Неличные формы глагола инфинитив = Verbals in Depth the Infinitive. Учебное пособие

2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

national exhibition. 5. The delegates to the scientific conference which will be held on the 10th of July are supposed to register on the 9th of July from 10 am to 6 pm. 6. She had no one in whom she could confide. 7. The parcels are all sorted out. Here are the ones that are to go (to be sent) by air. 8. Here is the list of medicines which are not to be sold without prescription. 9. We haven’t a spare moment. 10. He is the only one who can be addressed to in this situation. 11. The museum which is going to be built here will house a very interesting collection of European art. 12. Can anything be done to prevent such accidents? 13. Anne was the first of her family who got a higher education. 14. If you are going sightseeing you’d better purchase a guide-book which will help you on your tour around the city.

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences using a conjunctive infinitive

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into English using the infinitive as attribute.

1.На этот факт нужно обратить особое внимание. 2. Вот человек,

скоторымможнопоговоритьнаэтутему. 3. Онпервымугадалихна- мерения. 4. Онавсегданайдет, надчемпосмеяться. 5. Почемуявсегда все узнаю последним? 6. Постановка пьесы оставляет желать лучше- го, я гораздо большего ожидал от этого режиссера. 7. Он познако- мился с женщиной, о которой можно было только мечтать. 8. Когда- нибудьиутебябудетсемья, окоторойнужнобудетзаботиться. 9. Мне совершенно не с кем поделиться своими проблемами! 10. Утебя есть

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

что-нибудь интересное почитать? Нет, только не Стивен Кинг! Это нета книга, которую нужно читать перед сном. 11. Она знала, что ей нечего было бояться, она не сделала ничего постыдного. 12. – Ты будешь выступать следующим? – Нет, я буду выступать последним. 13. Понятия не имею, куда мне поступать и как готовиться к экзаме- нам. 14. Дэвид не тот человек, который может осчастливить женщи- ну. 15. Ему нечего было сказать в свое оправдание. 16. Она сделала отчаянную попытку освободиться. 17. Его предложение отправиться напикникбылоодобреновсейкомпанией. 18. Спасиботебе, тывсег- дадашьсовет, как поступитьв сложной ситуации.

6) The infinitive as ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

The infinitive may be used as different adverbial modifiers:

a)as an adverbial modifier of PURPOSE

He stopped to read a wall newspaper.

Он остановился, чтобы почитать стенгазету.

To calm her down, I started playing the piano.

Чтобы успокоить ее, я начал играть на пианино.

The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose can be introduced by the conjunctions “in order to” and “so as”:

He put on his coat so as not to be cold.

Он надел пальто, чтобы не замерзнуть.

Sometimes we agree in order to mislead our opponent.

Иногда мы соглашаемся, чтобы ввести в заблуждение своего противника.

After the verbs “to come”, “to go”, “to hurry up”, “to stay”, “to stop” and some other verbs instead of the to-infinitive of purpose the same idea of purpose can be expressed by the conjunction “and” plus a bare infinitive, i.e. an infinitive without the particle “to” (for the use of bare infinitive – see p. 61).

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2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

They invited me to come and look at their new pictures.

Они пригласили меня прийти посмотреть (чтобы я посмотрел) на их новые картины.

This structure often occurs in imperative sentences:

Come and have a look at our new pictures. = Come to have a look at my new pictures.

In Russian we also find a similar picture, as the idea of purpose may be implied either by an infinitive following the verb used in the imperative mood or by another verb used in the imperative mood:

приходи посмотреть = приходи, чтобы посмотреть

b)as an adverbial modifier of RESULT it chiefly occurs after adjectives or adverbs modified by “enough” or “too”.

I was too busy to notice her. = I was so busy that I didn’t notice her.

She was smart enough to understand what he was driving at. = She is smart enough and will be able to understand what he was driving at.

In this function the infinitive may also be found after adjectives modified by “so” (“so” + adjective + “as”) and nouns modified by “such” (“such” + noun + “as”) in sentences of the following type:

She’s been so nice as to allow me to take her car. =

She was very nice, that is why she allowed me to take her car. He is not such a fool as to think you innocent. =

He is not a fool, so he can’t think you innocent.

The rain was so heavy as to make the picnic impossible. = The rain was very heavy, so the picnic was impossible.

c)as an adverbial modifier of COMPARISON (in most cases with an additional meaning of purpose). In this function it is introduced by the conjunctions “as if” and “as though”.

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

She touched his shoulder as if to stop him.

Она дотронуласьдо его плеча, как будто хотела остановить его.

When the adverbial modifier of comparison refers to the predicate group containing adjectives or adverbs in the comparative degree, the infinitive is introduced by the conjunctive “than”.

To do well is better than to speak well.

Хорошие поступки лучше хороших слов.

d)as an adverbial modifier of ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES (or SUBSEQUENT EVENTS)

In this function the infinitive is semantically relatively independent and thus can be transformed into a homogeneous predicate and is translated into Russian by a finite form of the verb as a homogeneous predicate joined by the conjunction “и” or sometimes “но“.

