- •G. V. Romanova, A. R. Nurutdinova
- •ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
- •GRAMMAR
- •Tutorial
- •Упражнение 1. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple.
- •Упражнение 4. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple.
- •PRESENT SIMPLE или PRESENT CONTINUOUS?
- •3. I (enjoy/usually) business trips, but I (not/enjoy) this one very much.
- •4. “Hurry up! Everybody (wait) for you.” “Ok, I (come).”
- •5. “(you/listen) to the radio?” “No, you can turn it off”.
- •6. “ (you/listen) to the radio every day?” “No, just occasionally.”
- •7. Rachel is in London at the moment. She (stay) at Hilton Hotel. She (stay/always) there when she’s in London.
- •8. I (finish/normally) at five, but this week I (work) until three because I need to prepare for the conference.
- •9. What (your sister/do)?
- •She is a laboratory assistant, but she (not/work) at the moment.
- •ФОРМЫ БУДУЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
- •FUTURE SIMPLE
- •обозначает:
- •1. Julia is very good at languages. She (speak) four languages very well.
- •2. Liten to those people. What language (they/speak)?
- •1. “I won’t have time to go to the post office tomorrow.” – “Don’t worry. I (send) your mail for you.”
- •2. “Why do you want to go to the library so early in the morning?” – “I (choose) the books while it’s quiet and uncrowded.”
- •3. “I am having a lot of trouble in my statistics class.” – “Stop worrying. I (help) you.”
- •4. “What are you doing with the calculator?” – “I (do) some analysis of the latest data.”
- •5. “Why gave you bought all these maps?” – “We (drive) to the Lake District next month.”
- •1. As soon as the meeting (finish), we call Stanford University.
- •3. We don’t know if they (agree) to do this research together.
- •4. We will be able to finish by the end of June if they (agree) to do this research together.
- •5. Unless he (come) we (not/be able) to prepare the documents.
- •6. I doubt if everything (happen) as we expect.
- •7. After she (get) all necessary data, she (start) the calculations.
- •8. You (give) me this encyclopaedia when I (need) it?
- •2. “Have you decided about the course?” – “Yes, I decided last week. I ________ for a place.”
- •3. Mark ________ if his parents ________ him to borrow their car for the weekend.
- •4. “Do you mind not leaving your papers all over the table?” – “Oh, sorry. I’ll take them all with me when I ________ .”
- •5. When I ________ to this place next spring, all flowers ________ .
- •6. No problem. I ________ him your copy. I ________ him tomorrow at our meeting.
- •7. When ________ your research?
- •PAST SIMPLE
- •используется:
- •PAST SIMPLE или PAST CONTINUOUS?
- •USED TO DO, WOULD DO, BE/GET USED TO DOING
- •Упражнение 35. Выберите правильный вариант.
- •PRESENT PERFECT
- •PAST PERFECT
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON TENSES
- •Задание 1. Выберите правильный вариант.
- •1. Who ________ these scientists you ________ about?
- •2. The presentation ________ in ten minutes on the fifth floor in Room 524.
- •3. Jeremy ________ an article but unfortunately he ________ it.
- •4. I ________ Alice for ages and ________ him so proud of himself.
- •5. What ________ on when I ________ on the door?
- •6. By 2006 she ________ to New York to study Chemistry at Saint Martin’s and later she ______ back again.
- •Задание 2. Напишите правильную грамматическую форму глагола write, которая бы сочеталась с временными маркерами каждого предложения.
- •Задание 3. Исправьте ошибки.
- •1. Pollution is one of the most serious problems since last century.
- •2. In the past nobody was paying attention to this problem.
- •3. Many European countries try still to solve this problem today.
- •4. Before everyone realized the danger, pollution became a threat to the environment.
- •5. Every day some companies have been polluting the environment.
- •6. I hope the world is going to do its best to stop pollution.
- •7. Last week while I was watching the news I have heard that the EU leaders agree to take necessary measures.
- •8. By the next century people will do away with pollution.
- •Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык.
- •1. Что ты делаешь сейчас?
- •2. Что ты делаешь обычно по вечерам?
- •3. Что ты делал, когда я тебе позвонил вчера?
