Практикум по развитию кросскультурного взаимодействия студентов транспортного факультета. Учебное пособие
.pdfExercise Б.3 Translate the sentences
The rails are carefully inspected before they are laid in the track. The railroad line is crossed by the highway in two points. The new project was given much attention to by all newspapers. The equipment was sent for but it has not arrived yet. The ways to improve the traffic conditions were much discussed by all city organizations. Several towns will be linked by this line.
Exercise Б.4 Put the sentences in the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences
The Cherepanovs, father and son, constructed the first steam locomotive in Russia. R.K. Frolov constructed a line with cast iron rails in the Altai Mountains in 1809. R.K. Frolov used elliptical rails instead of angular ones. We are building a new highway in this region. Every year we build many new houses in Moscow. We need goods badly. People have made great progress in physics. People use cool for making artificial materials. They elected him president of the country last year. We must look into the matter.
Exercise Б.5 Define the tense in the sentences. Put the sentences in the
Passive Voice. Translate the sentences
Our country is exporting trucks which are highly reliable to many foreign countries. The new plants alone which began operating in 2000 put out over a million vehicles. The Volzhsky Motor Works released its first cars in 1970. The workers were reconstructing the plant with subsequent increase of motorcars output. They are completing the reconstruction of the plant and will increase the output of cars to 150000 vehicles a year. These workshops will manufacture three-axle trucks of high capacity (up to 8-11 tons). The designers have considered plans for lorries of 110 to 220 tons.
Exercise Б.6 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Infinitive functions
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This railway line was constructed to link central and eastern regions of the country. The train was at the station to take passengers to Moscow. The coloured light is changed to put the signal into a restrictive position. It was very important to install the block signals on all the railroads. To restrict the movement of trains at that section of line was very important at that time. The most common type of signal to indicate the position of trains is a coloured light. It was a great step forward to apply rails made of steel instead of wood. The goods to be loaded on this truck must be weighed. 9) There are instances where the amount of received traffic to be handled is planned in advance with almost mathematical precision. There was much in the system of signaling to be improved that time.
Exercise Б.7 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive Passive
A whole family of lorries is to be created at this plant. These machines are not needed now but they may be required in about ten years. The ambulance is to be specially equipped-the driver`s compartment should be isolated from the patient room by a partition. The inside body of the car is upholstered with materials that can be easily washed. A trailer mounted on wheels or skids can be pulled by the tracked vehicle. The direction indicators and warning lamp can be cancelled automatically when the car is straightened out. Spacious seats are to be easily converted into berths. Accomodating ten passengers it can be used as a route taxi. Overhead ventilation ensures a constant supply of fresh air in hot weather, while the entire saloon can be uniformly heated in cold weather. The system may be further developed to include control of the brakes to attain optimal braking effect.
Exercise Б.8 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the construction “for
+ существительное (местоимение) + infinitive”
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There is no need for us to tell you about the importance of installing the signal appliances at railroads. The most difficult task for engineers to decide before beginning to build any road is to find a proper strip of land for this purpose. The iron rails were not so durable for railroads to go on utilizing them. It was necessary for railroads to introduce an interlocking system to prevent two trains from receiving a processed signal at the same time. There is no need for a dispatcher to handle every track since centralized traffic control has been introduced. It was necessary for safety engineers to decide very complicated problems of anti brake locking system.
Exercise Б.9 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Complex Object
construction
The architects want the new lines of the Metro in Moscow to be beautiful. The engineer ordered the work to begin at once. The locomotive crew watched the signal be ahead changing. They saw the train stop at the station. The engineers wanted cab signals to be located in the locomotive cab. The extension of the lines planned in the country will enable new areas to be brought into production.
Exercise Б.10 Using Complex Object transform sentences into simple ones
(b) transform simple sentences into complex ones
All of us heard that the industrial enterprises had grown in that part of the country. The people knew that the underground was the best means of communication. We saw how the new locomotive started from the station. We know him to be a good car designer. We wanted the plan to be fulfilled in time. They saw the car stop at the entrance of the house.
Exercise Б.11 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Complex Subject
construction
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The car engineers are said to be improving a protective tires on the cars. The train is expected to come to the station at 7 o`clock. The railroad transport is considered to be the best and reliable means of communication in Russia. The efficiency coefficient of electric locomotives is stated to be much higher than that of steam locomotives. The first steam locomotive is known to be built by the Cherepanovs, father and son. The cars of the Moscow Car Building Plant were known to be used on the new routes. The scientist is expected to be invited to the conference on problems of improving the drivers` labour. The average turn-around of freight vehicles is stated to have been increased in the first half of the year. At present 12 standard types of cars of a completely new design are said to be under construction to meet the requirements of passenger service.
