Неличные формы глагола инфинитив = Verbals in Depth the Infinitive. Учебное пособие
.pdf
1. THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE INFINITIVE (THE FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE)
enough to wish to leave such a splendid place! 8. I went to the windowseat to put in order some picture books and doll’s house furniture scattered there. 9. It is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what it is your fate to be required to bear. 10. She appeared to be cross-questioning me, attempting to draw from me information unawares. 11. Let her be taken care of, let her be treated as tenderly as may be. 12. He may be coming now, and to meet him will save some minutes of suspense. 13. He said I must have gone through a great deal of fatigue and trouble to have affected such considerable chances in so short a time. 14. As she was running past the Tapestry Chamber, the door of which happened to be open, she fancied she saw some one inside. 15. It was charming to have escaped all that! 16. The manuscript appears to have been written in Greek.
Exercise 2. Choose the right form of the infinitive according to the definition.
|
1. |
to be cutting |
|
The perfect non-continuous passive infinitive |
2. |
to have cut |
|
3. |
to have been cutting |
||
|
|||
|
4. |
to be cut |
|
|
1. |
to examine |
|
The non-perfect continuous active infinitive |
2. |
to have been examining |
|
3. |
to be examined |
||
|
|||
|
4. |
to be examining |
|
The non-perfect non-continuous passive infini- |
1. |
to repair |
|
2. |
to be repairing |
||
tive |
3. |
to be repaired |
|
|
4. |
to have repaired |
|
|
1. |
to have written |
|
The perfect continuous active infinitive |
2. |
to have been written |
|
3. |
to have been writing |
||
|
|||
|
4. |
to be writing |
|
The non-perfect non-continuous active |
1. |
to swim |
|
2. |
to be swimming |
||
infinitive |
3. |
to have swum |
|
|
4. |
to have been swimming |
|
|
1. |
to begin |
|
The perfect non-continuous active infinitive |
2. |
to have begun |
|
3. |
to have been beginning |
||
|
|||
|
4. |
to be begun |
11
С. В. МАЙОРШИНА. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА: ИНФИНИТИВ
S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE
Exercise 3. Give all possible forms of the following infinitives.
to carry, to sit, to set, to know, to inform, to stand, to be, to write, to lie, to like, to make, to raise, to rise, to continue, to study, to leave, to understand, to cut, to take, to finish, to jump, to repair
Exercise 4.
a)Find and correct mistakes in the definition of the infinitives.
•to have corrected – a perfect non-continuous passive infinitive
•to be doing – a non-perfect non-continuous active infinitive
•to have been informed – a perfect continuous passive infinitive
•to run – a non-perfect continuous active infinitive
•to be continued – a non-perfect non-continuous active infinitive
b)Find the form that does not belong to the group. Give the name of each group.
to be burning |
to have been grumbling |
to be sleeping |
to have been sitting |
to be drawing |
to have been set |
to be blown |
to have been beating |
to be ringing |
to have been eating |
|
|
to have reported |
to be laid |
to have written |
to be discussing |
to have been hidden |
to be watched |
to have stood |
to be paid |
to have understood |
to be made |
|
|
Exercise 5. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. I like (to give) gifts, but even more I like (to give) presents to friends and family. 2. The man seemed (to study) me, and I felt uneasy in his presence. 3. The book was believed (to lose) until the librarian happened (to find) it during the inventory. 4. The baby must (to sleep) now. 5. Jack is so weak that not (to support) him would be a crime. 5. His performance is good enough (to give) a prize. 5. One more window remains (to wash). 6. The country is considered (to make) enormous progress this year. 7. English people don’t like (to
12
1. THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE INFINITIVE (THE FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE)
tell) what to do. 8. The dictionary seems (to belong) to my grandfather. It appears (to publish) ages ago. 9. The boy seems (to play) football since morning. 10. They are reported (to discuss) the problem in the conference room. 11. Doctor Nelly Norton is going (to operate) on him, and he wants (to operate) on only by her. 12. It is so nice of you (to visit) us last week. We did have a great time together. 13. John is said (to spend) all his money while travelling about Europe. 14. Mike is in the garage and must (to repair) his car. 15. Everyone wants (to respect).