- •4. Что ты будешь делатьзавтра с 3 до 4?
- •5. Что ты делал вчера с 3 до 4?
- •6. Что делаешь с утра?
- •7. Я думаю, ты не будешь делать это завтра.
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON GERUND AND INFINITIVE
- •Задание 1. Закончите предложения правильной формой выражения get a job.
- •Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант.
- •1. This simple test is not worth ________ .
- •2. Fred has decided ________ us.
- •3. You’d better ________ immediately.
- •4. Would you mind ________ that last sentence?
- •5. I need a book that is not difficult ________ .
- •6. I’d like ________ her an email straight away.
- •7. You should ________ listen to his advice.
- •8. She let us ________ the task the next day.
- •5. If Ted (be) more diligent, he (pass) the exam easily yesterday.
- •6. If we (recycle) waste, we (save) natural resources.
- •7. If you (see) another student cheating in an exam, you (tell) anyone?
- •8. If toxic chemicals (not/be dumped) into the lakes and rivers, many species (survive).
- •9. If we (cut) down all forests, the world climate (change).
- •0. If Kate had a car, she would have given you a lift yesterday. SECOND CONDITIONAL
- •“I WISH” CONSTRUCTION
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON COMPLEX SUBJECT
- •AND COMPLEX OBJECT
- •Выполните контрольный перевод следующих предложений, обращая внимание на обороты «сложное подлежащее» и «сложное дополнение».
- •1. The tests expected to be over were not finished yet.
- •2. We know the book likely to be brought by him for you to translate.
- •3. They asked the teacher who had just finished his lesson to repeat the experiment again for those who hadn’t seen it yet.
- •4. The mistake assumed to be insignificant was really great.
- •5. The professor made the assistant working in the laboratory check the results of the first three experiments.
- •6. The director ordered the engineer who had come in to tell him that the work hadn’t begun to start repairing the generator at once without wasting a minute.
- •7. The problem thought to have been solved appeared ansolvable.
- •8. The chief engineer considered the plan suggested by the workers to be very interesting.
- •9. The student believed to be working in that room has gone away without telling anybody about his leaving.
- •10. Everybody who read it found the paper published by Prof. Smith et al. to be of great scientific importance.
- •1. If I (meet) you before, my life (be) different now.
- •2. If you (leave) now, you (be) at home in two hours.
- •3. If I (know) how difficult the course was, I (not/take) it last year.
- •4. If you (order) now, we (give) you a discount.
- •Итак, wish используется:
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON CONDWITIONALS
- •AND “I WISH” CONSTRUCTION
- •Задание 1. Раскройте скобки, используя подходящую форму глагола.
- •The Earth after Humans
- •1. Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы у меня был ключ. Но ключа у меня нет.
- •2. Жаль, что мы не изучили эту тему в прошлом году, она нам пригодилась бы сейчас.
- •3. Роберт умеет решать такие уравнения, но ему бы хотелось решать их лучше.
- •4. Жаль, мне не к кому было обратиться за советом, когда мне было 16 лет.
- •5. Жаль, что он отказался от предложения работать с нами над этим проектом.
- •THE PAST PARTICIPLE / PARTICIPLE TWO
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON PARTICIPLE ONE
- •AND PARTICIPLE TWO
- •Задание 1. Выберите правильную форму причастия.
- •1. Tom is interested/interesting in organic chemistry.
- •2. The lecture was disappointed/disappointing. We expected it to be much better.
- •3. It was a really terrfied/terrifying experiment. Everyone was shocked/shocking.
- •4. I know the man taken/taking the photo.
- •5. The building located/locating in the centre is the library.
- •6. Do you easily get embarrassed/embarrassing?
- •7. It was an exhausted/exhausting competition.
- •8. The people in the nearby villages were worried/worrying by the continues alarmed/alarming rise in the river level.
- •Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие I и причастие II.
- •1. The equation used to solve the problem was derived from probability theory.
- •2. The student reading that book is very diligent.
- •3. He hasn’t prepared a list of the materials required.
- •4. When substituted for steel the plastics saved a great deal of money.
- •5. Designing a new machine the engineer had to read a lot of books.
