- •G. V. Romanova, A. R. Nurutdinova
- •ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
- •GRAMMAR
- •Tutorial
- •Упражнение 1. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple.
- •Упражнение 4. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple.
- •PRESENT SIMPLE или PRESENT CONTINUOUS?
- •3. I (enjoy/usually) business trips, but I (not/enjoy) this one very much.
- •4. “Hurry up! Everybody (wait) for you.” “Ok, I (come).”
- •5. “(you/listen) to the radio?” “No, you can turn it off”.
- •6. “ (you/listen) to the radio every day?” “No, just occasionally.”
- •7. Rachel is in London at the moment. She (stay) at Hilton Hotel. She (stay/always) there when she’s in London.
- •8. I (finish/normally) at five, but this week I (work) until three because I need to prepare for the conference.
- •9. What (your sister/do)?
- •She is a laboratory assistant, but she (not/work) at the moment.
- •ФОРМЫ БУДУЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ
- •FUTURE SIMPLE
- •обозначает:
- •1. Julia is very good at languages. She (speak) four languages very well.
- •2. Liten to those people. What language (they/speak)?
- •1. “I won’t have time to go to the post office tomorrow.” – “Don’t worry. I (send) your mail for you.”
- •2. “Why do you want to go to the library so early in the morning?” – “I (choose) the books while it’s quiet and uncrowded.”
- •3. “I am having a lot of trouble in my statistics class.” – “Stop worrying. I (help) you.”
- •4. “What are you doing with the calculator?” – “I (do) some analysis of the latest data.”
- •5. “Why gave you bought all these maps?” – “We (drive) to the Lake District next month.”
- •1. As soon as the meeting (finish), we call Stanford University.
- •3. We don’t know if they (agree) to do this research together.
- •4. We will be able to finish by the end of June if they (agree) to do this research together.
- •5. Unless he (come) we (not/be able) to prepare the documents.
- •6. I doubt if everything (happen) as we expect.
- •7. After she (get) all necessary data, she (start) the calculations.
- •8. You (give) me this encyclopaedia when I (need) it?
- •2. “Have you decided about the course?” – “Yes, I decided last week. I ________ for a place.”
- •3. Mark ________ if his parents ________ him to borrow their car for the weekend.
- •4. “Do you mind not leaving your papers all over the table?” – “Oh, sorry. I’ll take them all with me when I ________ .”
- •5. When I ________ to this place next spring, all flowers ________ .
- •6. No problem. I ________ him your copy. I ________ him tomorrow at our meeting.
- •7. When ________ your research?
- •PAST SIMPLE
- •используется:
- •PAST SIMPLE или PAST CONTINUOUS?
- •USED TO DO, WOULD DO, BE/GET USED TO DOING
- •Упражнение 35. Выберите правильный вариант.
- •PRESENT PERFECT
- •PAST PERFECT
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON TENSES
- •Задание 1. Выберите правильный вариант.
- •1. Who ________ these scientists you ________ about?
- •2. The presentation ________ in ten minutes on the fifth floor in Room 524.
- •3. Jeremy ________ an article but unfortunately he ________ it.
- •4. I ________ Alice for ages and ________ him so proud of himself.
- •5. What ________ on when I ________ on the door?
- •6. By 2006 she ________ to New York to study Chemistry at Saint Martin’s and later she ______ back again.
- •Задание 2. Напишите правильную грамматическую форму глагола write, которая бы сочеталась с временными маркерами каждого предложения.
- •Задание 3. Исправьте ошибки.
- •1. Pollution is one of the most serious problems since last century.
- •2. In the past nobody was paying attention to this problem.
- •3. Many European countries try still to solve this problem today.
- •4. Before everyone realized the danger, pollution became a threat to the environment.
- •5. Every day some companies have been polluting the environment.
- •6. I hope the world is going to do its best to stop pollution.
- •7. Last week while I was watching the news I have heard that the EU leaders agree to take necessary measures.
- •8. By the next century people will do away with pollution.
- •Задание 4. Переведите на английский язык.
- •1. Что ты делаешь сейчас?
- •2. Что ты делаешь обычно по вечерам?
- •3. Что ты делал, когда я тебе позвонил вчера?
- •4. Что ты будешь делатьзавтра с 3 до 4?
- •5. Что ты делал вчера с 3 до 4?
- •6. Что делаешь с утра?
- •7. Я думаю, ты не будешь делать это завтра.
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON GERUND AND INFINITIVE
- •Задание 1. Закончите предложения правильной формой выражения get a job.
- •Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант.
- •1. This simple test is not worth ________ .
- •2. Fred has decided ________ us.
- •3. You’d better ________ immediately.
- •4. Would you mind ________ that last sentence?
- •5. I need a book that is not difficult ________ .