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive.
1. Я рада, что мне рассказали эту историю вчера на вечерин- ке. 2. Я хочу рассказать тебе последние новости. 3. Роберт не со- бирается вас обвинять в краже. 4. Он и не предполагал, что его обвинят в этом ужасном преступлении. 5. Мне жаль, что я при- чиняю вам столько хлопот. 6. Мне жаль, что я побеспокоила вас и отняла у вас столько времени. 7. Дети обожают, когда им рассказывают страшные истории. 8. Он не мог и представить, что ему так понравится рассказывать о своих приключени- ях. 9. Известно, что некоторые студенты уже побывали в США и даже получили возможность пройти стажировку в националь- ных парках. 10. Он все еще в библиотеке. Говорят, он занима- ется с самого утра. 11. Джек ожидает, что его друзья встретят его в аэропорту и отвезут в гостиницу. 12. Я понятия не имею о том, что она делает. Возможно, она спит. 13. Твое предло- жение наверняка будет принято, всем понравилась твоя идея. 14. Похоже, его допрашивают уже целый час. Интересно, ему есть в чем признаваться? 15. Все, что мы хотим, это иметь боль- ше уроков английского. 16. Чтобы овладеть иностранным язы- ком, необходимо много работать. Но все же главное – это учить- ся с удовольствием.
13
2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS
OF THE INFINITIVE
The nominal character of the infinitive can be seen in its syntactical functions. It can perform any function in the sentence but that of the predicate. Thus, the infinitive may be used as:
-subject
-predicative (part of a compound nominal predicate)
-part of a predicative
-part of a compound verbal predicate (modal and aspect)
-object
-attribute
-adverbial modifier
-parenthesis.
When used as some part of the sentence, the infinitive in most cases combines with other words (such as adverbs, nouns, pronouns). Taken together with the accompanying words, they form an infinitive phrase, which functions and is treated as one whole (unlike the tradition of the Russian syntactical analysis).
To know everything is to know nothing.
“To know everything” is an infinitive phrase used in the function of the subject.
“To know nothing” is an infinitive phrase used in the function of a predicative.
She couldn’t bear to see the pain in his eyes.
“To see the pain in his eyes” is an infinitive phrase used as object.
1) The infinitive as SUBJECT
As the subject of the sentence the infinitive can either precede the predicate or follow it. The infinitive as subject can be rendered in Russian by an infinitive, by a noun, or by a clause.
To speak with her gave me a real pleasure.
Мне доставляло удовольствие говорить с ней.
14
2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
To know much is very important for any professional.
Для любого профессионала очень важно много знать
It will do me good to have a rest at the seaside.
Отдых на море принесет мне пользу.
It’s important to learn foreign languages.
Важно изучать иностранные языки.
It was nice to be walking in the warm rain.
Было приятно гулять подтеплым дождем.
The last three sentences begin with the introductory subject “it”, which is a formal subject and is not translated into Russian. Such sentences are more common that the ones where the infinitive as subject precedes the predicate.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences with infinitives used as subjects. Pay attention to the ways the infinitives are rendered in Russian.
1. It was quite painful to see how humble and civil he was to John of the Tapioca. 2. It did his heart good to see how Amelia had grown young again. 3. Miss Temple is full of goodness; it pains her to be severe to any one, even the worst in the school. 4. I recollected it was not polite to ask too many questions, besides, I was sure to hear in time. 5. Mr Mason obeyed, because it was evidently useless to resist. 6. On so lovely a night it is a shame to sit in the house. 7. To have yielded then would have been an error of judgement. 8. It would be quite impossible to sleep, with such a noise going on outside the bedrooms. 9. To influence a person is to give him one’s own soul. 10. It was so unlike Dorian to speak like that. 11. It was cruel to shut me up alone without a candle – so cruel that I think I shall never forget it. 12. How difficult it was to frame my answer! 13. It puzzles me now to remember with what absurd sincerity I doted on this little toy.
