Glossary
e v a - m a r i a k i e n i n g e r a n d g e o r g e l . g r e t t o n
I. Introduction
The glossary originated from the necessity to establish some degree of terminological uniformity in the national discussions of the cases. It was felt by all contributors that for a number of key terms such as ‘security right’, ‘ownership’, ‘execution’, ‘insolvency proceedings’, etc. a standardised term (in English) should be used. Given that the approach of English law is quite different from that of the civil law systems -- a general statement which is especially true in property law -- it was thought advisable not to use standard English law terminology but to choose neutral expressions where available, such as, for example, ‘enterprise charge’ instead of ‘floating charge’. As a consequence of this approach, terms of art in English law which have not at the same time been chosen as overall standard terms appear italicised in the discussions of the cases, just as do national terms of art in languages other than English.
The glossary which emerged from the work on the reports was first meant to be addressed only to the contributors. However, as we went along, it became apparent not only that the glossary would be useful to the reader, but also that knowledge of our terminological decisions would indeed be necessary for a proper understanding of the reports.
The glossary is divided into three parts. In the first column the reader will find the standardised terms used in the reports. Sometimes, related terms (which are not translated) are added in square brackets. For some terms it was felt that a note or definition might be helpful. These can be found in the third column. The second and more important column contains translations of the standard terms into the various languages of the legal systems under consideration. It must be noted, however, that the use of the word ‘translation’ in this context is to be understood to be taken with a pinch of salt. The purpose was to state terms of art in each of the contributors’ languages rather than give explanatory translations. Where the concept referred to by the chosen standard term exists in the given country, it was possible to provide a translation of the standard term using a national term of art. Yet, where legal concepts are more diverse, we still
150
g l o s s a r y |
151 |
decided to indicate the national terms of art denoting legal institutions which are the closest approximations, rather than to attempt a descriptive translation. This caveat applies especially to the translations given for the term ‘enterprise charge’. It is evident that, for example, the English floating charge and the French nantissement du fonds de commerce are in fact widely different. Finally, where no national standard term existed, not even in comparative legal writing, the contributors were asked to fill in ‘no standard term’ rather than invent terms. Nevertheless, it must be made clear that the fact that a contributor stated a national term of art, e.g. for ‘security ownership’, does not necessarily mean that the concept of security ownership exists and is regarded as valid in that specific jurisdiction. In sum, the glossary should be seen in the context of the cases and should not be understood as a separate attempt to produce a dictionary.
It follows from the use of standardised terms in English rather than English terms of art that the standard terms are not necessarily valid or appropriate in the context of English, Irish, Scottish or South African law. This is why the second column also contains a ‘translation’ of the standard terms into terms used in the English, Irish, Scottish and South African legal systems. It should also be noted that the standard terminology was followed only in Part II of this volume, and in the Introduction and Evaluation. In all other contributions to Part I of this book, the authors used their own terminology.
notesSelected
in samethe asorder
1 languagesother
inTerms
Standard term
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Transferofmovableintangibleproperty,suchas |
claims.Seealsosecurityassignment. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
byasolidus(/).Differenttermswithinone |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Verbindung;Verbindung;enosi,synafeia; |
incorporation;accession/natrekking;acess˜ao;accesión; |
accessione;natrekking;accession;accession; |
accessio/accession;accession;accession;accession; |
aksessio,liittäminen/accession,förbindelse |
Klage;Klage;agogi;actionenjustice,demandeen |
justice;actionenjustice,demandeenjustice/vordering |
inrechte;acç˜ao;demandajudicial;azione,azionein |
giudizio;rechtsvordering;actionincourt;actionin |
court;action;action;søgsmål;talan;kanne/talan |
Forderungsabtretung,Zession;Forderungsabtretung, |
Zession;ekchorisi;cessiondecréance;transfertde |
créance,cessiondecréance/overdrachtvan |
schuldvordering;cess˜aodecréditos;cesióndecrédito; |
cessionedelcredito;cessie;assignment;assignment; |
assignation;cession,assignment;overdragelse; |
överlåtelse;siirto,luovutus/överlåtelse |
|
languageswhichareusedinonejurisdictionareseparated |
|
|
|
|
Accession |
|
|
|
|
Actionincourt |
|
|
|
|
Assignment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
different |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terms |
language and jurisdiction are separated by a comma (,).
