Неличные формы глагола (Practical tasks)

Participle II as Predicative

In the function of part of the compound nominal predicate (predicative) participle II denotes a state:

e.g. My pencil is broken. The letters were typed.

Participle II as Adverbial Modifier

The adverbial function and meaning of participle II can be seen only from the general meaning of the sentence. In the vast majority of cases, when used adverbially, participle II is preceded by a conjunction, which explicitly indicates the semantic type of the adverbial modifier.

Participle II may serve as an adverbial modifier of:

1) time, usually with the conjunction when or until:

e.g. He won’t stop arguing until interrupted ( = until he is interrupted).

Asked ( = When he was asked) whether he intended to return soon, he replied that he would be away for about three months.

2) reason:

e.g. Squeezed by ice ( = As the steamer was squeezed by ice), the steamer could not continue her way.

3) condition, mostly with the conjunction if or unless:

e.g. I shall certainly give evidence on your behalf, if required.

4) concession, with the conjunction though or although:

e.g. Though asked in disarming sociability, Haldone’s question was loaded.

5) comparison, with the conjunction as if or as though: e.g. “I get off the train,” he repeated as if hypnotized.

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 1. State the functions of participle II. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. At six forty-five I walked down to the quay to watch the American planes unloaded. (G. Greene) 2. Every year hundreds of books, many of considerable merit, pass unnoticed. (W.S. Maugham) 3. Here the police had the last word: they could have me barred from Press Conferences… (G. Greene) 4. Now it was two in the morning and he sat

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tired and depressed in the cigarette smoke and the heavy heat, wearing a green eye-shade, and he had a volume of Pascal open on his desk to while away the time. (G. Greene) 5. It was impossible for me now to persuade myself that this urgent desire of his to dispense hospitality was disinterested. (W.S. Maugham) 6. There were armed police on the bridge and the restaurant had an iron grille [metal grid] to keep out grenades. (G. Greene) 7. Partridge, seated next to his chief, assessed the three men with interest. (C. Forbes) 8. They try to make him drunk and then they ask him what happened during those three years after the two boat-loads came to the island. (W.S. Maugham) 9. He sat with an arm stretched across the back of his chair and his expression was amiable. (C. Forbes) 10. And here for long hours he lay, hidden from anyone who might come to the vicarage, reading, reading passionately. (W.S. Maugham) 11. I saw him in a family snapshot album, riding on a dude ranch, bathing on Long Island, photographed with his colleagues in some apartment on the twenty-third floor. (G. Greene) 12. Rose, far from seeming glad to see him, had looked almost put out. (W.S. Maugham) 13. What she liked most of all was an argument on religion or philosophy or politics with some educated man. (D.H. Lawrence) 14. Jerry entered unasked, and stood by the kitchen door-way. (D.H. Lawrence) 15. She had excellent bone structure, a well-shaped determined chin, a good figure and long legs. (C. Forbes) 16. A day went by and the wind increased, steady, unbroken by gusts. (J. Steinbeck) 17. Buckmaster, hands clasped behind his erect back, paced the room restlessly, pushed a shock of hair over his head. (C. Forbes) 18. If he had given him one more chance Philip would have changed his mind, but he seemed to look upon the matter as settled. (W.S. Maugham) 19. They were the bills of the household furniture, still unpaid. (D.H. Lawrence) 20. This was a new tract of life suddenly opened before her. (D.H. Lawrence)

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using participle II in the function of:

a)an attribute

1.Here is the letter … . 2. Where is the article … ? 3. everyone

approved of the report … . 4. This is the house … . 5. They reached the village … .

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b)a predicative

1.I felt utterly … . 2. He looked very … . 3. He was angry because his plan was not … . 4. Why should you look … ?

c)an adverbial modifier of time

1.He was always angry when … . 2. The children won’t stop quarrelling until … . 3. He will go on reading the book until … . 4. He

was always polite when … .

d)an adverbial modifier of cause

1.He took leave of them … . 2. … he couldn’t say a word. 3. … he

opened his eyes wide. 4. …, she dropped her eyes.

e)an adverbial modifier of condition

1.He will tell you everything if … . 2. She will read late into night

if … . 3. They will speak for hours on end if … .

f)an adverbial modifier of concession

1.Though …, he tried to answer the question … . 2. We went on

running, though … .

g)an adverbial modifier of comparison

1.He looked up as if … . 2. They stood without moving as if … . 3.

She kept silent as if … . 4. You stared at me as if … .

