Неличные формы глагола (Practical tasks)

possible form of the infinitive is the non-perfect common aspect active voice form, used without the particle to:

e.g. I saw her enter the house.

We noticed the captain appear on the bridge.

2.After verbs of mental activity (to think, to believe, to consider, to expect, to understand, to suppose, to find, to know, to declare and some others). Here the infinitive is used in any form, though the nonperfect forms are the most frequent (always with the particle to):

e.g. We expect the contract to be signed tomorrow. I believe them to be honest people.

3.After verbs of emotion (to like, to love, to hate, to dislike and some others). Here non-perfect, common aspect forms of the “to”-

infinitive are the most usual:

e.g. I liked people to tell the truth.

She hated her son to be separated from her.

4.After verbs of wish and intention (to want, to wish, to desire, to intend, to mean, should (would) like and some others). After these verbs only non-perfect common aspect forms of the infinitive with the particle to are used:

e.g. He wanted me to come on Sunday.

He wishes the work to be done at once.

5.After verbs of declaring (to declare, to pronounce):

e.g. I declare you to be out of your mind.

He reported the boat to have been seen not far away.

6. After verbs of inducement (to have, to make, to get, to order, to tell, to ask (for), to command, to allow, etc.) of which the first two take

a bare infinitive. In the construction some of them acquire a different meaning: make – заставить, get – добиться, have – заставить (сказать,

чтобы …):

e.g. The captain ordered the sailors to load the cases. She made me obey her.

7. Complex Object also occurs after certain verbs requiring a prepositional object, for example to count (up)on, to rely (up)on, to look for, to listen to, to wait for, to appeal to, to call upon, to long for, to nod to, to watch for:

e.g. I rely upon you to do it in time.

We waited for them to begin the conversation.

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Complex Subject

Complex Subject is the infinitive construction presented by the subject of the sentence and the infinitive. For example in the sentence

They are said to know Chinese very well Complex Subject is They … to know. This construction is used when the predicate is expressed by:

1)the verbs to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen, to chance which are used only in the active voice:

e.g. The weather seems to be improving.

I happened to be there at that time.

2)the following verbs in the passive voice: to say, to state, to

report, to announce, to believe, to suppose, to think, to expect, to know, to understand, to consider, to see, to hear and some others:

e.g. They are believed to be on their way to Moscow.

The delegation is reported to have left Paris.

3) the link verb to be followed by the adjectives likely, unlikely, certain, sure. After these adjectives Indefinite Infinitive expresses the action which refers to the future:

e.g. They are likely to come soon.

They are certain to come to our place.

The subjective with the infinitive construction (Complex Subject) can be used in different forms:

1.The Indefinite Infinitive construction denotes the action which is simultaneous with that of the finite verb:

e.g. He is said to live in London.

He was said to know several oriental languages.

2.The Continuous Infinitive construction denotes an action in progress at the same moment of time with the finite verb (in the present, past or future):

e.g. He is said to be writing a new play.

The water seems to be boiling.

3.The Perfect Infinitive construction is used to denote an action preceding the action denoted by the finite verb:

e.g. He is said to have been appointed director of a big plant. The steamer was known to have left port on the 15th May.

4.The Perfect Continuous Infinitive construction shows that the action of the infinitive began before the time indicated by the finite verb and is still going on:

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e.g. He was said to have been travelling about the country a good deal.

The goods are reported to have been awaiting shipment for several days.

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 12. Note the complex object with the infinitive and the

verbs it is used after. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. “I should like you to be introduced to Miss Lambert,” said

Michael. (W.S. Maugham) 2. I have never heard him speak of his life in

France. (W.S. Maugham) 3. I wonder if we could persuade you to come and eat a chop with us. (W.S. Maugham) 4. “Is that a sufficient reason to ask him to lunch?” (W.S. Maugham) 5. The young man forced himself

to make a remark. (W.S. Maugham) 6. His admiration made them feel a little larger than life-size. (W.S. Maugham) 7. He was miserable, though he did not know it, because he had let her go alone. (D.H. Lawrence) 8. I have noticed that when someone asks for you on the telephone and,

finding you out, leaves a message begging you to call him up the moment you come in, and it’s important, the matter is more often

important to him than to you. (W.S. Maugham) 9. Mr. Alroy Kear wished me to ring him up at once, I felt that I could safely ignore his request. (W.S. Maugham) 10. As I smoked a pipe before going to bed I

turned over in my mind the possible reasons for which Roy might want me to lunch with him. (W.S. Maugham) 11. He’d never known that

door to be locked before when one of the Greek Unit was working. (C. Forbes) 12. I’d prefer this interview to draw to a close. (C. Forbes) 13.