15
С. В. МАЙОРШИНА. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА: ИНФИНИТИВ
S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE
Exercise 2. Make up sentences using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase as subject.
a)
To argue |
|
useless |
|
To cry |
|
helpful |
|
To smoke |
is |
healthy |
|
To learn foreign languages |
dangerous |
||
|
|||
To be always aware of the latest news |
must be |
silly |
|
To read English books |
dull |
||
|
|||
To waste time |
is, no doubt, |
wise |
|
To sing English songs |
important |
||
To do sports |
isn’t |
impossible |
|
To talk about politics |
necessary |
||
|
|||
|
|
fun |
|
|
|
a pleasure |
|
|
|
a nice thing |
b)
|
|
easy |
to survive |
|
|
|
necessary |
||
|
|
to criticize them |
||
|
|
important |
||
|
|
to find a good job |
||
|
|
impossible |
||
|
is |
to climb a mountain |
||
|
hard |
|||
|
was |
to share your impressions with friends |
||
|
urgent |
|||
It |
will be |
to speak foreign languages |
||
wonderful |
||||
|
would be |
to travel around the world |
||
|
must be |
great |
to drive at speed |
|
|
such a pleasure |
|||
|
|
to teach children |
||
|
|
a wise thing |
||
|
|
to help people |
||
|
|
a terrible thing |
||
|
|
to write a book |
||
|
|
a strange thing |
||
|
|
to have a car |
||
|
|
a dangerous thing |
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
Exercise 3. Answer the questions using the infinitive as subject.
1.Why is it bad to miss a grammar class?
2.How long does it take you to get to the university?
3.Why is it important to know foreign languages?
4.Isn’t it fun to sing English songs?
5.Why is it dangerous to drive at speed?
6.Does it do you good to play sports?
7.Is it a surprise to get a good mark when you don’t know the subject well?
16
2.THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
8.Why is it a helpful thing to know English when you travel?
9.Would it be a surprise if you are selected to study abroad?
10.Does it take you long to do your English homework?
Exercise 4. Make up sentences with the infinitive as subject. Your partner should respond to develop the situation. Try to use infinitives as subjects where possible.
Read the instruction. It is important.
You made such a fuss about a trifle. It was silly.
When you use computer on a regular basis, you can’t do without it. It’s impossible.
You shouldn’t eat junk food. It is unhealthy. It would be great if you buy a car.
You should observe traffic rules. It can be dangerous if you don’t. Try not to be late for classes. It is impolite.
Why don’t you take up sports? It’ll do you good.
He was offered a good job, but he refused the offer. It was quite silly. I didn’t go on a hike with my friends. It’s a pity.
You ought to take care of your elderly parents. It is your duty.
If you decide to undertake a long car trip, you’d better have a map and buy some extra parts. It’s quite necessary.
Don’t argue with a policeman when stopped. It’s useless. I love horse-riding. It gives me such a pleasure!
Exercise 5. Translate into English. Use the infinitive as subject.
1. Нам понадобилось немало времени, чтобы убедить его по- ехать с нами на пикник. 2. Побывать в Крыму и не увидеть моря было бы очень обидно. 3. Ей доставляло большое удовольствие на- блюдать, как играют дети. 4. Как предусмотрительно было с вашей сторонызаранеепредупредитьего. 5. СтажировкавАнглиипринесла бытебебольшуюпользу. Оченьважнооказатьсявсреде, гдевсегово- рятна родном английском языке. 6. Они знали, что выполнение это- го задания потребует большого мужества. 7. Жениться на ней было большой ошибкой, которую невозможно исправить. 8. Написание
17
С. В. МАЙОРШИНА. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА: ИНФИНИТИВ
S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE
достойной курсовой работы занимает не один месяц. 9. Слышать, как они ссорятся за стеной каждый день, было совершенно невы- носимо. 10. Посетить выставку этого дизайнера – твоя обязанность, на следующем семинаре тебе придется докладывать всей группе об этом визите. 11. Учиться на географическом факультете довольно трудно, но очень интересно. 12. Узнать, что понравившаяся ему де- вушкабудетучитьсяснимводнойгруппе, былонастоящимсюрпри- зом. 13. Какое несчастье полюбить человека, с которым не суждено быть вместе! 14. Занятия спортом тебе бы не повредили. 15. Сделать мир лучше всегда было его главной целью. 16. Не годится так посту- патьсдрузьями! Тыдолжен им все рассказать.