152
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
|
Avoidanceofacontractbecauseoffraud, |
misrepresentation,mistake,threat,irrespective |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Anfechtung;Anfechtung;akyrosi;lanullité(relative) |
ducontrat;annullation/vernietiging;anulaç˜ao; |
Standardterm |
Avoidance |
of whether the effects are ex tunc or ex nunc. The
2 annullamento;impugnación/anulabilidad;
andexnuncareusedtospecifythe |
avoidance.Theterm‘rescission’is |
extunc |
ofan |
terms |
effects |
vernietiging;rescission;rescission;avoidance, |
rescission;avoidance,rescission;ugyldighed, |
|
context |
civil |
|
|
|
(cont.) |
term. |
isalsousedinthe |
withthedutiesof |
|
|
|
|
notusedasastandard |
Thetermavoidance |
ofactiopauliana. Publicofficialcharged |
execution. |
|
.impugnazionepauliana:actio |
insolvencyofcontexttheinproceedings. |
återvinning;ogiltighet,omstødelse; |
|
Vollstreckungsorgan,Gerichtsvollzieher; |
dikastikosGerichtsvollzieher;epimelitis;huissierde justice/gerechtsdeurwaarder;dehuissierjustice; oficial judicial;funcionáriojustiça,de funcionariojudicial; gerechtsdeurwaarder;giudiziario;ufficiale sheriff; bailiff,court;ofofficersheriff;messengerofthecourt; ulosottomies/utmätningsman;fogde; utmätningsman |
|
||
moite/klander |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
contextof |
termused |
|
|
Bailiff |
|
|
Butinthe |
Thisisthe |
|
|
|
|
2 |
3 |
153
|
|
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
GutgläubigerErwerb;gutgläubigerErwerb;kalopisti |
(cont.) |
|
Standardterm |
|
|
|
|
Bonafideacquisition |
goederte
verkrijging
4 foi;bonne
ktisi; deacquisition
|
|
|
|
|
|
allsecurityrightsin |
whichareneithera |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generaltermusedfor |
movablesorinclaims |
trouw/acquisitiondebonnefoi;aquisiç˜aodeboafé; |
adquisicióndebuenafe;acquistodibuonafede; |
verkrijgingtegoedertrouw;bonafideacquisition;bona |
fideacquisition;bonafideacquisition;bonafide |
acquisition;godtroserhvervelse;godtrosförvärv; |
vilpittömänmielensaanto/godtrosförvärv |
Pfandrecht;Pfandrecht;plasmatikoenechyro;droitde |
sureté;ˆzekerheidsrecht/droitdesureté;ˆpenhorsem |
Charge
securitya
norownership
security oftransfer
pignoraticio,derecho
6 mobiliária;hipoteca
5 entrega;
assignmentnorapossessorypledge.Termmay |
besupplementedbyspecificationssuchase.g. |
‘registeredcharge’or‘chargeoveraclaim’.The |
term‘pledge’isreservedforthepossessory |
pledgeofmovables,exceptwhereitisqualified bysupplementssuchas‘registered’,etc. |
|
|
|
|
derechoprediario;privilegio;(stil)pandrecht;charge; |
charge;nostandardterm;nostandardterm; |
underpant,panteret;inteckning,registerpant, |
hypotek;hallinnatonpanttioikeus,hypoteeki/hypotek |
|
|
law,whatmattersisthepossessionnottheacquisition. |
notsubjecttoregistration. |
subjecttoregistration. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
French |
thatis |
thatis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Althoughin |
Forproperty |
Forproperty |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
5 |
6 |
154
|
|
|
|
|
asa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
that |
|
|
|
|
|
(cont.) |
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
|
Chargeovertheenterpriseorundertaking |
wholeoroversignificantpartsofit. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ingeneraltheuseof‘claim’ispreferredto |
of‘receivable’or‘bookdebt’. |
|
|
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Unternehmenspfandrecht;Unternehmenspfandrecht; |
enechyroepichirisis;nantissementdufondsde |
commerce;pandopdehandelszaak/gagesurfondsde |