Philip reddened and found no word to answer. (W.S. Maugham) 14. Philip, very white, saw the boy quiver at each stroke, and after the third he heard him cry out. (W.S. Maugham) 15. But knowing him well by

now, without answering, he waited for him to go on. (W.S. Maugham)

16. Then will you give notice for me to leave at Christmas?” said Philip, at the end of a long and often bitter conversation. (W.S. Maugham) 17. She fought to make him undertake his own responsibilities, to make him fulfill his obligations. (D.H. Lawrence) 18. She tried to force him to face things. (D.H. Lawrence) 19. Now the only way in which I could do this was by getting a pearling lugger to take me across the Arafura Sea. (W.S. Maugham) 20. He did not expect her to write often, for he knew that letter-writing was too difficult for her. (W.S. Maugham) 21. These

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two were beginning to make him feel physically ill. (N. Hornby) 22. … he needed someone to replace his dad. (N. Hornby)

Exercise 13. Paraphrase the following sentences using the complex object with the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian: Example: She watched how he left the house. – She watched him leave the house.

1. What he wanted was that they were at least two thousand miles from Nevada, in any direction. (S. King) 2. Julia noticed how he looked

at the sideboard and with her engaging smile, leaned forward. (W.S. Maugham) 3. They didn’t expect that I would hold down a task without effort. (S. King) 4. She tried to persuade that he was to beg Mary’s pardon if he didn’t want to lose her. (S. King) 5. “He telephoned me. He

said that what he wanted was that he would see me about something important.” (G. Greene) 6. He heard how the door opened and somebody entered his room. (S. King) 7. “But what I want is that Emma comes with me.” Philip began to cry, and the nurse could not help crying too.

(W.S. Maugham) 8. We felt that the acrid smell spread quickly to all the house. (S. King) 9. But knowing him well by now, without answering, he waited till he was ready to go on. (W.S. Maugham) 10. She saw how Jack gave a cone of paper to an unknown man and then caught a taxi. (S. King) 11. He heard how she told the surly and depressive assistant that she was looking for a Pinky and Perky record for her niece. (N. Hornby)

Exercise 14. Make up sentences with complex objects with the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. his, to, tears, other, disinclination, see, Philip, letting, had, people, an, instinctive. 2. he, journalist, to, a, guineas, inhumanity, having, a, help, pleasant, chat, struggling, If, him, he, a, had, few, earn, not, the, with, to, could, refuse, by. 3. all, a, liked, and, give, her, the, forget, I, to, smile, problems, to, radiant. 4. stop, lying, people, beds, The, in, heard, the, their, wind. 5. home, so, just, and, waited, to, hour, come, She, at, this, had, me, place, often, for. 6. on, his, as, him, great, of, to, life, back,

this, one, look, the, She, moments, of, wanted. 7. make, what, do, I, want, Don’t, me, don’t. 8. look, at, knew, too, Mrs. Morel, well, to, him,

him. 9. her, tray, on, heard, the, a, I, end, of, put, the, down, bed. 10. without, him, listen, saw, deferentially, but, She, understanding.

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Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Я хочу, чтобы ты обязательно сказала ему об этом сегодня. 2.

Давай пойдем домой, в три часа начнется мой любимый фильм. Я не хочу его пропустить. 3. Она слышала, как они обсуждали ее личную жизнь, не догадываясь о том, что она была в комнате. 4. Они не ожидали, что Джон так быстро вернет свой долг и поэтому решили спросить у его матери, откуда у него такая большая сумма денег. 5. Вы хотите, чтобы я зашла к вам сегодня? 6. Она пыталась уговорить его не идти на такой риск, потому что она не хотела, чтобы из-за нее кто-либо пострадал. 7. Я никогда не слышала,

чтобы мои родители ругались, по крайней мере, в моем присутствии. 8. Разве я вам разрешила брать мои книги без моего согласия? 9. Она радостно наблюдала, как ее дети играли на детской площадке. 10. Трудно заставить ее понять, что ее родители согласились на это ради ее же блага.

Exercise 16. Note the complex subject with the infinitive and the verbs it is used after. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. He seems to know his job. (W.S. Maugham) 2. Morel, she knew, was sure to make a holiday of it. (D.H. Lawrence) 3. Alroy Kear was a

bachelor and now at fifty was likely to remain one. (W.S. Maugham) 4.