She was to leave the place, never to remember about it.

Ейпредстоялоуехатьизэтогоместаиникогданевспоминатьонем.

I’m sorry to have told you the whole story, only to disappoint you.

Я сожалею, что рассказалтебе всю эту историю и расстроилтебя.

As is seen from the above examples, the infinitive in this function always follows the predicate verb and in this position should not be mixed up with the infinitive used in the function of the adverbial modifier of purposed. Though they may have much in common from the point of view of their position, their meaning is quite different, in fact almost opposite.

She rushed home to find her purse and pay for the purchase.

= She rushed home in order to find her purse and pay for the purchase.

Она бросилась домой, чтобы найти кошелек и расплатиться за покупку.

She rushed home to find her purse and box of jewels stolen.

= She rushed home and found that her purse and box of jewels were stolen.

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2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

Она бросилась домой и обнаружила, что ее кошелек и шкатулка с драгоценностями украдены.

In this function the infinitive is often found after the verb-predicate expressed by a verb of motion (“to come”, “to run”, “to rush”, “to leave”, “to return”, “to drive away”, “to get to some place”, to arrive”, etc.) and is preceded by an adverb “only”. Besides, the infinitive itself is usually expressed by the following verbs:

=verbs denoting discovery (“to find”, “to discover”)

=verbs of sense perception (“to see”, “to hear”, “to feel”)

=verbs denoting a change in a state or position (“to appear”, “to disappear”, “to emerge”, “to die”, “to sink”, etc.)

I returned from Europe to find my house in ruins.

Я вернулся из Европы и обнаружил, что мой дом разрушен.

I turned to Andrew only to discover that the young man was no longer there.

Я повернулся к Эндрю, но только обнаружил, что молодой чело- век уже ушел.

She looked up to see a policeman coming up.

Онаподнялаголовуиувидела, чтокнимподходитполицейский.

He went to Africa to die of malaria.

Он уехал в Африку и умертам от малярии.

e)as an adverbial modifier of CONDITION

In this function the infinitive is used very seldom. It may either precede or follow the predicate verb.

To hear him talk, one might think he knows everything.

= If one heard him talk, one might think he knows everything

Если бы вы услышали, как он говорит, вы могли бы подумать, что он знает все.

She would be unhappy to marry for money.

= She would be unhappy if she married for money.

Она была бы несчастна, если бы вышла замуж из-за денег.

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

f)as an adverbial modifier of EXCEPTION

In this function only a bare infinitive occurs. It is used only in negative and interrogative sentences after the prepositions “but” or “except” and expresses the only action that is possible in the situation.

There is nothing to do except follow the instructions.

Не оставалось ничего, кроме как выполнять указания.

What could I do but agree?

Что мне еще оставалось, кроме как согласиться?

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences with the infinitive used as adverbial modifier. Define the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the infinitive. Pay attention to the ways the infinitives are rendered in Russian.

1. She doesn’t know a word of French, and is too proud to confess it. 2. In order to maintain authority in her school, it became necessary to remove this rebel, this monster, this serpent… 3. Dobbin was much too modest a young fellow to suppose that this happy change in all his circumstances arose from his own generous and manly disposition. 4. To hear Mr Sedley talk on board ship you would have supposed that it was not the first time he and the Corsican had met. 5. As I entered, the old lady got up and promptly and kindly came forward to meet me. 6. He returned to his motherland never to leave it again. 7. He went out into the street to find himself alone. 8. But the fact is, she was a great deal too happy to have fears or doubts or misgivings. 9. So having prepared the sisters, Dobbin hastened away to the City to perform the rest and more difficult part of the task which he had undertaken. 10. He walked fast through the room and came back: he stepped towards me as if to kiss me. 11. St. Jones stooped to examine me drawing. 12. My business is to live without him now: nothing so absurd, so weak as to drag on from day to day. 13. I must seek another interest in life to replace the one lost. 14. He stretched forth his hand as if to feel whether it rained. 15. She made up her mind to go up by the back staircase as not to be

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2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

seen. 16. When the first two cantos of “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” came off the press, the success of the poem gave Byron every right to write in his diary: ’I awoke one morning to find myself famous’. 17. Was he so very fond of his brother as to be still inconsolable for his loss? 18. He had taken my hand, as if to lead me to a chair. 19. The night passed rapidly; I was too tired even to dream; I only once awoke to hear the wind rave in furious gusts, and the rain fall in torrents.

Exercise 2. Paraphrase the sentences using the infinitive or the infinitive phrase as adverbial modifier of purpose. Follow the model.

Model: She wanted to make a living and started giving private lessons. – To make a living, she started giving private lessons.

1.Mother bought some mushrooms, carrots, onions and potatoes at the greengrocer’s. She wanted to cook mushroom soup.

2.His desire was to justify himself and he persuaded her to give testimony.

3.You shouldn’t miss so many classes if you want to pass your exams successfully.