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the function of participle II:

1. A uniformed policemen stood under a lamp, his hands clasped behind his back. (C. Forbes) 2. It [his first novel] was short, neatly written, and, as is everything he has produced since, in perfect taste. (W.S. Maugham) 3. Carried away by the melody, Mary went so far as to dance a step or two herself. (C. Campbell) 4. Her quietened heart beginning to beat quickly again, she hurried down the side garden to the back of the house. (D.H. Lawrence) 5. He seemed calmed and at peace. (C. Campbell) 6. Surrounded by the difficulties and uncertainty, he longed for Mary. (C. Campbell) 7. The authors he wrote to, flattered by his praise, answered at length. (W.S. Maugham) 8. I had been seated at the desk a long time, lost in thought. (C. Campbell) 9. Robson was

twenty-two, more heavily built than the lieutenant-colonel. (C. Forbes) 10. She seemed pleased at Jane’s graciousness and complimentary

sayings. (C. Campbell) 11. She was looking at Peter, her eyes huge and horrified, asking him without speaking if he had heard what the cop had mixed in with the rest of it, that robotic voice never varying. (S. King) 12. Returning from a London party, he was driving down Padnor Walk

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when he saw the unmarked vans parked by the kerb in front of Tweed’s terrace house. (C. Forbes) 13. Philip stared at him for a moment with frightened eyes, and, as his habit was, flushed deeply. (W.S. Maugham)

Exercise 4. Transform the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses:

a)Example: I’ve just bought two books written by Hailey. → I’ve just bought two books which are written by Hailey.

1.Again there was silence in the wooden shed, broken only by the drumming of the rain upon the tin roof. 2. There were several letters in the pile laid on the table. 3. The Rowlands lived in a house painted a dull red. 4. Jerry found his way to a table situated in the darkest and most obscure corner. 5. With a smile he looked across at Rosy, seated opposite. 6. Her eyes, raised mournfully to his, were large and dark with fear.

b)Example: Absorbed in her book, she did not hear my question. → As she was absorbed in her book, she did not hear my question.

1.I laughed, embarrassed, but not wholly displeased with the role thrust upon me. 2. Occupied by other thoughts I stopped thinking about Jean and her affairs. 3. She said nothing as if deeply impressed by my

words. 4. Satisfied with what he had achieved, Michael took leave of his friend. 5. Embarrassed he didn’t know what to say. 6. “Who knows”, Steve said, taken aback by the way Sarah’s conversation jumped from

one enormous question to another.

Predicative Constructions with Participle II

Participle II forms the second (verbal) element of the objective with the participle construction and of the absolute participial construction in two variants: non-prepositional and prepositional.

The Objective Participial Construction with Participle II (Complex Object with Participle II)

The objective participial construction with participle II consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle II forming a syntactical complex, in which the two components are in a predicative relationship:

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The construction functions as a complex object to transitive verbs: a) verbs of sense perception:

e.g. I saw Jane addressed by a stranger.

I heard his name mentioned several times during the conversation.

b) with various verbs of causative meaning: to have, to get, to make:

e.g. I had my hair cut yesterday.

We must get our tickets registered.

The speaker made himself heard with the help of a microphone. Besides the causative meaning suggesting inducement, sentences with the verb to have may occasionally express experience or

possession, participle II emphasizing the resulting state:

c) occasionally with verbs expressing wish: to want, to wish, to like, to prefer:

e.g. He wants the work done immediately. = He wants the work to be done immediately.

We prefer the letter answered by the chief. = We prefer the letter to be answered by the chief.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction with Participle II

The construction consists of the nominal element (a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case) and participle II which forms a syntactical complex, the nominal element and the participle being in subject-predicate relation:

e.g. The preparation completed, we started off.

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The nominative absolute participial construction with participle II has the syntactical function of a detached adverbial modifier of:

1) attendant circumstances:

e.g. She was sitting now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully. 2) manner:

e.g. He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed.

3) time:

e.g. “Give it to Harriet, please,” was then the direction, “and she can put it away.” This said, he returned and fixed his eyes on Mrs. Bretton.

4) reason:

e.g. We began to talk, but my attention distracted by my surroundings, I took small notice of him.

5) condition:

e.g. He was a gentleman, but he was passionate, the cup once sipped, would he consent to put it down?

Prepositional Absolute Construction with Participle II

This construction differs from the discussed above in that it is introduced by the preposition with and its nominal element is hardly ever presented by a pronoun; it is more closely related to the predicate verb and is seldom set off by a comma. The main syntactical function of the construction is that of an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances:

e.g. It is unhealthy to sleep with the windows shut. (adverbial modifier of manner)

She went on reading with her eyes fixed on the pages of the book. (adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances)

An additional idea of time, reason, or condition may be prompted by

the context:

e.g. I can’t walk with my leg broken. (adverbial modifier of reason)

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following sentences. Speak on the verbs after which complex objects are used:

1. I found the room furnished with a Spartan simplicity. (J. Steinbeck) 2. I even heard it suggested that he might get the Foreign Office. (R. Kipling) 3. But a week later, feeling himself betrayed and in

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terror, Thomas betrayed his wife. (J. Galsworthy) 4. We’ll have supper sent up to the suite. (J. Galsworthy) 5. About ten minutes later he heard the front door shut. (W.S. Maugham) 6. Perhaps she refused to have him

sent for because she knew he would refuse to come. (J. Galsworthy) 7. I want to have my fortune told. (J. Steinbeck) 8. I’ll take you to have your

hair cut now. (J. Steinbeck) 9. He looked up and saw the stars sprinkled above the plane-trees of the square. (J. Galsworthy) 10. I should very much like it made clear to me. (J. Steinbeck)

Exercise 6. Transform the following sentences so as to use complex objects with participle II:

Example: When I called on her in the morning I found that she had gone. → When I called on her in the morning I found her gone.