“I am not accustomed to being insulted in front of subordinates.” (C.

Forbes) 5. They [the flowers] seemed to be stretching in the moonlight. (D.H. Lawrence) 6. If he had given him one more chance Philip would have changed his mind, but he seemed to look upon the matter as settled. (W.S. Maugham) 7. He was sweating but the temperature seemed to have dropped suddenly. (C. Forbes) 8. He was a tall, thin man, with a rather foxy face, the kind of face that seems to lack eyelashes. (D.H. Lawrence) 9. The words of the text seemed on a sudden to have a personal application. He thought about them through most of the day, and the following night, on getting into bed, he turned over the pages of

the book and found once more the passage. (W.S. Maugham) 10. His sulky mouth seemed to be saying: “I don’t care who you are nor what you are, I shall have my own way.” (D.H. Lawrence)

Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Казалось, что она была смущена неожиданным вопросом о ее личной жизни. 2. В доме не было света. По-видимому, все члены

семьи были заняты своими делами. 3. В детстве мне не разрешалось

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долго гулять на улице, если только в присутствии взрослых. 4. Кажется, что он не хочет уезжать из города, по крайней мере, в ближайшее время. 5. Говорят, что тебя повысили. Поздравляю, наконец-то и твои старания заметили. 6. Оказалось, что мы вообще

не попали в список приглашенных на торжественный вечер. 7. Видели, как он вышел из продуктового магазина, быстро сел в машину и уехал. 8. Говорят, что количество желающих купить машину снизилось почти втрое из-за мирового экономического

кризиса. 9. Так получилось, что они пришли раньше запланированного времени. Обед еще не был готов, и мне пришлось развлекать гостей игрой в бильярд. 10. Слышали, как заскрипела входная дверь. По-видимому, кто-то незаметно вошел в

дом. 11. Случилось так, что я забыла дома важные документы, и мне пришлось возвращаться домой. В итоге я опоздала на работу на 20 минут. 12. Вероятно, ей было не с кем обсудить свои проблемы, поэтому она обратилась к психологу. 13. “Тебе разрешат возвращаться домой в такое время одному?” – “Думаю, что нет”. 14. Оказалось, что мои родители были знакомы с родителями моего друга, и нам было интересно послушать различные истории из их жизни. 15. Когда я получала «пятерку», мне разрешали смотреть мультфильмы на час больше. 16. Слышали, как они громко выясняли отношения вплоть до двух часов ночи. 17. Предполагалось, что мы пойдем на концерт вдвоем, но она не пришла в назначенное время в назначенное место. 18. По-

видимому, он не собирается возвращать тебе долг, поэтому советую тебе заявить на него. 19. Его заставили подписать этот договор и взять всю ответственность на себя. 20. Они сказали, что шансов на благополучный исход очень мало.

Exercise 18. State the syntactic functions of the for-to-infinitive phrase:

1. Fortunately, there is no need for me to risk the adventure. (W.S. Maugham) 2. It is time for us to leave home, otherwise we will be late for the train. (C. Forbes) 3. They knew it would take a long time for the dust to settle out of the air. (J. Steinbeck) 4. Was it possible for her to make him go away? (C. Forbes) 5. There was nobody for her to ask for a helping hand. (D.H. Lawrence) 6. It is desirable for you to stay at home and wait for me. (D.H. Lawrence) 7. Mary grabbed the shoulder of his blue workshirt hard enough for him to feel the pressure of her short

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fingernails. (S. King) 8. They waited impatiently for Julia to continue their conversation. (D.H. Lawrence) 9. It seemed strange for me to see him speaking with an unknown man. (C. Forbes) 10. She waited for her husband to have supper together. (D.H. Lawrence)

Exercise 19. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use for-to- infinitive phrases:

1. It was impossible that Jane could leave her child alone. 2. They waited till the rain stopped. 3. It is time that the pupils must hand in their test papers. 4. There is nobody whom I can rely on and ask for a piece of advice. 5. Harry came up to the window and waited till the car drove away. 6. Was it unexpected that she managed to pass her exams without effort? 7. There is nothing with that she won't be able to cope. 8. It was obvious that in a year she would gain more experience and occupy a prominent position. 9. The teacher dictated the sentences slowly in order that the pupils could think over the spelling of the words. 10. Peter was sitting on the bench in front of the house and waited till his son came home after lessons.