commerce;penhordeestablecimentocomercial; |
hipotecadeestablecimientomercantil;privilegio;no |
standardterm;floatingcharge;floatingcharge; |
floatingcharge;pledgeofstockintrade,securityright |
instockintrade(inventory);flydendepant; |
företagsinteckning,företagshypotek;yrityskiinnitys/ |
företagsinteckning |
Forderung;Forderung;apaitisi;créance; |
créance/schuldvordering;crédito;crédito;credito; |
vorderingsrecht;claim;claim;claim,debt;claim,debt; |
fordring,fordran;(enkel)fordran;saaminen/(enkel) |
fordran |
|
|
Standardterm |
|
|
|
|
--Enterprisecharge |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Claim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
155
|
|
todestroythe |
originalcomponents |
|
|
wayas |
ofthe |
Selectednotes |
|
Mixinginsucha |
individualisation |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Vermischung;Vermischung;symmeixi,syghisi; |
transformation;confusion/vermenging;confus˜ao; |
(cont.) |
Standardterm |
Commingling |
8 confusione;
7 commistione,confusión;
commixtio/vermenging,confusio/oneigenlijke |
vermenging;commingling;commingling; |
commixtio/commixtion,confusio/confusion; |
mingling/confusio,mixing/commixtio; |
sammenblanding;sammanblandning; |
sekoittuminen/sammanblandning |
Bedingung;Bedingung;airesi;condition; |
condition/voorwaarde;condiç˜ao;condición; |
condizione;voorwaarde;condition;condition; |
condition;condition;betingelse,vilkår;villkor, |
förbehåll;ehto/villkor,förbehåll |
|
comminglingofsolidthings. |
comminglingofliquidthings. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Condition |
|
|
|
|
|
Thistermreferstothe |
Thistermreferstothe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
8 |
156
(cont.)
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
AuflösendeBedingung;auflösendeBedingung; |
dialytikiairesi;conditionresolutoire;condition |
resolutoire/ontbindendevoorwarde;condiç˜ao |
resolutiva;condiciónresolutoria;condizione |
risolutiva;ontbindendevoorwaarde;condition |
subsequent;conditionsubsequent;resolutive |
condition;resolutivecondition;resulativbetingelse; |
resolutivtvillkor;purkavaehto/resolutivtvillkor |
AufschiebendeBedingung;aufschiebendeBedingung; |
anavlitikiairesi;conditionsuspensive;condition |
suspensive/opschortendevoorwaarde;condiç˜ao |
suspensiva;condiciónsuspensiva;condizione |
ssospensiva;opschortendevoorwaarde;condition |
precedent;conditionprecedent;suspensivecondition; |
suspensivecondition;suspensivbetingelse;suspensivt |
villkor;lykkääväehto/suspensivtvillkor |
Standardterm |
|
|
|
|
--Resolutivecondition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--Suspensive |
condition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
157
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
|
Thedebtorofanassignedclaim.Theterm |
‘debtor’isalsousedwherethisdoesnotleadto |
confusion. |
|
|
|
|
Thetraditiooftheiuscommune.Referstopassing |
ofpossession,nottopassingofownership |
(thoughownershipmaypassasaresultof |
delivery).Theexpression‘actualdelivery’isused |
wheredirectpossessionisgiven. |
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Drittschuldner;Drittschuldner;opheiletis;débiteurde |
lacréancecédée;derde-schuldenaar/débiteurdela |
créancecédée;debitorcessus;deudorcedido;debitore |
ceduto;debitorcessus;accountdebtor;account |
debtor;debtor;debtor;skyldner,debitor;debitor |
cessus,sekundogäldenär;debitorcessus, |
siirtovelallinen/debitorcessus,sekundogäldenär |
Besitzübertragung,Übergabe;Besitzübertragung, |
Übergabe;paradosi;délivrance,livraison; |
délivrance/levering;tradiç˜ao,entrega;entrega, |