Exercise Б.12 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Participle forms
Grading the right-of-way to level condition, workers were preparing it for the roadbed. Being experienced workers Ivanov and his brigade laid the ballast within two days. We worked the whole day leveling the roadbed. The work of the terminal station is evaluated by the number of trains handled. Equipment moving over the track must be kept in good condition. Construction of the permanent way became easier and quicker thanks to the improvement of engineering methods. Having finished the classification a switching locomotive brings the cars to the departure tracks where they are coupled together to form a train.
Exercise Б.13 Transform complex sentences into simple ones, using
Participle forms
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When we were in St.Petersburg we visited the Hermitage Museum. As we went along the track we saw a group of workers who were discussing something. When I was going to the station I asked a man to show me the shortest way. While we were crossing the bridge we saw our teacher who was talking with an old man. A large branch which had been broken by the wind, lay across the road.
Exercise Б.14 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Participle II
The largest train hauled by a locomotive weighed 13000 tons. The heat produced is mechanically equivalent to the work done to produce it. The temperature used varied from 80 to 100 degrees. I have looked through the list of pieces sent. In one of the plants visited, the delegates were shown new types of car equipment. The quality of the goods sent is in accordance with the specification enclosed. The goods required couldn`t be shipped immediately. One of the most noticeable features of car transport development is the big increase in the quantities of freight carried. The sellers refused to reduce the prices quoted and the buyers declined the offer. Payment for the goods bought was made in Moscow.
Exercise Б.15 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to a absolute Participle
Construction
The work of Polzunov remaining unknown for more than a century, people believed that the inventor of the first engine was James Watt. The experiment having been made, everybody was interested in the results. The magazine contained a number of interesting articles, one of them being on the subject of new cars. Mendeleev being the discoverer of the Periodic Law of Elements, the table of elements bears his name. The motor being broken, the machine didn`t work. The size of trains and cars having been increased, it was necessary to increase the weight of rails.
Exercise Б.16 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Participle forms
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The running boy was seen near the railway station. The graded right-of-way was well prepared for the roadbed. We saw the graded right-of-way being prepared for the roadbed. The train having come to the station, the passengers began to depart quickly. We came up to a new warehouse prepared for transportation services. Have you ever seen a tunnel bored through a mountain? The sea resort was crowded with people making holiday and their cars. Headlamp foot switch is situated to the left of the clutch pedal. Depending on the position of the main light switch, depressing the foot switch either turn on the side lamps and the head lamp lower beam or raises and lowers the headlamp beam. The driver must conduct the car he is driving in such a manner as not to cause danger to, or obstruct the movements of another machine, be alert and keep to the route he is driving on. When making a right or left turn cars moving in the same direction or in the opposite direction have the right of way, likewise those cars making a right turn from the opposite direction.
Exercise Б.17 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Gerund forms
The locomotive left the station without having taken a sufficient quality of fuel. We insisted on the goods being loaded immediately. We left the station without having been told of the incident. I haven`t heard of his having been offered the post of director of the new plant. Be careful in crossing the road. All that January morning the telephone kept ringing in my office. In spite of the rain we went on waiting. The song was worth being recorded. He enjoyed being needed. The buyers had not the right to transfer their rights and obligations under the contract without the seller`s content being previously obtained.
Exercise Б.18 Define the functions of “-ing-forms” in the sentences.
Translate them
The Kamaz lorry is a powerful up-to-date vehicle capable of carrying 75 tons. Depending on the air pressure in the tyre, a difference is made between high-pressure
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tires and low-pressure tyres. The wear of the tyres is influenced by the driving speed and by overloading the vehicle. Before driving out see that the oil level is up to mark
“11”. If it is below this mark, take off the crankcase ventilation filter, overcoming resistance of the spring and add the necessary amount of oil. When adding oil, allow it first to flow down into the crankcase and only then check the oil level. When starting a warm engine do not use the choke. Do not start moving until the engine runs steadily with the choke valve wide open. When taking off a car stationary depress the clutch pedal and put the gear shift level into the first gear position. Air is drawn into the heater from the saloon by a fan and after being warmed in the heat exchanger, is blown onto the windscreen and the legs of the passengers. The heater uses less fuel by drawing relatively warm air from inside the car.