Exercise 20. Complete the following sentences using for-to-infinitive

phrases:

1. It is preferable for (you) … . 2. There is nothing for (she) … . 3. He waited for (they) … . 4. There was nobody for (she) … . 5. It is necessary for (we) … . 6. There was no reason (for he) … . 7. It is difficult for (I) … . 8. She called for (they) … . 9. It was obligatory for (we) … . 10. It is high time for (he) … .

Exercise 21. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Он очень хотел, чтобы я узнал правду. 2. Мне было достаточно взглянуть на нее, чтобы догадаться, лжет она или нет. 3. Единственное, чего я хочу, – это чтобы Джек навсегда уехал отсюда. 4. Кейт было достаточно взять всю вину на себя, чтобы следователи оставили в покое ее мать. 5. Мама позвонила сестре, чтобы напомнить, что на днях мы собираем гостей по случаю дня рождения бабушки. 6. Им было трудно сдать работу в срок, так как не хватало времени из-за полной занятости. 7. Мне кажется довольно-таки странным, что они так мило и тепло приняли меня,

хотя только недавно проявляли ко мне ненависть и отвращение. 8. Вам не стоит так сильно переживать по этому поводу, так как в

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вашем случае нет причины для беспокойства. 9. Мне необходимо сначала обговорить все детали деловой поездки с моим коллегой, и только потом я приму решение, стоит ли мне браться за это дело или нет. 10. Я подожду в гостиной, пока ты приведешь себя в порядок.

Summing Up Exercises

Exercise 22. Make up your own 15 sentences using all syntactical complexes with the infinitive (complex object, complex subject, for- to-infinitive phrases).

Exercise 23. Think of situations with the sentences given below:

1. It was the first time I have ever seen her cry. 2. This child seems to have taken a fancy to you. 3. To do it is to spoil everything. 4. She began to cry hysterically. 5. It was a real torture to see that girl. 6. I think

we have already said what there is to be said. 7. There is only one thing for her to do, and that’s to divorce him. 8. I was so broken that I let her take me by the arm and lead me into the doctor’s room. 9. He seemed to

have no objections. 10. I never saw a man pick up this work so fast.

Exercise 24. Make up sentences, using the expressions given below. Note the diversity of the functions of the infinitive in the sentence:

1. to read is; to help her was; it is impossible to; 2. is to help; was to laugh; must go; must have gone; dared not speak; 3. don’t bother to; I

am going to; was anxious to; is careful not to; 4. he was the first to; there is nothing to; she is the last to; 5. went there to; was too glad to; to have

seen him dance; 6. to begin with; to crown it all; to be more precise; 7. the work to be done; they … to be sent; it … necessary for … to; it … better for … to; 8. where to go; what to say; when to come back; whether to begin or not; 9. to help him is; the speech … to be translated;

for him to read; is to be discussed; to tell the truth; for me to go.

Exercise 25. Complete the following dialogues:

1.A: What on earth made you do it?

B:…

2.A:

B:It is impossible to believe it.

3.A: I hate to see you looking so sad.

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B:…

A:It’s a natural thing for him to do.

B:…

4.A: …

B:It’s easy for you to say.

A:…

B:You seem to have been able to notice a great deal.

5.A: I was too tired to go with them.

B:…

A:It turned out to be a pleasant day after all.

B:…

6.A: …

B:I thought it would be easier for you to do it that way.

7.A: …

B:I never heard her speak so rudely before.

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THE GERUND

The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb with some noun features. It is formed by adding the suffix –ing to the stem of the verb.

The grammatical meaning of the gerund is that of a process. Thus to some extent it competes with nouns of verbal origin, e.g. translating – translation, describing – description, arriving – arrival, helping – help.

Nouns, however, tend to convey the fact or the result of an action, which in certain circumstances may be something material, whereas gerunds convey the idea of action or process itself:

e.g. Show me your translation: it is neatly done, and there are no mistakes in it.

You will enrich your vocabulary by translating from English into Russian and vice versa.

It is natural that the verbal character of the gerund is more prominent in transitive verbs, owing to their combinability and their passive forms.

Morphologically the verbal character of the gerund is manifested in the categories of voice and perfect and syntactically in its combinability. Thus the gerund may combine:

a)with a noun or pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object, depending on the verb it is formed from;

b)with an adjective or a noun as a predicative;

c)with an infinitive.

The nominal character of the gerund reveals itself syntactically, mainly in its syntactical function, partly in its combinability:

a) like a noun, it can function as subject, object, or predicative: e.g. Reading is her favourite occupation.

I remember reading it.

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