Переводим на русский язык II сертификационный уровень. Учебное пособие

Student leader Mcebo Dlamini condemned “police brutality” but was later arrested, according to witnesses at the scene.

The fees issue reflected previous violent protests in South Africa last year, when demonstrators stormed the South African Parliament to press their message that university education in the country is too expensive, among other issues.

The President later announced that universities would not increase fees in 2016 as planned. Students celebrated, but many posting on social media said fees remained too high and worried about what would happen after 2016.

Last month, a fresh wave of protests and unrest started at universities across South Africa after the government announced fees will rise 8% next year.

Johannesburg university has been shut down for the past two weeks. It reopened this week, but the administration team at the university said in a statement issued Tuesday that a group of students made an attempt to disrupt lectures. “We have reports of two students being arrested and one student and one staff member being injured”, a further statement added. They advised staff and students not involved in the protest to stay indoors and lock the doors.

Major General Ngesi, a spokesman for the South African Police Service, told CNN Tuesday: “At the moment we cannot determine the exact number of protestors but it was a considerably huge number of student involved. "Police used tear gas to disperse the protesters in order to prevent them from taking the protest action to the streets closest to the university. The situation is calm now on campus but the police are present and monitoring the situation”, added Ngesi.

По материалам: URL: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/04/ africa/south-africa-student-protests/

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Переведите текст № 8 на русский язык.

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Урок 8. ВООРУЖЁННЫЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ

СЛОВАРЬ УРОКА

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С начала конфликта в Южном Судане десятки тысяч были убиты, более двух миллионов человек покинули страну. Миллионы голодают.

Новый отчёт ООН сообщает об этническом насилии и других злоупотреблениях. Попытка прекращения огня в конце декабря была нарушена в течение нескольких часов.

Поматериалам: URL: https://news.am/rus/news/437911.html

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FAMILIES HIT BY CONFLICT IN SOUTH SUDAN FIND SAFETY

IN SUDAN

Because of fear and worsening food situation, refugees cross into White Nile State.

An increasing number of South Sudanese affected by the conflict in their country and worsening food security are making the hard journey to the country’s northern border and crossing to Sudan by foot, often leaving loved ones behind.

Forty-five-year old Ezekiel* now lives in one of six refugee sites on the western bank of the White Nile River. He is accompanied by his mother, Aywein, 65, and his two children, Patrick and Pasonta.

Ezekiel recounts his troubles which started after gunmen stole his remaining cows near his village in Upper Nile State, leaving him without his limited options to survive. He was also scared of the “repeated sound of heavy machinery”.

He decided to leave. “I had to pawn my land to get money for the trip to Sudan with my family”, he said. He hired a tractor

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driver to take them to Sudan’s border expecting to be there in three hours. Instead, he was left in the middle of nowhere and had to walk for three days to the border.

His wife Achewil refused to leave South Sudan, so Ezekiel made the difficult decision to go on without her in hope that the family can be reunited one day if she joins him in Sudan.

“It was very painful to separate the kids from their mother”, he said, visibly upset.

Ezekiel’s mother, Aywein, takes care of her grandchildren. She prepared simple food on the way and said two small cans of water helped to keep them alive during the journey.

When Ezekiel arrived at Sudan’s El Maganis entry point, one of border’s main reception areas in White Nile, he was relieved to receive assistance from the Sudanese Red Crescent Society.

He received a meal and some sleeping mats and blankets. He spent the night with his family at the border and was brought in a truck next morning to Al Waral refugee site.

“We were really exhausted and we slept like never before”, he explained.

Ezekiel and his family join some 20,000 other South Sudanese refugees in Al Waral site, and over 130,000 refugees in White Nile State.

He is anxious about the future. “I am a farmer. I don’t know what I am going to do for living in Sudan. I have to find my way here and search for work to feed my family”, he said.

His priority was to find a place in school for his two children, saying “education is their weapon for the future, not guns”.

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His 10-year-old daughter is also afraid of the future and remembers the many things she left behind in South Sudan. “I miss my mother, my green school, my happy times with cousins and many other things,” she said. “I see my mother in my dreams, cleaning the yard of our home, and think of her when I am awake”. She longs for the day when she can see her again. Her seven-year-old brother can only smile clinging to his father and grandmother.

With his family torn apart by circumstances beyond his control, Ezekiel said he will be strong and focus on the future of his family.

South Sudanese refugees in Sudan seek for old neighbors and friends. They often make contact with old friends before they even seek assistance from the camps or humanitarian agencies.

Some are fortunate to reunite with family in Sudan.

Ahmed Khairy, who works as a camp manager with the Sudanese Red Crescent Society in Al Waral says every day many of the site’s residents wait for new arrivals and ask about their family members back home who went missing or were left behind. “It is amazing and touching to see when new arrivals manage to reunite with family members”, he added, saying that it makes his work all that more meaningful.

The number of people from South Sudan has been steadily growing with over 80,000 new arrivals in Sudan in the first three months of 2017.

По материалам: URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/4/58edefb04/ families-hit-conflict-south-sudan-find-safety-sudan.html

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LESS ARMED CONFLICT BUT MORE POLITICAL VIOLENCE

IN AFRICA

Conflict data sources show fewer armed conflicts, but are we getting the full picture?

Political violence in Africa is rising and it is more complex than before. But it is significantly less deadly than in previous decades, according to a number of conflict data sources.

Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time.

While Africa accounted for only 16% of the global population in 2016, more than a third of global conflict took place here last year. Leading conflict data projects show that conflict incidents in Africa rose significantly between 2010 and 2014, but have been declining since 2015.

Levels of conflicts and wars (where over 500 people are killed) in Africa, as measured by the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK), are lower than during the 1990s.

Current armed conflicts in Africa are clustered in four regions: North Africa and the Sahel, West Africa, the Horn, and the Great Lakes region. Between 2010 and 2016, the highest number of politically violent events occurred in Somalia, Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In 2015 conflict killed the most people in Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Libya and the DRC.

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Despite ongoing brutal conflicts since the early 2000s, violence in Africa has been moving away from armed conflicts to higher levels of riots, protests and social violence, such as homicide and violence associated with organised crime. The evidence base for social violence is however weaker. These sources provide little information about for example actor types, tactics and association with criminal gangs, limiting our ability to understand the relationship between political and social violence.

The three-fold increase since 2010 is largely explained by the steady rise of protests and riots, spread across the continent. South Africa had the highest number of protest events in 2016, followed by Tunisia, Ethiopia and Egypt.

While these areas of conflict (North Africa/Sahel, West Africa, the Horn and Great Lakes) seem to hold over time, dynamics within conflicts tend to change. Civilian targeting is on the rise. The deadliest incidents of civilian targeting in 2016 occurred in Nigeria and Ethiopia and were carried out by militias and state forces. In many settings, there is also a greater number of conflict agents than before. There were 66 distinct actors in Libya in 2016, for example – almost twice as many as in 2013.

The types of actors and groups involved in conflicts are also changing. Historically, rebel groups and state forces are the most common actors across Africa, but increasingly, political and militias and unidentified armed groups dominate. This shift is indicative of changing motivations. Militias differ from rebel groups in that they don’t seek to directly overthrow the governing regime. Most highand low-intensity wars are shifting away from coup attempts compared to previous years.

But politically motivated violence is only part of the story. In 2013 it was estimated that 31% of global homicides occurred

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