Неличные формы глагола инфинитив = Verbals in Depth the Infinitive. Учебное пособие

5.PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS)

2.He will help us to get prepared for the test. We rely on him.

3.We counted on his taking part in the conference.

4.I believe you will make the right decision.

5.You can count on me. I will never fail you.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences into Russian. Point out the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction if any after the verbs of order and permission. Make the necessary explanations.

1.The old woman asked the Youngman to carry her bag.

2.The teacher allowed the student to miss her class next week.

3.He ordered the fax-machine to be fixed at the office.

4.His mother never allows irritation to overwhelm her.

5.Abou asked the maid to change the towels in his room.

6.He asked for a cup of coffee to be made for him.

7.She never allows your name to pass his lips.

8.The dean ordered the new time-table to be completed by Friday.

9.Ask him to sleep with the window open.

10.Please, allow my love to warm your heart and you won’t feel lonely in this world.

11.Molly asked them to give her a call at 8 p.m.

12.Don’t allow the rumours to spread.

Exercise 4. Use the words in brackets suggested to complete the sentence Use either the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction or a subordinate clause.

A. Pay attention whether the predicative verb denotes sense percep-

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

Exercise 5. Answer the questions using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.

1. Would you like me to read or to retell the story? 2. When do you expect the translation to be finished? 3. Do you want Nick to translate the article for tomorrow or right now? 4. Whom do you think (consider, believe) to be the most outstanding contemporary Russian film director? 5. Why did you make Peter rewrite the article? 6. Which direction did you notice them go? 7. When did you order dinner to be served? 8. Do you want him to put up at a hotel or have him stay with us? 9. Why don’t you get the children to go to bed? It’s pretty late. 10. Do you want me to create our university

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5. PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS)

web-site or do you want me just to make arrangements and find a person to do it? 11. Did you see Michael enter the university building? 12. Why didn’t you let Sharon go out with him? I think he is quite a decent young man.

Exercise 6. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the Objective-with- th-Infinitive Construction after the verbs given in brackets.

1. Somebody mentioned my name. (to hear) 2. You may be sure she won’t let you down. (to rely on, to count on) 3. At the thought of it I felt sad. (to cause) 4. When I waited in the reception room, a girl came out with a file in her hands. (to see) She must have been the secretary. (to understand) 5. He shall return. They will take care of it. (to get) 6. It seemed to me that he knew more than he had said. (to suppose, to suspect) 7. Something hard struck my leg. (to feel) 8. We hope that steps will be taken in this direction. (to expect) 9. I’m so happy that you’ve displayed such enthusiasm about sorting out this mess! (to make) 10. I feel quite pleased when you play the piano. (to like) 11. Would you ask your secretary to make a copy of the document? (to have) 12. He informed his boss that his mission had been completed. (to report)

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the Objective-with-the- Infinitive Construction where possible.

1. Ваш начальник предполагает, что вы сделаете работу во- время. 2. Они позволили мне пользоваться их машиной, пока они отдыхали. 3. Я слышала, что она нашла хорошую работу. 4. Администратор распорядился, чтобы блюдо немедленно замени- ли. 5. Никогда не слышал, чтобы он читал стихи. 6. Пусть он по- ступает, куда хочет, и сам поймет, если это неправильный вы- бор. 7. Она была так занята своими мыслями, что не заметила, ни как я вошел, ни как я вышел из комнаты, взяв книгу. 8. Я слы- шал, как он спросил соседа, не может ли он воспользоваться его телефоном. 9. Я увидел, что он побледнел, когда я упомянул Мэри и ее друга. 10. Шутки моего брата заставляют хохотать любую

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

аудиторию. 11. Мне не нравится, когда вы приходите без пред- упреждения. 12. Энн заявила, что она никогда не видела этого человека раньше. 13. Я считаю, что его доклад– новое слово в на- уке. 14. Я не позволю, чтобы вы шантажировали человека, кото- рый так много для вас сделал! 15. Я распоряжусь, чтобы вас при- няли немедленно. 16. Она объявила, что цель достигнута. 17. Все считали ее красавицей, кроме ее собственного мужа. 18. Я бы хо- тел, чтобы вы присоединились к нам завтра, мы едем на пикник. 19. Почему ты так думаешь? Ты же совсем не знаешь его. 20. Она позволила ему приходить по вечерам и слушать, как она поет. Это сделало его совершенно счастливым. 21. Он распорядился, чтобы чай принесли в гостиную. 22. Многие ожидали, что он ста- нет известным политиком. 23. Вы хотите, чтобы я рассказала ему об этом сегодня?

2) The Subjective Infinitive Construction (The Nominative-with-the- infinitive Construction) is a predicative construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The verbal element, i.e. the infinitive, denotes a state or an action performed by a person or non-person expressed by the nominal element.