- •6. I’d like ________ her an email straight away.
- •7. You should ________ listen to his advice.
- •8. She let us ________ the task the next day.
- •5. If Ted (be) more diligent, he (pass) the exam easily yesterday.
- •6. If we (recycle) waste, we (save) natural resources.
- •7. If you (see) another student cheating in an exam, you (tell) anyone?
- •8. If toxic chemicals (not/be dumped) into the lakes and rivers, many species (survive).
- •9. If we (cut) down all forests, the world climate (change).
- •0. If Kate had a car, she would have given you a lift yesterday. SECOND CONDITIONAL
- •“I WISH” CONSTRUCTION
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON COMPLEX SUBJECT
- •AND COMPLEX OBJECT
- •Выполните контрольный перевод следующих предложений, обращая внимание на обороты «сложное подлежащее» и «сложное дополнение».
- •1. The tests expected to be over were not finished yet.
- •2. We know the book likely to be brought by him for you to translate.
- •3. They asked the teacher who had just finished his lesson to repeat the experiment again for those who hadn’t seen it yet.
- •4. The mistake assumed to be insignificant was really great.
- •5. The professor made the assistant working in the laboratory check the results of the first three experiments.
- •6. The director ordered the engineer who had come in to tell him that the work hadn’t begun to start repairing the generator at once without wasting a minute.
- •7. The problem thought to have been solved appeared ansolvable.
- •8. The chief engineer considered the plan suggested by the workers to be very interesting.
- •9. The student believed to be working in that room has gone away without telling anybody about his leaving.
- •10. Everybody who read it found the paper published by Prof. Smith et al. to be of great scientific importance.
- •1. If I (meet) you before, my life (be) different now.
- •2. If you (leave) now, you (be) at home in two hours.
- •3. If I (know) how difficult the course was, I (not/take) it last year.
- •4. If you (order) now, we (give) you a discount.
- •Итак, wish используется:
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON CONDWITIONALS
- •AND “I WISH” CONSTRUCTION
- •Задание 1. Раскройте скобки, используя подходящую форму глагола.
- •The Earth after Humans
- •1. Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы у меня был ключ. Но ключа у меня нет.
- •2. Жаль, что мы не изучили эту тему в прошлом году, она нам пригодилась бы сейчас.
- •3. Роберт умеет решать такие уравнения, но ему бы хотелось решать их лучше.
- •4. Жаль, мне не к кому было обратиться за советом, когда мне было 16 лет.
- •5. Жаль, что он отказался от предложения работать с нами над этим проектом.
- •THE PAST PARTICIPLE / PARTICIPLE TWO
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON PARTICIPLE ONE
- •AND PARTICIPLE TWO
- •Задание 1. Выберите правильную форму причастия.
- •1. Tom is interested/interesting in organic chemistry.
- •2. The lecture was disappointed/disappointing. We expected it to be much better.
- •3. It was a really terrfied/terrifying experiment. Everyone was shocked/shocking.
- •4. I know the man taken/taking the photo.
- •5. The building located/locating in the centre is the library.
- •6. Do you easily get embarrassed/embarrassing?
- •7. It was an exhausted/exhausting competition.
- •8. The people in the nearby villages were worried/worrying by the continues alarmed/alarming rise in the river level.
- •Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие I и причастие II.
- •1. The equation used to solve the problem was derived from probability theory.
- •2. The student reading that book is very diligent.
- •3. He hasn’t prepared a list of the materials required.
- •4. When substituted for steel the plastics saved a great deal of money.
- •5. Designing a new machine the engineer had to read a lot of books.
- •6. The reconstruction work performed increased the amount of power generated by this power station.
- •ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON WORD FORMATION
- •Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами, однокоренные слова, руководствуясь принципами словообразования, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста.
- •Future population
- •2. The report suggests that if the birth rates stay the same, there’ll be a huge (EXPAND) of the (GLOBE) population.
- •3. You may think it is (POSSIBLE) but three centuries from now there may be over one hundred trillion people.
- •4. The repoer says that the world’s population is likely to be (SIGNIFICANT) older.The average age will be fifty.
- •5. Almost a quarter of all the (INHABIT) of the planet will live in Africa.
- •6. (RESEARCH) think that India, China and the Unites States will continue to be countries with the (BIG) population.
- •REVISION TESTS
- •TEST 1
- •Exercise 1. State the tense form of the Passive construction.
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences translating the Russian words
- •TEST 2
- •Exercise 1. State the tense form of the Passive construction.
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences translating the Russian words.
- •TEST 3
- •Exercise 1. State the tense form of the Passive construction.
- •Exercise 7. Complete with the word that best fits the space.
- •Exercise 8. Complete the sentences translating the Russian words.