- •6. The reconstruction work performed increased the amount of power generated by this power station.
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON WORD FORMATION
- •Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, руководствуясь принципами словообразования, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
- •Future population
- •2. The report suggests that if the birth rates stay the same, there’ll be a huge (EXPAND) of the (GLOBE) population.
- •3. You may think it is (POSSIBLE) but three centuries from now there may be over one hundred trillion people.
- •4. The repoer says that the world’s population is likely to be (SIGNIFICANT) older.The average age will be fifty.
- •5. Almost a quarter of all the (INHABIT) of the planet will live in Africa.
- •6. (RESEARCH) think that India, China and the Unites States will continue to be countries with the (BIG) population.
- •REVISION TESTS
- •TEST 1
- •Exercise 1. State the tense form of the Passive construction.
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences translating the Russian words
- •TEST 2
- •Exercise 1. State the tense form of the Passive construction.
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences translating the Russian words.
- •TEST 3
- •Exercise 1. State the tense form of the Passive construction.
- •Exercise 7. Complete with the word that best fits the space.
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences translating the Russian words.
- •Galina Vladimirovna Romanova
- •Aida Rustamovna Nurutdinova
- •ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
- •GRAMMAR
- •Responsible for publishing Prof. N. Sh. Valeeva
THE PAST PARTICIPLE / PARTICIPLE TWO
–Форма причастия II (причастия прошедшего времени) стандартных (правильных) глаголов совпадает с формой прошедшего времени этих глаголов, т.е. образуется прибавлением
коснове глагола суффикса –ed с соответствующими
орфографическими изменениями: to solve (решать) – solved (решил) – solved (решенный, -ая, - ое).
–Форма причастия II нестандартных (неправильных) глаголов образуется разными способами и соответствует 3-й форме этих глаголов: to speak - spoke - spoken, to make - made - made, to go - went - gone.
ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧАСТИЯ II В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
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ПРИМЕР |
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Определение |
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В этой функции причастие II |
The |
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problem, the |
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употребляется либо перед опре- |
problem |
solved |
решенная |
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деляемым словом (слева от него), либо |
задача |
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после (справа). В последнем случае, |
the |
houses |
built построенные |
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переводе причастие переносится влево. |
дома |
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На русский язык причастие II обычно |
the |
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причастием страдатель- |
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the method used используе- |
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мый метод |
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2 |
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Обстоятельство причины |
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Соответствует |
в русском |
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Well-known all over the world |
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причастиям |
на |
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the Russian book on electronics |
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-тый, -вшийся или придаточным |
was also translated into English. |
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предложениям причины |
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Так как русская книга по |
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электронике известна во всем |
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мире, она была переведена и |
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3 |
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Обстоятельство времени |
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When given the book read the |
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придаточным предложениям |
времени. |
article |
about |
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причастные |
protection. |
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Когда |
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как, во время |
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окружающей среды. |
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Часть сказуемого |
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the Russian book on electronics |
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was also translated into English. |
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электронике известна во всем |
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Упражнение 66. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие прошедшего времени.
1.The material used appeared extremely important.
2.The equation used to solve the problem was derived from probability theory.
3.He hasn’t prepared the list of the materials required yet.
4.When substituted for steel the plastics saved a great deal of money.
5.The reconstruction work performed increased the amount of power generated by this power station.
6.Though told to start the engine at once the worker could not do it as the starter was out of order.
7.If asked why they had not done what they had been asked to the young people usually answered that they had had no time.
8.When tested the engines are usually taken to the laboratory.
Упражнение 67. Переведите на английский язык, используя причастие прошедшего времени.
1.Атомы состоят из положительно заряженной сердцевины, или ядра, и электронов.
71
2.Единицы, исользуемые для измерения времени, пространства и массы, называются основными единицами.
3.Дизель, о котором идет речь, на первый взгляд похож на бензиновый двигатель.
4.Прибор, сконструированный этим инженером, прибыл как раз во время.
5.Когда провод изолирован, его можно использовать в качестве проводника.
6.Точные приборы при пользовании ими требуют очень осторожного обращения.
7.Когда юноше посоветовали прочесть эту статью, он сказал, что уже прочел ее.
