the position, velocity and acceleration of every car at every moment. Motorists would be guided more smoothly, safely and quickly than they can drive unaided, especially in rush-hour or holiday week-end traffic. Drivers tend to slow down in tunnels because walls rushing by make their velocity seem to be greater than it really is. Moving lights would help motorists to maintain appropriate speed. A scheme has been designed whereby the computer could get instantaneous information about traffic conditions in a tunnel, and could control sequentially flashed lights to indicate to each driver his best speed and best distance from the car ahead.
The computer would be programmed to figure out best speed and distance from data provided by field investigations of driver capabilities. Detecting devices - perhaps treadles or radar - all along the tunnel would keep track of every car. The central computer would calculate whether each auto should be driven faster or slower, and change the speed of its assigned light accordingly. If a car broke down or its driver put on the brakes in a tunnel, the system would detect this and slow down or stop all lights behind that car, so all drivers would know the situation at once. The driver would be able to respond more quickly to a light, and changes in motion of the car.
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This semi-automated system might be a step toward completely automated highways of the future, when, according to some forecasters, cars will be driven by electronic signals from transmitters buried in the road.
Exercise 4.9 Answer the questions
1.What has been proposed by Westinghouse researchers?
2.How are tunnels and their approaches supposed to be lined?
3.What device will be aware of all hazards in a tunnel?
4.How would motorists be guided?
5.What scheme has been designed?
6.What would the system do if a car driver put on the brakes in a tunnel?
7.What could the semi-automated system lead to?
Exercise 4.10 Think of some questions to the following answers
1.Westinghouse researchers.
2.Like mechanical rabbits leading dogs on race-tracks.
3.Spaced two or three feet apart.
4.A central computer.
5.In rush-hours.
6.To maintain appropriate speed.
7.To figure out best speed and distance.
8.Perhaps treadles or radars.
Exercise 4.11 Speak about traffic rabbits in the USA
Exercise 4.12 Find through Internet some information about traffic rabbits in our country. Describe these devices in English
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5 Lesson 5 Methanol instead of gasoline?
Exercise 5.1 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
1)fuel - топливо
2)spark-ignition engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
3)petroleum - нефть
4)preliminary - предварительный
5)to be underway – быть на стадии разработки
6)domestic sources – домашние источники (отходы)
7)in the long term – в перспективе
8)efficiency – коэффициент полезного действия
9)currently, at present – в настоящее время
10)advantage - преимущество
11)explosive mixture – взрывная смесь
12)volatility – летучесть, быстрое испарение
13)invisible flame – невидимое пламя
14)cold starting aids – охлаждающие вспомогательные средства при запуске
(двигателя)
15)blend, mixture - смесь
16)adverse effect – отрицательное воздействие
17)solvent - растворитель
18)corrosion inhibitors – антикоррозийные вещества
19)no matter (how, where, etc) – неважно (как, где и т.д.)
20)insurmountable – непреодолимый
Exercise 5.2 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention
to the principal forms
1)to ignite (-ed, -ed) – зажигать, воспламенять
2)to regard (-ed, -ed) – расценивать, рассматривать
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3)to use (-ed, -ed) - использовать
4)to call (-ed, -ed) - называть
5)to run (ran, run) - бежать, работать (о двигателе)
6)to cost (cost, cost) - стоить
7)to expect (-ed, -ed) - ожидать
8)to increase (-ed, -ed) - увеличивать
9)to burn (burnt, burnt) - гореть
10)to compare (-ed, -ed) - сравнивать
11)to exist (-ed, -ed) - существовать
12)to pursue (-ed, -ed) – преследовать, гнаться
13)to foresee (foresaw, foreseen) - предвидеть
Exercise 5.3 Form verbs using suffixes –ate, -ute, -en, -fy, -ify, ize. Translate them production, indication, regulation, short, black, wide, pure, intense, false, communication, character, crystal, sympathy
Exercise 5.4 Compare the pairs of verbs. Translate them paying attention to adverbs (out, down, off, for, through, etc) Consult a dictionary
To go – to go after, to go on, to go through with, to go in for
To cool – to cool down (off)
To call – to call off, to call up, to call for
To run – to run out, to run down, to run through
To burn – to burn down
To get – to get up, to get ahead, to get out, to get through
Exercise 5.5 Give (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms to the words
a)to call, to produce, expensive, blend, to aid, currently
b)to appear, advantage, to increase, visible, low.