1. When he went back he found that his wife was already dressed. 2. On entering his room I found that he was absorbed in a detective novel. 3. He felt that his cheeks were flushed by the fever. 4. He found that Lola was calmed and delighted. 5. I want someone to type this letter. 6. His thoughts wandered and he found that his mind was filled with

memories of the past. 7. I heard that his name had been mentioned several times during the conversation. 8. I saw that Mrs. Brown’s

advertisement was printed in the local newspaper. 9. When Mary returned home she found that a telephone had been installed in their flat. 10. I tried the handle, and found that the door was unlocked.

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences translating what is

given in brackets:

1. He felt a curious relief at the fact whether (отправленное или нет, все же письмо было написано). 2. He took up the diary (и начал перелистывать густо исписанные страницы). 3. The dog was found (привязанной к дереву). 4. She sat down (на упавшее дерево и начала ждать). 5. Ferry found (скомканную записку с каким-то номером телефона). 6. He lay there (с закрытыми глазами). 7. Meditatively he took from his pocket (аккуратно сложенную телеграмму, открыл ее и перечитал). 8. Only last year (они покрасили весь дом). 9. Bill seemed (погруженным в свои мысли). 10. She kept her eyes (устремленными на какой-то предмет вдали).

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PARTICIPLE I AND PARTICIPLE II COMPARED

Compare participle I and participle II:

You can say: You can say:

I’m bored with my job.

I’m not interested in my job any more.

We use clauses with participle I to say what somebody (or something) is doing (or was doing) at a particular time:

e.g. Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)

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Police investigating the crime are looking for three men. (police are investigating the crime)

Who were those people waiting outside? (they were waiting) I was woken up by a bell ringing. (a bell was ringing)

When you are talking about things (and sometimes people), you can use a clause with participle I to say what something does all the time, not just at a particular time.

e.g. The road joining the two villages is very narrow. (the road joins the two villages)

I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden. (the room

overlooks the garden)

Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with ‘T’? (the name begins with ‘T’)

Clauses with participle II have a passive meaning:

e.g. The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (the boy

was injured in the accident)

Some of the people invited to the party can’t come. (the people have been invited to the party)

We often use clauses with participle I and participle II after there is / there was etc.:

e.g. There were some children swimming in the river.

Is there anybody waiting?

There was a big red car parked outside the house.

► FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

Exercise 8. Choose the correct word:

1. The children were thrilled / thrilling with the clown's tricks. 2. The adventure was excited / exciting. 3. She was interested / interesting in anything antique. 4. Her experience was terrified / terrifying. 5. The police were puzzled / puzzling by the clues. 6. What an amazing / amazed person he is! 7. He was very surprised / surprising by her sudden change of attitude. 8. She felt relaxed / relaxing in the hot sun. 9. He was disturbed / disturbing by the threatening phone calls. 10. He found the history lesson extremely bored / boring. 11. I was disappointing / disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better.

12. Are you interesting / interested in football? 13. The football match was quite exciting / excited. I enjoyed it. 14. It’s sometimes

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embarrassing / embarrassed when you have to ask people for money. 15. Do you easily get embarrassing / embarrassed? 16. I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing / amazed when I was

offered it. 17. She has really learnt very fast. She has made astonishing / astonished progress. 18. I didn’t find the situation funny. I was not

amusing / amused. 19. It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very shocking / shocked. 20. Why do you

always look so boring / bored? Is your life really so boring / bored? 21.

He’s one of the most boring / bored people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and he never says anything interesting / interested.

Exercise 9. Fill in the correct participle:

Paul: You must be very (excite). Paris is a (fascinate) city. There are so many (interest) things to do. You won't be (bore).

Jane: Well, I'm a bit (worry) because I can't speak French very well. Paul: You should buy a phrase book and then you won't be (embarrass)

if someone speaks to you. They won't be (annoy) if you make a mistake, and most people will be (please) if you ask for something in French.

Jane: I'm sure they'll find my accent very (amuse).

Paul: Don't be silly. I'm sure you'll have a very (stimulate) holiday.

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs in the correct form (participle I or participle II):

the party cannot come. 3. Life must be very unpleasant for people _____

near busy airports. 4. A few days after the interview, I received a letter

_____ me the job. 5. Somebody _____ Jack phoned while you were out. 6. There was a tree _____ down in the storm last night. 7. When I entered the waiting room it was empty except for a young man _____ by the window _____ a magazine. 8. Ian has got a brother _____ in a bank in London and a sister _____ economics at university in Manchester.

Exercise 11. Use the words in brackets to make sentences using there

is / there was etc.:

Example: That house is empty. (nobody / live / in it) → There’s nobody living in it.

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