Unlike other infinitive constructions, the Subjective Infinitive Construction (SIC) does not form one part of the sentence and does not make one whole as it is split into two parts by a finite verb which is placed between them. The nominal element of the construction forms the subject of the sentence; the verbal element of the complex makes part of a compound verbal predicate.

You are supposed to work hard to master English.

Выдолжнымногоработать, чтобыовладетьанглийскимязыком.

He seems to understand everything.

Кажется, он все понимает.

The finite verb (in the above examples – “are supposed”, “seems”) grammatically joins the elements of the construction, but semantically

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it has no reference to the subject. Forming together with the infinitive the predicate of the sentence, the finite verb denotes some attitude to the action or state expressed by the infinitive. This attitude, judgement or comment does not come from the person (or non-person) expressed by the subject, but it comes from someone outside the sentence or in fact someone not mentioned in the sentence. Being semantically connected, the two elements of the construction are said (in most grammar books) to perform one function in the sentence, and that is the function of a complex subject. Sentences with this construction can be translated into complex sentences where the subject of the main clause either denotes an indefinite group of people (expressed by the pronoun “they” or the noun “people”) or is a formal subject expressed by the pronoun “it”.

You are supposed to work hard to master English. = They (People) suppose that you work hard to master English. = It is supposed that you work hard to master English.

He seems to understand everything. = It seems (to people) that he understands everything.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with a number of finite verbs in the Active or Passive Voice having the general meaning of attitude or comment.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used:

I.with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:

1.with the verbs denoting sense perception (“to see”, “to hear”, “to feel”, “to watch”, “to observe”, etc.). Unlike the Objective-with-the- Infinitive Construction, when in the passive, these verbs are followed by an infinitive with particle “to”. With SIC the verbs of sense perception as well as such verbs like “to find” and “to discover” express the idea of evidence of some fact.

He was heard to laugh merrily. (Somebody heard it happen.)

Слышно было (Слышали), как он весело смеялся.

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

The car was seen to disappear in the distance. (Somebody was a witness of this fact.)

Было видно (Видели), как машина скрылась в дали.

Note that if a process is expressed, Participle I non-perfect active is used:

Anne’s father was heard approaching at that moment.

Втот момент они услышали, как подходит отец Энн.

2. with verbs denoting mental activity, or mental perception (“to know”, “to think”, “to expect”, “to believe”, “to suppose”, etc.). All these verbs express some expectation, opinion or attitude to the action expressed by the infinitive.

He was thought to be honest and very intelligent.

(Somebody had an opinion that he was honest and very intelligent.)

Его считали честным и очень умным человеком. = Считали (считалось), что он…

She is considered to have become a perfect ballet-dancer. Somebody expects that she has become a perfect ballet-dancer.)

Считали (считалось) / предполагали / (предполагалось), что она стала прекрасной балериной.

He is known to have been sent to Boston University to become a writer.

(Somebody was of the opinion that he had been sent to Boston University to become a writer.)

Известно, что его отправили в Бостонский университет, чтобы он стал писателем (чтобы он выучился на писателя).

Note, that with the verb “to expect” the infinitive in this construction can refer to a future action.

He is expected to marry her in a few months. (Somebody expects him to marry her in a few months.)

Предполагали (предполагалось) / Ожидали (ожидалось), что он женится на ней через несколько месяцев.

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5.PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS)

3.with the verbs of saying and reporting (“to say”, “to report”, “to inform”). They denote different kinds of judgement or comment of the action (state) expressed by the infinitive.

She is said to have become famous.

Говорят, (что) она стала знаменитой.

The plane was reported to have landed safely. Coобщалось, что самолет благополучно приземлился.

4. with the verbs of inducement, compulsion and permission (“to make”, “to force”, “to allow”, “to let”, etc.). The verbs “to make” and

“to let”, when in the passive, are followed by a full infinitive (with the particle “to”). Unlike all the above mentioned cases in which sentences with SIC are translated into Russian by a Russian complex sentence with an indefinite-personal main clause, sentences with the verbs of this particular group are translated into Russian by indefinite-personal simple sentences.

Julie was made to take part in the trip.

Джулию заставили (вынудили) принять участие в поездке. Finally he was allowed to take up horse-riding.

Вконце концов, ему разрешили заняться верховой ездой.

II. with some verbs in the Active Voice (“to seem”, “to appear”

(translated into Russian as “кажется”, “похоже“, “по-видимому“);

“to happen”, “to chance” (translated into Russian as “случаться“, “случайно произойти“); “to turn out”, “to prove” (translated into Russian as “оказаться”). With SIC all these verbs are always followed by a full infinitive.

He seemed to be listening attentively but turned out to understand nothing.

Он, похоже, слушал внимательно, но оказалось, что ничего не понял.

To our surprise they happened to know the answer.

К нашему удивлению, они случайно знали ответ.