2) The infinitive as PART OF A COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE:
As part of a compound nominal predicate the infinitive can be used as predicative or as part of a predicative.
a)the infinitive as PREDICATIVE
A compound nominal predicate consists of a link verb and a predicative. The link verb that follows the subject of a sentence is usually expressed most often by the verb “to be (or by another predicative verb, such as “to mean”, “to seem”). The subject of a sentence is usually expressed by another infinitive, by a noun, or by a clause.
My desire is to understand him better.
Я хочу лучше понять его. (Мое желание– лучше понять его.)
His suggestion was to combine our ef forts and find the way out.
Он предложил (его предложением было) объединить наши усилия и найти выход из положения.
To see her means to admire her.
Видеть ее значит восхищаться ею.
Not to warn him seemed to let him down.
Не предупредить его значило подвести его.
What we want to do is to see our friends.
Чего нам хочется, так это повидаться с друзьями.
18
2. THE SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
In this function the infinitive may also be introduced by conjunctions pronouns or adverbs what, whom, where, when, how, which together with the infinitive form a conjunctive infinitive phrase:
The problem was how to do it.
Проблема была втом, как это сделать.
The question is where to find him.
Вопрос втом, где его найти.
b)the infinitive as PART OF A PREDICATIVE
When the infinitive forms part of a predicative, the other part may be expressed by an adjective.
His speech was hard to understand.
Его речь было легко понять.
Her face is easy to recognize.
Ее лицо легко узнать.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences with the infinitive used as predicative or part of a predicative. Pay attention to the ways the infinitives are rendered in Russian.
1. His duty was to call upon old Sedley and his wife, and to keep the former in good humour. 2. Rebecca’s object in her journey to London would be to effect a kind of compromise with her husband’s numerous creditors. 3. They had thrust me upon a stool: my impulse was to rise from it like a spring. 4. The house was charming to look at but rather inconvenient to live in. 5. All I had now to do was to obey him in silence. 6. Finally I had nothing left but indigo and Chinese white, and I could only do moonlight scenes, which are always depressing to look at, and not at all easy to paint. 7. The best thing you can do is to emigrate and improve your mind. 8. It (the prophecy) is painted in curious black letters and is difficult to read. 9. The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.
10.Such an intelligent and kind-hearted young man is not easy to find.
11.He felt I loved him so fondly, that to yield that attendance meant to indulge my sweetest wishes. 12. Her neighbour was difficult to talk to.
19
С. В. МАЙОРШИНА. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА: ИНФИНИТИВ
S. V. MAYORSHINA. VERBALS IN DEPTH: THE INFINITIVE
13. I didn’t like re-entering Thornfield. To pass its threshold was to return to stagnation. 14. Bad habits are easy to acquire and hard to break.
Exercise 2. Make up sentences so as to use the infinitive in bold type as predicative.
1. Your next task, the results, to check up, of the observations, is. 2. I meant, was, the last thing, to offend you. 3. every success, and, I have come for, is, to wish you, what, to congratulate you. 4. on the subject of research, to write, his job, abstracts of articles, was, in the laboratory. 5. could do you good, is, the only thing, to take a long rest, that. 6. to see himself, the most exciting experience, for the first time, was, he had ever had, in a film. 7. an experienced lawyer, was, the next move, to consult, he had made. 8. what turn, is, the best thing, things will take, to do, to see, now.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences:
a)using the infinitive as predicative
1.What I want to do is …
2.What he had to do was…
3.What she failed to do was …
4.What they really wanted to do was…
5.What we’re planning to do now is …
6.What we must do is …
b)using the conjunctives “what”, “whom”, “where”, “how” before the infinitive as predicative
Model: The problem was…
The problem was when to finish the work. whom to give the money to. where to take her.
how to get there.
what to have for breakfast.
1.The task is…
2.The question was …
3.Our goal is …
20