8.Если эту жидкость очистят, то она будет использована.
9.Хотя испытания были проведены несколько раз при различных условиях, они не дали удовлетворительных результатов.
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ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON PARTICIPLE ONE
AND PARTICIPLE TWO
Задание 1. Выберите правильную форму причастия.
1.Tom is interested/interesting in organic chemistry.
2.The lecture was disappointed/disappointing. We expected it to be much better.
3.It was a really terrfied/terrifying experiment. Everyone was shocked/shocking.
4.I know the man taken/taking the photo.
5.The building located/locating in the centre is the library.
6.Do you easily get embarrassed/embarrassing?
7.It was an exhausted/exhausting competition.
8.The people in the nearby villages were worried/worrying by the continues alarmed/alarming rise in the river level.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие I и причастие II.
1.The equation used to solve the problem was derived from probability theory.
2.The student reading that book is very diligent.
3.He hasn’t prepared a list of the materials required.
4.When substituted for steel the plastics saved a great deal of money.
5.Designing a new machine the engineer had to read a lot of books.
6.The reconstruction work performed increased the amount of power generated by this power station.
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WORD FORMATION4
НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ ГЛАГОЛОВ
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summarize суммировать |
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harden делать(ся) твердым |
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в, делать |
gasify превращать(ся) в газ; |
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electrify электризовать |
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основа |
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granulate гранулировать |
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-er |
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whisper шептать |
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establish устанавливать |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ |
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СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ |
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СУФФИКС |
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Обозначение деятеля |
Worker |
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рабочий |
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Действие в процессе |
Boiling |
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кипячение |
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Свойство, качество |
Whiteness |
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белизна |
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условие, |
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качество |
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деятельность |
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Акт |
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факт |
Breakage |
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действия |
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поломка |
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4 http://study-english.info/infinitive-constructions.php. |
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(гл. +) -ment |
Отвлеченные понятия |
Treatment |
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лечение |
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вительные) |
Resistance |
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сопротивление |
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(гл. +) -ancy, |
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Expectancy |
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надежда |
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Freedom |
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свобода |
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повторение |
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Pressure |
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давление |
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-hood |
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Childhood |
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детство |
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Friendship |
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дружба |
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длина |
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1) Национальность; |
American |
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2) профессия |
американец, |
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Librarian |
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библиотекарь |
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Какое-либо течение |
Communism |
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-ism |
(например, полити- |
коммунизм |
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ческое) |
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1) Принадлежность к |
Communist |
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какому-либо течению; |
коммунист; |
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-ist |
2) профессия |
artist |
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художник |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ
НАРЕЧИЙ И ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ
СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ |
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СУФФИКСЫ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ |
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СУФ- |
ЗНАЧЕ- |
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ПРИМЕР |
СУФ- |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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ФИКС |
НИЕ |
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ФИКС |
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таким |
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Entirely |
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Количественное |
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Fifteen |
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(прил. +) |
образом, |
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всецело |
-teen |
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числительное |
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пятнадцать |
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-ly |
способом |
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от 13 до 19 |
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-ward(s) |
направле- |
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Backwards |
-ty |
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десятки |
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Seventy |
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ние движе- |
назад |
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семьдесят |
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ния |
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в |
таком |
Clockwise |
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Порядковое |
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Fourth |
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-wise |
направле- |
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по часовой |
-th |
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числительное |
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четвертый |
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нии, |
таким |
стрелке |
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способом |
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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(сущ. +) -al |
Наличие |
признака, |
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Central центральный |
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свойств и |
качеств, |
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(сущ. +) -ic |
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Patriotic патриотический |
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выраженных основой |
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(сущ. +) -ical |
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Geological геологический |
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(сущ. +) -ous |
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Famous известный |
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(сущ. +) -ful |