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

You don’t seem to realise all the consequences of your refusal!

Вы, кажется, не осознаете всех последствий вашего отказа!

III. with some modal phrases (“to be likely”, “to be unlikely”, “to be sure”, “to be certain”) followed by a full infinitive and translated into Russian with the help of modal words “обязательно”, “несомненно”, “наверняка” (“to be certain”, ”to be sure”), “вероятно” (“to be likely”), “вряд ли” (“to be unlikely). With all these modal phrases the infinitive denotes an action referring to the future.

His new book is unlikely to be a success.

Вряд ли его новая книга будет иметь успех.

No matter what might happen he is sure to show up by midnight.

Что бы ни случилось, он обязательно появится к полуночи.

She was likely to become a famous singer, at least everybody expected her to.

Она должна была стать (Была высока вероятность того, что она станет) знаменитой певицей, по крайней мере, все ожидали от нее этого.

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the Subjective Infinitive Construction, pay attention to the ways the construction can be translated into Russian.

1. She never was known to have done a good action in behalf of anybody. 2. Only Joseph doesn’t seem to care much whether I love him or not. 3. Perhaps, she had mentioned the fact already to Rebecca, but that young lady did not appear to have remembered. 4. She was reported to have I don’t know how many plantations in the West Indies. 5. The only place where she is not likely to meet those odious Rawdons is at church. 6. Her beauty, her pink cheeks, and golden curls, seemed to give delight to all who looked at her. 7. In turning a leaf she happened to look up, and I said to her directly – ‘Is your book interesting?’ 8. I looked at my pupil, who did not appear to notice me. 9. I had the impression that he was sure to visit the schoolroom that day. 9. Mr Rochester is not likely to return

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soon, I suppose? 10. The party were expected to arrive on Thursday afternoon, in time for dinner at six. 11. I happened to remark to Mr Rochester how much Adele wished to be introduced to the ladies, and he said, ‘Oh! Let her come into the drawing room after dinner and request Miss Eyre to accompany her.’ 12. ‘Is he a good man?’ – ‘He is a clergyman, and is said to do a great deal of good!’ 13. What a singularly deep impression her injustice seems to have made on your heart! 14. Something seemed to tell me that I was on the verge of a terrible crisis in my life.

Exercise 2. Change the sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Construction instead of the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. Follow the model.

Model: They saw him do it. – He was seen to do it.

1. Everybody heard her say that. 2. The neighbours noticed the burglar get into the house. 3. The policeman saw the car disappear in the tunnel. 4. The public made the poet read some more of his poetry. 5. Don’t worry! We’ll let you go to the party. 6. Tom’s father made his son apologize. 7. They consider him to be an expert in his sphere. 8. The teacher expected Nick to learn the poem by heart. 9. The media reported the verdict to have been announced. 10. Everybody knows him to be quite a reliable man.

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the Subjective Infinitive Construction. Mind the form of the infinitive. Follow the model.

a) Model 1: Some people saw that she entered the house when the Browns were away. –

She was seen to enter the house when the Browns were away.

1. He was a very gloomy man. Nobody ever saw him smile or look happy. 2. We know Bernard Shaw to have been a very witty man. 3. The father did not allow anybody to touch anything on his table. 4. Specialists consider the climate in this area to be very healthy. 5. We heard a car

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

pull over and stop at the side of the road. 6. Nothing could make him understand the situation. 6. Who do they suspect to have done this? 8. Everybody heard him say that in a rude tone.

b) Model 2: It is believed that this part of land was once under the sea.–

This part of land is believed to have once been under the sea.

1. It was announced that the delegation of American scientists was arriving next week. 2. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 3. It is reported that the police caught the criminal. 4. It is believed that Mr. Kelly will have an operation next week. 5. It was said that Willie had been put to prison for robbery. 6. It is supposed that St. James’s park is one of the nicest parks in London. 7. It is known that this football team has lost all their matches this season. 8. It is thought that the Council is still discussing the unemployment problem. 9. It was understood that the parties had come to an agreement.

c) Model 3: It seems that everybody forgot about this affair. –

Everybody seems to have forgotten about this affair.

1. It seems that they know all about it. 2. It seems they have heard of John’s arrival. 3. It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end. 4. It seemed that the house had not been lived in for a long time. 5. It seems that you don’t approve of the idea. 6. It appeared that Mother was losing patience. 7. It happened that he hadn’t heard what had been said. 8. It happened that I was present at the opening session. 9. It so happened that I overheard their conversation. 10. It proved that my prediction was correct. 11. It turned out that the language of the article was quite easy.

12.It seemed there was nothing to add.

d)Model 4: I’m sure you will like the play. –

You are sure to like the play.

1. It is likely that the article will appear in the next issue of the journal. 2. It is not very likely that he will change his opinion. 3. It was cer-

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