- •Galina Vladimirovna Romanova
- •Aida Rustamovna Nurutdinova
- •ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
- •GRAMMAR
- •Responsible for publishing Prof. N. Sh. Valeeva
ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON GERUND AND INFINITIVE
Задание 1. Закончите предложения правильной формой выражения get a job.
1. |
I want |
________________________________ |
2. |
I suggest |
________________________________ |
3. |
I decided |
________________________________ |
4. |
I recommend |
________________________________ |
5. |
I hope |
________________________________ |
6. |
They made me |
________________________________ |
7. |
I managed |
________________________________ |
8. |
I am trying |
________________________________ |
9. |
I’d appreciate |
________________________________ |
10. |
I’d rather |
________________________________ |
11. |
I agree |
________________________________ |
12. |
I’ve denied |
________________________________ |
13. |
Let’s |
________________________________ |
14. |
I imagine |
________________________________ |
15. |
I feel like |
________________________________ |
16. |
I won’t refuse |
________________________________ |
17. |
I must |
________________________________ |
18. |
I would like |
________________________________ |
Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант.
1.This simple test is not worth ________ .
a)do;
b)doing;
c)to do.
2.Fred has decided ________ us.
a)join;
b)to join;
c)joining.
3.You’d better ________ immediately.
a)to apply;
b)applying;
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c)apply.
4.Would you mind ________ that last sentence?
a)repeat;
b)to repeat; c)repeating.
5.I need a book that is not difficult ________ .
a)read;
b)to read;
c)reading.
6.I’d like ________ her an email straight away.
a)send;
b)to send;
c)sending.
7.You should ________ listen to his advice.
a)listen;
b)to listen;
c)listening.
8.She let us ________ the task the next day.
a)finish;
b)to finish;
c)finishing.
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COMPLEX SUBJECT1
Конструкция «сложное подлежащее» (субъектный инфинитивный оборот, Complex Subject, The Subjective Infinitive Construction, The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в именительном падеже, выполняющего в предложении функцию подлежащего, с инфинитивом.
•Особенность этой конструкции в том, что она не выступает как единый член предложения: именная часть конструкции является в то же время подлежащим предложения, а инфинитив представляет собой часть составного глагольного сказуемого.
•С глаголами чувственного восприятия: to hear (слышать), to see (видеть), to watch (наблюдать, смотреть), to feel (чувствовать), to observe (наблюдать), to notice (замечать) и др. в страдательном залоге. В данной конструкции после этих глаголов инфинитив употребляется с частицей «to».
•С глаголами, обозначающими умственную деятельность: to know (знать), to think (думать), to consider, to believe, to suppose (думать, полагать), to expect (ожидать), to imagine (представлять), to find (находить, узнавать), to trust (верить), to assume (допускать, предполагать) и другими в страдательном залоге. После этих глаголов в составе конструкции часто используется глагол to be.
•С глаголом to make (заставлять) ‒ в страдательном залоге.
•С глаголами в значении сообщения: to say (говорить), to report (сообщать), to state (утверждать) ‒ в страдательном залоге.
•В действительном залоге с глаголами: to seem казаться (повидимому), to happen случаться (случается, случалось), to prove доказывать (оказывается, оказалось), to be likely
(вероятно), to be unlikely (вряд ли), to be sure, to be certain (быть уверенным, наверняка), to turn out (оказываться) и т.п.
1 http://study-english.info/infinitive-constructions.php.
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Упражнение 53. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.
1. His theory was assumed to be correct. 2. The designing of the motor is believed to be finished next month. 3. The designing of the motor is believed to have been finished last month. 4. This laboratory is considered to be very good. 5. This house is considered to have been built in the last century. 6. The engineer was expected to help them with the problem they will be given. 7. The engineer was expected to help them every time they ask him to. 8. The engineer was expected to be helping them with that problem. 9. The engineer was expected to have helped them with that problem. 10. That problem was found to have been solved. 11. That problem was found to be solved in a couple of days after the first one is solved. 12. The results were seen to be very good. 13. He is supposed to measure the distance between these two surfaces in half an hour. 14. He is supposed to measure the distance between these two surfaces of all the units they send to him. 15. He is supposed to have measured the distance between these two surfaces. 16. He is supposed to be measuring the distance between these two surfaces. 17. The experiment was thought to be carried out very soon. 18. The experiment was thought to have been carried out long ago. 19. This scientist is understood to write books on polymers. 20. This scientist is understood to be writing a book on polymers. 21. This scientist is understood to have written a book on polymers.
Упражнение 54. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.
1. The danger appeared to be really great and they had to stop experimenting. 2. The problem appeared to have been discussed. 3. These two phenomena happened to be connected with each other. 4. The professor happened to be working in the laboratory when the incident happened.
5.The problem seems to be too difficult for him to solve it by himself.
