Неличные формы глагола (Practical tasks)

ББК 81.2 Англ.

Н38

Автор-составитель: доцент кафедры романо-германских языков и методик

их преподавания Набережночелнинского государственного педагогического университета, кандидат филологических наук

Шараева Гульнара Замировна

Рецензент: доцент кафедры романо-германских языков и методик их

преподавания Набережночелнинского государственного педагогического университета, кандидат филологических наук

Цыганова Евгения Борисовна

Н38 Неличные формы глагола (PRACTICAL TASKS) / автор-составитель Г. З. Шараева. – Набережные Челны, НГПУ, 2021. – 121 с.

Пособие предназначено для студентов второго курса дневного и заочного отделения филологического факультета. Пособие содержит обобщѐнный теоретический материал, грамматические таблицы, а также систему практических заданий, работа над которыми будет способствовать более полному овладению основами грамматики английского языка. Материал в основном предназначен для самостоятельной работы, хотя отдельные задания устного характера могут быть использованы в аудиторной работе.

Материалом для упражнений служат связные отрывки и отдельные предложения из произведений англо-американских писателей XIX-XXI вв.

© Шараева Г.З., 2021 © НГПУ, 2021

Пояснительная записка

Учебно-методическое пособие “Неличные формы глагола”

предназначено для студентов второго курса обучения факультетов иностранных языков педагогических институтов, дневного и заочного отделений. Основной целью пособия является формирование у студентов грамматических навыков по теме «Неличные формы глагола».

Учебно-методическое пособие написано в соответствии с

Программой по дисциплине «Практическая грамматика первого иностранного языка». Учебный материал по практической грамматике непосредственно соответствует учебному материалу по практическому курсу английского языка.

В данном учебно-методическом пособии представлен основной

теоретический и практический материал по теме «Неличные формы глагола» и включает в себя 4 раздела: «Инфинитив», «Герундий», «Причастие I» и «Причастие II». В каждом разделе подробно

рассматриваются грамматические категории неличных форм глагола, описываются их функции в предложении, а также детально изучаются предикативные конструкции с их использованием. Большое внимание уделяется сопоставительному анализу употребления инфинитива, герундия, причастия I и II, а также

отглагольного существительного. С этой целью в пособии предлагаются сравнительные таблицы с использованием иллюстративного материала.

Пособие также включает комплекс упражнений для тренировки и закрепления каждой темы. Количество упражнений по каждой теме определяется как объемом самой темы, так и степенью трудности её усвоения студентами. Большое значение уделяется не только тренировочным упражнениям, но и упражнениям, содержащим примеры для анализа и объяснения употребления рассматриваемых грамматических явлений. С их помощью можно осуществлять несколько методических задач. Во-первых,

упражнения на анализ дают преподавателю возможность проверить знание студентами грамматических правил и правильное их понимание. Во-вторых, они создают хорошую основу для того,

чтобы научить студентов логически формулировать мысли на английском языке. В-третьих, в процессе выполнения этих

упражнений преподаватель учит студентов глубокому

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лингвистическому анализу текста, обращая их внимание не только на наличие изучаемых грамматических явлений в примерах, но и на их окружение, и на логику их употребления. В-четвёртых, при

выполнении упражнений на анализ в аудитории создаются естественные условия для спонтанной речи, т.е. для развития навыков устной речи на уроках грамматики.

Материалом для упражнений служат предложения и отрывки, взятые из английской и американской литературы XIX-XXI вв. и

отобранные с таким расчётом, чтобы, с одной стороны, не создавать дополнительных лексических трудностей, а с другой – служить образцом хорошего английского языка, что обеспечивает не только тренировку и закрепление того или иного грамматического правила, но и усвоение идиоматики английского языка.

С целью эффективного использования данного учебно-

методического пособия рекомендуется следующая схема, состоящая из трёх этапов:

1)введение и первичное закрепление грамматического материала;

2)самостоятельная работа с упражнениями. Этот этап имеет целью дальнейшее усвоение, закрепление и формирование грамматических понятий;

3)контроль выполнения упражнений и дальнейшая

активизация языкового материала в речи студентов. Пособие было апробировано на филологическом факультете

ФГБОУ ВО «Набережночелнинский государственный педагогический университет».

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NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)

There are four non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive, the gerund, participle I and participle II. These forms possess some verbal and some non-verbal characteristics. The main verbal characteristic of the infinitive and participles I and II is that it can be used as part of analytical verbal forms (e.g. is reading, is written, will

come, have done, etc.)

Lexically non-finite forms of the verb don’t differ from finite forms.

Grammatically the difference between the two types of forms lies in the fact that non-finites may denote a secondary action or a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.

Non-finites possess the verb categories of voice, perfect and aspect. They lack the categories of person, number, mood and tense.

THE INFINITIVE

The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way. It is naturally treated as the initial form of the verb, which represents the verb in dictionaries.

In all its forms and functions the infinitive has a special marker, the

particle to. The particle to is generally used with the infinite stem and is so closely connected with it that doesn’t commonly allow any words to

be put between itself and the stem. Occasionally, however, an adverb or

particle may be inserted between them:

e.g. She doesn’t want to even see me once more.

Although the particle to is very closely connected with the infinitive, sometimes the bare infinitive stem is used. The cases where the infinitive loses its marker are very few in number.

The use of the Infinitive without the Particle to (Bare Infinitive)

after auxiliary verbs: e.g. I don’t like jogging.

They will see you tomorrow.

after modal verbs (except ought to, have to, be to): e.g. You must do it at once.