tradición;consegna/traditio;bezitsverschaffing, |
levering;delivery;delivery;delivery;delivery; |
overgivelse;avlämnande,besittningsövergång, |
tradition;hallinnansiirto, |
traditio/besittningsövergång,tradition |
(cont.) |
Standardterm |
Debitorcessus |
Delivery |
158
Selectednotes |
|
Judicialstepsleadinguptoandculminatingin |
theforcedsale(normallybyabailiff)ofanasset |
belongingtothedebtoronbehalfofasingle |
(normallyunsecured)creditor.Othertermssuch |
asto‘levy’,to‘seize’andto‘attach’areonlyused |
astermsofartinEnglish-speakingjurisdictions. |
Thequestionnaireuses‘toexecuteagainst’not |
tomeanself-helpbyacreditor,buttomeanan executionthatisperformedbyabailiffon behalfofacreditorwhohasobtaineda judgmentagainsthisdebtororotherwisehasa titlethatcanbeexecuted.Somecasesexpressly saythatabailiffisexecuting.Bythis,no distinctionisintended. |
(cont.) |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Zwangvollstreckung;Zwangvollstreckung;anagastiki |
ektelesi;exécutionforcée;exécutionforcée/gedwongen |
uitvoering;execuç˜ao,acç˜aoexecutiva,processo |
executivo;ejecuciónforzosa;esecuzioneforzata, |
processoesecutivo;executie,verhaal;execution; |
execution;diligence;execution;tvangsfuldbyrdelse; |
utmätning;ulosmittaus/utmätning |
|
|
Standardterm |
Execution |
159
|
|
Selectednotes |
separatedalwayscases,theby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Belgium;France;Greece;Austria;Portugal;Spain; |
England;Netherlands;theItaly; Ireland;Scotland; |
Sweden;Denmark;Africa;South Finland) |
Grundstück;Sache,UnbeweglicheunbeweglicheSache, |
immeuble;akinito;Liegenschaft;immeuble/onroerend; |
cosainmueble;bienimóvel;immobile;onroerend;real |
realty;property, |
immovableproperty;immoveableproperty;fast |
kiinteäegendom;fastejendom;esine/fastsak |
Generalterminthecontextoftheinsolvency |
bothofnaturalandofjuristicpersons.The |
terms‘receiver’and‘trustee-in-bankruptcy’are |
usedonlyastermsofart(inbracketsanditalics) |
|
|
languagesotherinTermsinthesameorderas |
Masseverwalter;Insolvenzverwalter;syndikos |
l’administrateurptocheuseos;judiciaire,lemandataire |
curator/curateur;liquidateur;administradorjudicial, |
ladesíndicoliquidatário;quiebra;curatore |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
property,heritableproperty;real |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(cont.) |
|
Standardterm |
|
|
|
|
Immovable(property) |
|
|
|
|
|
Insolvency |
administrator |
|
|
in English-speaking jurisdictions.
fallimentare;curator,bewindvoerder; |
trustee-in-bankruptcy,liquidator; |
trustee-in-bankruptcy,liquidator;trusteein |
sequestration,liquidator;trusteeininsolvency; |
10 rekonstruktör;konkursförvaltare,
kurator;
selvittäjä/konkursförvaltare,utredare |
|
exactlycorrespondto‘immovables’.Forhistoricalreasons,leaseholdinterestsinlandhave |
pesänhoitaja, |
|
‘realty’doesnot |
|
|
Note,however,that |
|
|
9 |
always been treated as personal property.
reconstructionof bankruptcy.outside
caseIn 10
160
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
|
Collectivejudicialoradministrative |
proceeding,inwhichtheassetsandaffairsof |
thedebtoraresubjecttocontrolorsupervision |
byacourtforthepurposeofreorganisationor |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Insolvenzverfahren;Konkursverfahren;ptocheutiki |
diadikasia;redressementjudiciaire,faillite; |
faillissement/faillite;processodefalˆencia; |
procedimientoconcursal;proceduraconcorsuale; |
Standardterm |
|
|
|
|
Insolvencyproceedings |
[insolvencycreditors] |
[theinsolvencyestate] |
|
The mayterm bealso toused
11 liquidation.