6.She seemed to have disregarded those facts. 7. They are certain to finish their work in an hour and a half. 8. They are certain to have finished their work. 9. They are certain to be finishing their work. 10. The experiment is likely to be repeated soon. 11. The experiment is likely to have been repeated. 12. The engineer is likely to be found in the laboratory. 13. The engineer is likely to have measured the voltage. 14. The results of the test
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to be made are unlikely to be satisfactory. 15. The results of the test made are unlikely to have been satisfactory. 16. The engineer is unlikely to be working in the laboratory.
Упражнение 55. Переведите на английский язык, используя сложное подлежащее.
1. Было видно, что эксперимент проходил неправильно. 2. Ожидалось, что делегация посетит конференцию в полном составе. 3. Реакцию заставили проходить с нужной скоростью. 4. Сообщается, что новый полимер с уникальными свойствами получен в лаборатории Казани. 5. Он вряд ли выполнит работу в срок. 6. Было замечено, что новый элемент проявляет нехарактерные для его группы свойства. 7. Известно, что современная химическая наука такая же разносторонняя, как и объекты, которые она изучает. 8. Инертные газы заставили вступить в реакцию путем повышения температуры. 9. Утверждают, что металы похожи в свойствах друг на друга больше, чем неметаллы. 10. Аргон, казалось, не способен образовать химические соединения. 11. Обнаружили, что щелочные металлы мягки как воск.
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COMPLEX OBJECT2
Конструкция «сложное дополнение» (объектный инфинитивный оборот, Complex Object, The Objective Infinitive Construction, The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction) представляет собой сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в объектном падеже с инфинитивом.
•После глаголов чувственного восприятия: to hear (слышать), to see (видеть), to watch (наблюдать, смотреть), to feel (чувствовать), to observe (наблюдать), to notice (замечать) и др. в действительном залоге. После этих глаголов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.
•После глаголов чувственного восприятия используется только
Indefinite Infinitive Active. Чтобы выразить действие в страдательном залоге, можно использовать причастие II.
•После глаголов, обозначающих умственную деятельность: to know (знать), to think (думать), to consider, to believe, to suppose (думать, полагать), to expect (ожидать), to imagine (представлять), to find (находить, узнавать), to trust (верить), to assume (допускать, предполагать) и другие в действительном залоге. После этих глаголов в составе конструкции очень часто используется глагол to be.
•После глаголов со значением заявления: to pronounce (произносить), говорить, to declare (заявлять), to report (докладывать).
•После глаголов, обозначающих чувства и эмоции: to like
(нравиться), to dislike (не нравиться), to love (любить), to hate, cannot bear (не мочь терпеть, ненавидеть) и т. д.
•После глаголов, обозначающих приказ или разрешение,
принуждение: to order (приказывать, to allow, to permit (позволять), to suffer (неохотно позволять), to have (распоряжаться), to make, to have, to get, to force, to cause (распоряжаться, приказывать, заставлять) и другие в действительном залоге.
2 http://study-english.info/infinitive-constructions.php.
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Упражнение 56. Посмотрите, как придаточное дополнительное предложение может быть заменено сложным дополнением, и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.a) She expected that the test would be performed the next day.
b)She expected the test to be performed the next day.
2.a) He considers that the data given to him are wrong.
b)He considers the data given to him to be wrong.
3.a) We found that the results of the test were satisfactory.
b)We found the results of the test to be satisfactory.
4.a) They supposed that the design was ready.
b)They supposed the design to be ready.
Упражнение 57. Найдите сложное дополнение в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. They asked the workers to come as soon as possible. 2. The engineer ordered the workers to come at 8 o’clock. 3. Everybody believed the motor to have been switched off long ago. 4. The students considered themselves to be great specialists in this sphere. 5. I know this problem to be hard to solve. 6. We supposed the experiment to have been finished. 7. We observed the liquid start boiling and change its colour. 8. The engineer always watched the young workers spray the molten metal on the board. 9. They thought the director to have spoken with the chief engineer about the plan. 10. The chief of the laboratory ordered the working plans of each of the laboratory man to be brought to the production meeting to be discussed.
Упражнение 58. Переведите на английский язык, используя сложное дополнение.
1. Мы наблюдали, как протекает реакция. 2. Они ожидают, что эта конференция станет сенсацией в мире химии. 3. Ученые заявили, что их лаборатория готова к проведению этого эксперимента. 4. Он распорядился, чтобы ремонт оборудования начали немедленно. 5. Все заметили, как новое оборудование ускорило процесс исследования.
6.Мы считаем это исследование основополагающим в нашей области.
7.Химики доложили о синтезе нового вещества. 8. Мне не нравится, когда ты делаешь поспешные выводы. 9. Студентам разрешили присутствовать при проведении этого эксперимента.
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