He can speak German.

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May I come in?

after modal expressions (had better / would rather / would sooner):

e.g. I would rather not go out tonight.

I’d better stay at home.

after verbs of sense perception (see / watch / observe / notice / hear / listen to / feel):

e.g. I saw her leave the room. I heard her sing.

I felt him put his hand on my shoulder.

after verbs of inducement (let / make / have / bid): e.g. He made me read this book.

I let him go there.

BUT: If the verbs of sense perception and inducement are used in the

passive voice the infinitive is used with the particle to:

e.g. He was seen to leave the house. (Видели, как он вышел из

дома.)

He was made to pay for the damage. (Его заставили заплатить за ущерб.)

after phrases with but (cannot but / do anything but / do nothing but / couldn’t but):

e.g. Did you do anything but ask questions?

in Why-not sentences: e.g. Why not begin at once?

the verbs know and help are followed by the infinitive with particle to or by bare infinitive (especially in American English):

e.g. I’ve never known him (to) be so mean. Could you help me (to) fix the car?

Like other non-finite forms of the verb the infinitive has a double nature: it combines verbal character with those of the noun.

The verbal character of the infinitive are of two kinds: morphological and syntactical.

1. Morphological: the infinitive has the verb categories of voice, perfect and aspect:

e.g. I want to inform her about his business. (active) I want to be informed of her arrival. (passive) They like to help people. (non-perfect simple)

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1)when the action it expresses is simultaneous with that of the finite

verb:

e.g. I am glad to see you.

I saw him enter the house.

2)when the action it expresses refers to the future tense. In this case

the non-perfect infinitive is used after modal verbs may, must, should, ought and after verbs to expect ожидать, to intend намереваться, to hope надеяться, to want хотеть and some others:

e.g. He may come tomorrow.

I hope to see him at the concert. I intend to go there on Sunday.

3) without reference to the time the action took place: e.g. To skate is pleasant.

The Perfect Infinitive is used:

1)to denote an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb: e.g. He seems to have finished his work.

This writer is said to have written a new novel.

2)after modal verbs must and may to express suggestion that the action has already happened:

e.g. He must have forgotten about it.

I don’t know where he is. He may have gone to Moscow.

3)after modal verbs should, would, could, might, ought and was (were) to indicate that a desirable action has not been done:

e.g. He should (ought to) have gone there. You could have helped him.

He was to have come yesterday.

4)after verbs to intend, to hope, to expect, to mean in the past tense to express that the action has not been done despite intention, hope or expectation:

e.g. I intended to have finished my work last night. I hoped to have met him there.

The category of aspect

The category of aspect finds its expression in contrasting forms of the common aspect and the continuous aspect. The difference between the category of aspect in finite verb forms and in the infinitive is that in the infinitive it is consistently expressed only in the active voice:

to speak – to be speaking

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to have spoken – to have been speaking

The Continuous Infinitive denotes an action in progress at the same moment of time with the finite verb (in the present, past or future):

e.g. It was pleasant to be driving the car again. The weather seems to be improving.

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive is mainly found after the same verbs as the Perfect infinitive. It shows that the action of the infinitive began before the time indicated by the finite verb and is still going on:

e.g. She was believed to have been feeling unwell for some time. He seems to have been working on this problem for many years.

The continuous aspect forms are very seldom used and cannot perform all the functions in which the common aspect forms are used. They can function only as subject, object and part of a compound verbal predicate.

The category of voice

The infinitive of transitive verbs has the category of voice, similar to all other verb forms:

to say – to be said

to have said – to have been said

The Active Infinitive points out that the action is directed from the subject (either expressed or implied):

e.g. He has a great desire to invite you to the party. I want to inform him of her arrival.

The Passive Infinitive indicates that the action is directed to the subject:

e.g. He has a great desire to be invited to the party. I want to be informed of her arrival.

However, there are cases where the active form of the infinitive denotes an action directed towards the subject, that is although active in form it is passive in meaning. In this case it is called retroactive:

e.g. The question is difficult to answer. There was only one thing to do.

The retroactive infinitive is rather productive although in nearly all cases it can be replaced by the corresponding passive form:

e.g. He is to blame. → He is to be blamed.

There was only one thing to do. → There was only one thing to be done.

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Sometimes the infinitive can express an action without reference to any tense:

e.g. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.

Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive

The infinitive performs almost all syntactical functions characteristic of the noun, although in each of them it has certain peculiarities of its own. In all syntactical functions the infinitive may be used:

1)alone, that is, without any words depending on it: e.g. She would like to dance.

2)as the headword of an infinitive phrase, that is, with one or more words depending on it:

e.g. She would like to dance with him tonight.

3)as part of an infinitive predicative construction, that is, as a logical predicate to some nominal element denoting the logical subject of the infinitive:

e.g. She would like him to dance with her.

The Infinitive as Subject

The infinitive functioning as subject may either precede the predicate or follow it. In the latter case it is introduced by the so-called introductory it, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence:

e.g. To walk in the garden was a pleasure.

It was difficult to refuse his request.

The infinitive subject in both structural patterns is a “to”-infinitive. If there are two or more homogeneous infinitive subjects in a sentence, all of them keep the particle to:

e.g. To be alone, to be free from the daily interests and cruelty would be happiness to him.

It was awfully difficult to do or even to say nothing at all.

The function of the subject can be performed by the infinitive of any voice, aspect and perfect form, although the common aspect non-perfect active forms are naturally far more frequent:

e.g. To be walking through the fields all alone seemed an almost impossible pleasure.

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