faillissement, surseance van betaling, schuldsanering
signifyextrajudicialwinding-upofacompany |
aslongastherearesupervisorypowersofa |
court;theterm‘receivership’isonlyusedasa |
termofart(inbracketsanditalics)in |
English-languagejurisdictions. |
|
|
onAssignmentofReceivablesinInternational |
natuurlijkepersonen;bankruptcyandwinding-up; |
bankruptcyandwinding-up;sequestrationor |
liquidation;insolvency(liquidation)proceedings; |
tvangsakkord,konkurs;insolvensförfarande,konkurs, |
företagsrekonstruktion;maksukyvyttömyysmenettely, |
konkurssi,yrityssaneeraus,yksityishenkilön velkajärjestely/insolvensförfarande,konkurs, företagssanering,skuldsaneringförprivatapersoner |
|
‘insolvencyproceeding’inart.5lit.foftheUNCITRALConvention |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seedefinitionof |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
does |
A. (cont.) |
160of30June2000) |
languagesinAnnex |
oninsolvencyproceedings(OJL |
liststranslationsintoallofficial |
May2000 |
sensebut |
of29 |
strict |
(EC)no1346/2000 |
proceedings’ina |
Trade,A/RES/56/81.CouncilRegulation |
notprovideadefinitionof‘insolvency |
161
notes |
|
|
|
|
bothoperatingleasesandfinance |
|
|
|
Selected |
|
|
|
|
Includes |
leases. |
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; |
Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Leasing;Leasing;chrimatodotikimisthosi;crédit-bail; |
leasing/crédit-bail;locaç˜aofinanceira,leasing; |
arrendamientofinanciero/leasing;leasing,locazione |
finanziaria;nostandardterm;leasing;leasing; |
(cont.) |
Standardterm |
Leasing |
leasing;leasing;leasing;leasing; |
vuokrausluotto/leasing. |
beweglicheSache;BeweglicheSache;kinito;meuble; |
móvel,meuble/roerend;bemmóbel;bienmueble;cosa |
personalroerend;mobile;property;personalproperty; |
movable;property;movableløsøre;lösöre,lössak; |
lösesine/lösöre,irtainsak |
Bothtermsareused,thoughsomecontributors |
mayprefertouse‘ownership’forcorporeal |
things(tangiblemovables)and‘title’asthe |
broaderterm.Theterm‘property’isnotusedin |
thesenseofownership,butonlyasageneral, |
non-technicalexpression,inthesenseof |
someone’sassets,whateverlegalformtheyhave. |
|
|
Eigentum;Eigentum;kyriotita;droitdepropriété; |
propriedade;propriété/eigendom;propiedad,dominio; |
eigendom;titolarità;proprietà,ownership;ownership; |
ownership,title;ownership,title;ejendomsret; |
omistusoikeus/äganderättäganderätt; |
|
|
|
‘hyra’.calledbe |
|||||||
leasing, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Movable |
(property) |
|
|
|
Ownership(of), |
title(to) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operatingleasingmay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
162
Selectednotes |
|
Possessorysecurityrightinmovableproperty |
createdbyactualdeliveryofthecollateraltothe |
creditor.Fornon-possessorysecurityrightsor |
securityrightsinclaims,theuseof‘charge’ |
insteadof‘pledge’ispreferred:seethenoteon chargeabove. |
ThetermdoesnotdistinguishwhetherA |
possessesforhimselforforanotherperson.Itis |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Faustpfand;Faustpfand;kinoenechyro;gage;gageavec |
dépossession/vuistpand;penhor;prenda;pegno,diritto |
dipegno;vuistpand;pledge;pledge;pledge;pledge; |
håndpant;handpant;käteispantti/handpant |
|
Besitz;Besitz;nomi,katochi;possession; |
bezit/possession;posse;posesión;possesso, |
Standardterm |
Pledge |
Possession |
left to the contributors to make such distinctions
macht,feitelijke houderschap;bezit,
13 detenzione;
andtochooseappropriateterms. |
Theterm‘directpossession’isusedtostress |
thatsomeone(e.g.thecreditor)hastohave actualcontrolofthething;inotherwords,that aconstitutumpossessoriumisnotsufficient. |
|
theexerciseofarealright,thesecondtheexercise |
possession;possession;possession;possession; |
besiddelse;besittning;hallinta/besittning |
|
|
notsynonymsunderItalianlaw:thefirstisusedtodenote |
|
|
|
|
Thesetwotermsare |
|
|
|
|
13 |
(cont.)
of a personal right.