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Useful полезный |
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(гл. +) |
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Expressible выразительный |
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-able, -ible |
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(гл. +) |
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Dependent зависимый |
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-ant, -ent |
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(гл. +) -ive |
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Active активный |
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(сущ. +) -ly |
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Friendly дружелюбный |
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(сущ. +) -y |
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Grainy зернистый |
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(гл. +) -ite |
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Favourite любимый |
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-ary |
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Pecuniary денежный |
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-ate |
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Fortunate удачный |
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-ed |
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cold-blooded хладнокровный |
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-less |
Отсутствие качества, |
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Useless бесполезный |
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признака |
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1) Наличие признака в |
Reddish красноватый; |
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-ish |
слабой степени; |
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2) принадлежность к |
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Polish польский |
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национальности |
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-ese |
Принадлежность к |
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Japanese японский |
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национальности |
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-ian, -an |
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Egyptian египетский |
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-like |
Сходство |
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Birdlike птицеподобный |
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-ern |
Принадлежность |
к |
Northern северный |
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одной из сторон света |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ |
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ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ |
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ДРУГИЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ |
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ПРЕФИКСЫ |
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ПРЕФИКС |
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ПРИМЕР |
ПРЕФИКС |
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
ПРИМЕР |
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un- |
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unable |
re- (+ гл.) |
Вновь сде- |
remake |
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неспособный |
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лать то, на |
переделы |
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что указыва- |
вать |
in- |
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inactive |
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ет основа |
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бездеятель- |
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ный |
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im- |
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impossible |
en-, em- |
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Придавать |
embody |
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невозможный |
(+ гл.) |
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качество |
вопло- |
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щать |
il- |
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illegal |
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незаконный |
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ir- |
irregular |
over- |
Избыточная |
overpro- |
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неправиль- |
(+ гл.) |
степень |
duce |
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ный |
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качества или |
перепро- |
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выполнения |
изводить |
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misunderstand |
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mis- |
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действия |
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неправильно |
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понять |
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disapproval |
under- |
Недостаточ- |
underesti- |
dis- |
неодобрение |
(+ гл.) |
ная степень |
mate |
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качества или |
недооце- |
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выполнения |
нивать |
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действия |
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Упражнение 68. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, руководствуясь принципами словообразования, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
1.It is one thing to land instruments on Mars, however it is quite another to establish a base for humans to explore the planet. Even if we did, we would probably freeze to (DIE).
2.Living on Mars would be like living in a giant fridge, just (COLD). Daytime temperatures are about -50 C.
3.There is hardly any oxygen for (BREATHE).
4.It is (POSSIBLE) to burn conventional fuels either which is another problem.
5.But despite all these issues, at present (SCIENCE) are working on transport for Mars.
Упражнение 69. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, руководствуясь принципами словообразования, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
1.There are few experiences as unpleasant as being (BITTER) cold and dripping wet on board a boat.
2.The (KNOW) that you may be several hours away from warm, dry clothing is enough to slow down even the (TOUGH) sailor.
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3.That is why (SCIENCE) from all over the world are working on new type of waterproof clothing for sailors.
4.However, recent (SCIENCE) developments in the types of materials used to make waterproof clothes have, hopefully, put an end to the (SUFFER) of the sailor.
5.New suits, trousers and jackets have been designed which allow people to stay warm and dry at sea and can be warn (COMFORT) on days on end.
6.The new clothing is by no means cheap, but it will not stop it from selling well, and not just in the sailing market. (LIKE) previous types of waterproof clothing, which tended to leave the wearer hot, sweaty and sticky even after a (RELATIVE) short burst of (ENERGY) activity, these new clothes are manufactured with an (ADDITION) inner layer.
7.This is made of a special material which allows the clothes “to breathe” – in other words, body heat can escape so that the body stays dry, but still maintains its (WARM) in all weathers.
Упражнение 70. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, руководствуясь принципами словообразования, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
1.The development of cyber communication – email, text messaging, and social networking – (REVOLUTION) the way we communicate. Quick and (SUCCESS) communication via the Internet has proved essential to national governments, and to the individual.
2.Now we can send and receive important messages, communicate and clarify statements (PRACTICAL) within seconds.
3.Cyber communication is very important in (BUSY).
4.On a more individual level, cyber communication has transformed the method in which people communicate. In particular, social networking sites have provided access to people in every corner of the globe and their (POPULAR) is growing.
5.This has helped old friends living far apart to maintain a close (RELATION).
6.For many people, not just teens, social networking has become an alternative to (TRADITION) forms of communication.
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