4.You should follow your boss’s instructions entirely as it can prevent your being dismissed.

5.You’d better illustrate each point so that your idea could be clear.

6.Try to behave yourself and show your good manners, otherwise you might be considered impolite.

7.She joined a sports club because she wants to keep in good shape.

8.He has been scraping money for 10 years as he dreams to start a restaurant.

9.You should take a pain-killer if you want to relieve your headache.

10.You’d better accept their proposal. It is sure to increase your in-

come.

Make your own illustrative examples and use them to initiate short conversations. Work in pairs/ small groups.

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using the infinitive or the infinitive phrase as adverbial modifier of result. Follow the model.

Model: He is clever. He can solve any problem. – He is clever enough to solve any problem.

The dish is tasteless. It’s impossible to enjoy it. – The dish is too tasteless to enjoy it.

1.Kathy is quite a big girl. I’m sure she’ll understand this book.

2.The apartment is very expensive, I don’t think we can even afford a mortgage.

3.The lecture was so boring, that I couldn’t take notes.

4.Dawn is, no doubt, attractive. It’s easy to fall in love with her.

5.It’s early to bathe yet. The water is too cold.

6.He knows a good picture when he sees it. He is quite an experienced art critic.

7.She can’t ask such questions. She’s too much of a lady.

8.We have known them for quite a while. We can turn to them for help.

9.He couldn’t join us for a picnic. He was too stressed and busy that week.

10.The wine is very harsh. It isn’t delicious at all.

Exercise 4. Paraphrase the sentences using the infinitive of the infinitive phrase as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. Follow the model.

Model: She tried to persuade him not to do it. Soon she realised that she failed. – She tried to persuade him not to do it only to realise that she failed to.

1.She made Laura call the police, but she understood that it was too

late.

2.He returned home and found the window broken.

3.He married her. But very soon he understood that they couldn’t get along together.

4.Mary looked at her face attentively. She saw that she resembled her mother very much.

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2.THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

5.He awoke early in the morning and found that the room was empty.

6.Iris left her parents and never again she returned to their house.

7.Peter joined his friends but realised that they didn’t want to share his company.

8.He looked at her and to his utter astonishment discovered that she wasn’t even annoyed.

9.She smiled and saw that her smile made him happy.

10.The children ran into the room and found that there were a lot of guests there.

Exercise 5. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian. Mind the infinitive or the infinitive phrase used as adverbial modifier of exception.

1. She does nothing but quarrel with her family. 2. There’s nothing to do except believe her that he is alive. 3. She did nothing but scold her husband from morning till night for not earning enough money. 4. What could she do but forgive them and forget about what they had done? 5. There was nothing to do except leave them alone and wait till they realised that they needed our help. 6. After selling their summer cottage what could they do but return to the hustle and bustle of the city life? 7. She is such a lazy-bone! She does nothing but grumble about having to do any work. 8. What could his father do except share his point of view and give advice?

Exercise 6. Match the two corresponding parts of the sentences. Mind the infinitive used as adverbial modifier of comparison.

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S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE

Exercise 7. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the infinitive as adverbial modifier defining its type.

1. The girl waved her handkerchief so that she might be taken notice of. 2. The man made a step in my direction as if he was going to stop me, then turned abruptly and walked away. 3. Miss Pinkerton did not know a word of French, but she was very proud and would not confess it. 4. She didn’t have courage enough, otherwise she would have said it to your face. 5. The foreigner was very careful to pronounce every word distinctly for fear of being misunderstood. 6. His behaviour was such that it aroused everybody’s indignation. 7. On hearing me say that, she shrugged her shoulders as though she wanted to express her indifference. 8. If you hear him speak, you might think he had never been in the wrong. 9. He must have got into a mess if he had to take a risk like that. 10. He opened his eyes and saw clouds and wet trees and felt the drops splashing on his face. 11. He turned to me as if he were going to say something. 12. After a long separation they met at last, and never did they part again. 13. William and Mary were so kind that they supported us when we were pressed for money. 14. I had nothing to do in this situation, so I had to buy a new suit.

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English using the infinitive as adverbial modifier. Define the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the infinitive.

1.Жизнь слишком коротка, чтобы понапрасну тратить время.

2.Он вызвал машину, чтобы отвезти нас на станцию. 3. Ему больше ничегонеостается, кромекакпроситьпомощиупервоговстречного.

4.Оннедостаточножесток, чтобысказатьейэтовлицо. 5. Профессор выдержалзначительнуюпаузувначалелекции, чтобыпривлечьвни- мание аудитории. 6.Она покраснела и прошептала что-то, как будто хотеласказать, чтоейстыдно. 7. Ребенокслишкоммал, чтобыпонять вашу шутку. 8. Он однажды объяснился ей влюбви и больше никогда не произносил этих слов. 9. Он была так мила, что согласилась вы- слушать нас. 10. Она разрыдалась, будто показывая, что его слова оскорбительныдля нее. 11. Для поддержания формы одни женщины

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