Grammatical valency

Words are used also in grammatical contexts. The minimal grammatical context in which words are used when brought together to form word-groups is usually described as the pattern of the word-group. For instance, the adjective heavy discussed above can be followed by a noun (e.g. heavy storm or by the infinitive of a verb (e.g. heavy to lift), etc. The aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical (or rather syntactic) structures is termed grammatical valency.

The grammatical valency of words may be different. To begin with, the range of grammatical valency is delimited by the part of speech the word belongs to. It follows that the grammatical valency of each individual word is dependent on the grammatical structure of the language. This is not to imply that grammatical valency of words belonging to the same part of speech is necessarily identical. This can be best illustrated by comparing the grammatical valency of any two words belonging to the same part of speech, e.g. of the two synonymous verbs suggest and propose. Both verbs can be followed by a noun (to propose or suggest a plan, a resolution). It is only propose, however, that can be followed by the infinitive of a verb (to propose to do smth.); The adjectives clever andintelligent are seen to possess different grammatical valency as clever can be used in word-groups having the pattern: Adjective-Preposition at+Noun (clever at mathematics), whereas intelligent can never be found in exactly the same word-group pattern.

Specific linguistic restrictions in the range of grammatical valency of individual words imposed on the lexical units by the inner structure of the language are also observed by comparing the grammatical valency of correlated words in different languages. The English verb influence, for example, can be followed only by a noun (to influence a person, a decision, choice, etc.). The grammatical valency of its Russian counterpart влиять is different. The Russian verb can be combined only with a prepositional group (cf. влиять на человека, на выбор, . . ., etc.).

No departure from the norm of grammatical valency is possible as this can make the word-group unintelligible to English speakers. Thus e.g. the word-groupmathematics at clever is likely to be felt as a meaningless string of words because the grammatical valency of English nouns does not allow of the structureNoun+at+Adjective. It should also be pointed out that the individual meanings of a polysemantic word may be described through its grammatical valency. Thus, different meanings of the adjective keen may be described in a general way through different structures of the word-groups keen+N, — keen sight(hearing, etc.), keen + on + N — keen on sports (on tennis, etc.), keen+V(inf.) — keen to know (to find out, etc.).

From this point of view word-groups may be regarded as minimal syntactic (or syntagmatic) structures that operate as distinguishing clues for different meanings of a polysemantic word.

Фразеологические единицы. Их устойчивость, раздельнооформленность и семантическая целостность Phraseology /from lecture/

Phraseology deals with stable word-combinations characterized by a certain transference of meaning, such as "to beat about the bush", "to take a bull by horns" etc. The term phraseology was introduced by Charles Bally, a Swiss scholar, then professor PPolivanov first raised the question of Phraseology in Soviet Linguistics. Then academician Vinogradov was the first to work out a classification of Russian phraseological units which gave rise to further investigation of Phrseology in other languages. A profound studies of English phraseology was undertaken by professors Amosova and Kunin. It's necessary to stress that the main contribution to the development of Phraseology as a branch of Linguistics has been made by Soviet linguists.

Kunin gives the definition of phraseological units: they are stable word combinations with completely or partially transferredmeaning. The criteria of ph.un-s:

1. Integrity of meaning; transference of meaning;

2. Stability (lexical and grammatical);

3. Separability;

4. Expressivity and emotiveness.

Ph. units have several functions:

1. Nominative — to name objects, things, pnenomena;

2. Communicative — they carry a certain communication;

3. Expressive and emotive — they evoke emotions or add expressiveness (to kick the bucket = to die; at the 11-th hour = at the last moment)