Exercise Б.19 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Subjunctive
Mood in Conditional sentences
If I were you I should ask the traffic superintendent about our train. I shouldn`t do it if I were you. If the crossings were done away with it would be unsafe for the people to cross the tracks. Had he received the tickets in time he would have gone with the others. If the driver had been warned of the danger by means of a signal, the accident might have been avoided.
Если бы вагон не был переполнен, мы могли бы сидеть всю дорогу. Если бы у нас была машина, мы бы встретили его. Если бы не было шоссейных дорог,
путешествовать было бы значительно трудней.
Exercise Б.20 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the verbs “should”
and “would”
The upholstery (обивка) should be practical and attractive, the dash-board- elegant, the steering wheel small. The oil level in a warm engine should be checked a few minutes after the engine is stopped. While running the proper engine temperature
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should be maintained by opening or closing the radiator shutter. The water temperature in the car should not be allowed to drop below 80°C. I wish we would get seats in the compartment. You should not have carried the suitcases yourself, the porter would have helped you. The porter said that the train would start number four platform.
Exercise Б.21 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the word “if” in
different functions
It was very difficult to push into an overcrowded bus. You can lock up the timetable in the office. It is open the whole day. It is already dark. Turn on the light. It was the Russian scientist Popov who invented the radio. The task is too complicated, make it a bit simpler. It is easy to transmit electric power and, therefore, it seems that it is more advantageous to use electric locomotives than steam ones. It has been calculated that wear and tear accounts for 70 percent of the gauges were different it was necessary for freight at all points where there was a change of gauge. 9) It is in the freight yards that the journeys of all freight trains begin and end.
Exercise Б.22 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to different functions
of the word “as”
As soon as the experiment is done, we shall see the result. As to Michurin`s teaching it is the best form of unity of theory and practice in the science of agriculture. Such instruments as thermometers and barometers can be found in any physical laboratory. My friend is an engineer, he works as chief of the laboratory at a large plant. The cars having a destination further along the railroad stay in the yard and as soon as possible are placed in outgoing trains. Substitution of steam for electricity as a motive power is economically justified. The characteristics of the first passenger cars have gradually changed so as to make them longer, lower, safer, more comfortable and convenient. Conditions in the tunnels have improved greatly as a result of electrification.
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Exercises Б.23 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to different meaning
of the words “for” and “since”
I have been reading this article since 12 o`clock. He hasn`t seen his friend since 2000. My sister left Moscow three years ago and I haven`t seen her since. Since you don`t know how to correct this mistake I`ll help you. Work is going on properly all along the line since new facilities have been installed. In a number of cases combined transport is preferable for it can speed up transportation of goods. She apologized for having kept us waiting so long. She walked along for a few minutes without saying a word. It is always easy enough to find reasons for doing nothing. It was too dark for him to see my face.
Exercises Б.24 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words “that”
and “one”
This car is much more comfortable than that one. We know that each station has at least two sets of tracks, those for incoming and outcoming trains. Pass my suitcase, please, that one to the right. That every student must have industrial training is known to everybody. 5 This line is longer than that one. There is as much load in this truck as in the other one.
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Приложение В
(справочное)
Англо-русский словарь. English Russian vocabulary
А
ability [ə'biliti] n способность accelerate [æk'seləreit] v ускорять
accident ['æksidənt] n несчастный случай, авария according to [ə'ko:diŋtə] соответственно, согласно чему-л.
account [ə'kaunt] n счет; расчет; v считать; отчитываться accountant [ə'kauntənt] n бухгалтер, счетный работник accounting [ə'kauntiŋ] n бухгалтерский учет
accuracy ['ækjurəsi] n точность, правильность acquisition [,ækwi'zi∫n] n приобретение
adhesion [əd'hi:3n] n прилипание; тех. сцепление
adjustable [ə'd3Λstəbl] а регулируемый, приспособляемый; передвижной adopt [ə'dopt] v принимать
advantage [əd'va:ntid3] n преимущество; выгода, польза air-conditioned ['εəkən'di∫nd] а кондиционированный air-craft ['εəkra:ft] n самолет; авиация
alignment [ə'lainmənt] n выравнивание; регулировка; выверка alloy ['əloi] n сплав
alternating ['o:ltə:neitiŋ] а переменный; ~ current переменный ток ambiguous [æm'bigjuəs] а сомнительный, неясный
anchorage ['æŋkərid3] n анкеровка, закрепление (пути) appliance [ə'plaiəns] n приспособление, прибор application [,æpli’kei∫n] n применение, приложение
apply [ə'plai] v применять
appropriate [ə'proupriit] a подходящий, соответствующий
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