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Exercise 5.6 Translate some word combinations containing nouns attributes
World petroleum supply, test and demonstration programs, methanol-gasoline blend use, existing vehicle fuel systems, increased methanol production base, pure methanol fuel system, emissions and safety regulations procedures, pure methanolfueled engine.
Exercise 5.7 Translate the sentences containing the infinitive in different
functions
1.The greatest thing going for methanol seems to be the fact that it can be produced from domestic sources.
2.Although production of methanol is currently more costly than gasoline that disadvantage is expected to disappear as production increases.
3.In his talk with my father the visitor was heard to mention some accident.
4.He was known to be writing a book about the war.
5.I feet it somewhat unwise to picture the subject.
6.It is quite possible to have different views on the same issue.
7.He was very tired and it took an effort to get out of the car.
8.It never occurred to me to compare the two cars.
9.On such a day something was sure to happen.
10.All he wanted was for me to get out of his sight.
11.To understand all is to forget all.
Exercise 5.8 Read and translate the text
Methanol instead of gasoline?
The use of methanol as a fuel for spark-ignition engines is not a new idea; but recent concerns regarding the price and world supply of petroleum are directing increasing attention to the subject. Several vehicle fleets are reporting very successful
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preliminary experiences using methanol as a fuel, and many more test and demonstration programs are underway or planned.
In general, the greatest thing going for methanol seems to be the fact that it can be produced from a wide range of domestic sources, including coal, biomass, and natural gas. In the long term there is even the possibility of manufacturing methanol from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water through a process called photocatalysis. Engines designed to run on pure methanol could have better thermal efficiency than today's gasoline engines; and designing and producing such engines would cost no more than presently. Although production of methanol is currently somewhat more costly than gasoline, that disadvantage is expected to disappear as production increases. Disadvantages of using pure methanol include the fact that it can form an explosive mixture in fuel tanks, it burns with an invisible flame, and its lower volatility will require more extensive cold starting aids compared to today's gasoline engines.
Use of methanol-gasoline blends may have adverse effects upon the metal and elastomeric parts used in existing vehicle fuel systems — the evidence is not all in yet. If gasoline containing methanol is to be used, it must be adjusted for volatility and must contain co-solvents and corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, existing vehicle designs are not designed or adjusted optimally for the methanol blends. If blends are to be used, methanol content should be limited to five per cent, and their use should be pursued only as an interim step toward the development of an increased methanol production base and ultimately a pure methanol fuel system.
No matter how methanol is used, emissions and safety regulations will have to be reviewed for compatibility, as will the fuel economy test procedures, but no insurmountable regulatory problems are foreseen. If economics are favorable, the possibility exists to have a pure methanol fueled engine and vehicle system available before the end of the century.
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Exercise 5.9 Answer the questions
1.Why is the usage of methanol as a fuel for spark – ignition engines beneficial?
2.How can it be produced?
3.What disadvantages of using pure methanol are expected to disappear as its production increases?
4.What are the disadvantages of using methanol-gasoline blends?
5.How many percent of methanol should contain such blends?
6.What are the advantages of using methanol as a fuel instead of gasoline?
Exercise 5.10 Think of some questions to the following answers
1)not a new idea.
2)the price and world supply of petroleum.
3)… underway or planned.
4)including coal and natural gas.
5)a process called photocatalysis.
6)better thermal efficiency.
7)more costly than gasoline.
8)it burns with an invisible flame
9)lower volatility
10)upon the metal and elastomeric parts.
11)before the end of the century.
Exercise 5.11 Speak about advantages and disadvantages of using methanol instead of gasoline for spark-ignition engines
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