163
|
|
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
Possessoryagreement:X |
retainsimmediate |
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderasthecases,alwaysseparated |
by‘;’ (Order:Germany;Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; |
Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland;SouthAfrica;Denmark; |
Sweden;Finland) |
Besitzkonstitut;Besitzkonstitut;antifonisinomis;détention;constitutum |
possessorium;constitutopossessório;constitutoposesorio;costituto |
(cont.) |
|
Standardterm |
|
|
|
--Constitutum |
possessorium |
butpossession thatagrees
agreement;possessory
14 attornment;;
possessorio; possessoriumconstitutum
constitutumpossessorium;constitutumpossessorium;constitutumpossessorium; henowpossesseson |
constitutumpossessorium,avtalombesittning;constitutumpossessorium, behalfofY. |
hallintasopimus/constitutumpossessorium,avtalombesittning |
Dinglich;dinglich;empragmatos;réel;zakelijk/réel;real;real;reale;zakelijk; |
real;real;real;real;tingsretlig;sakrättslig;esineoikeudellinen/sakrättslig |
DinglichesRecht,Sachenrecht;dinglichesRecht,Sachenrecht;empragmato |
dikaioma;droitréel;droitréel/zakelijkrecht;direitoreal;derechoreal; |
dirittoreale;zakelijkrecht;rightinrem,realright;realright;realright;real |
right;tingligret;sakrätt;esineoikeus/sakrätt |
BeschränktesdinglichesRecht;beschränktesdinglichesRecht;periorismeno |
empragmatodikaioma;nostandardterm;droitréellimité/beperktzakelijk |
recht;direitorealmenor;derechoreallimitado;dirittorealeminore,diritto |
realelimitato;beperktzakelijkrecht;encumbrance;encumbrance; |
subordinaterealright;limitedrealright;begrænsettingligret;begränsad |
sakrätt;rajoitettuesineoikeus/begränsadsakrätt |
|
‘Attornment’givesconstructivepossessiontothepersontowhomthebaileeattorns. |
|
|
|
real |
|
real-- right |
|
|
|
right |
|
|
|
|
|
|
expression. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
limited-- real |
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nearest |
164
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
Latintermusedforall |
instanceswheretheowner |
claimsrepossession,including |
thecaseofinsolvency. |
|
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderasthecases,always |
separatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany;Austria;Greece;France;Belgium; |
Portugal;Spain;Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; |
SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Vindikation;Eigentumsklage;diekdikisi;actionenrestitution, |
revendication;revindication/revindicatie;reivindicaç˜ao;reivindicación, |
acciónreivindicatoria;revindica,azionedirivendicazione;revindicatie; |
claiminrem;claiminrem;vindication/reivindicatio;vindication/rei |
vindicatio;vindikation;vindikation;vindikaatio/vindikation |
Aussonderung;Aussonderung;diekdikisistinptocheusi;nostandard |
term;revindication/revindicatie;reclamaç˜aodarestituiç˜aodebens; |
acciónderestitucióndebienes;azionedirivendicazione,azionedi |
Standardterm |
|
|
|
Reivindicatio |
[reivindicatio |
outsideinsolvency] |
[tovindicate] |
|
--Reivindicatio |
insideinsolvency |
|
;rem inclaim
revindicatie; inclaim
15 separazione;di
azionerestituzione,
Theterm‘simpleretentionof |
title’canbeusedtostressthat |
therearenospecialclauses |
suchasproceedsorproducts |
clauses.Theterm‘saleunder |
retention(orreservation)of |
title’isusedratherthan |
‘conditionalsale’. |
|
(cont.) |
rem;vindication/reivindicatio;vindication/reivindicatio;separatistret; separation;separaatio/separation Eigentumsvorbehalt;Eigentumsvorbehalt;epifylaxikyriotitas;clausede |
réservedepropriété;réservedepropriété/eigendomsvoorbehoud; |
reservadepropriedade;reservadedominio;riservadiproprietà; |
eigendomsvoorbehoud;retentionoftitle;retentionoftitle;retentionof |
title;reservation/retentionoftitle;ejendomsforbehold; |
äganderättsförbehåll,återtagandeförbehåll;omistuksenpidätys, |
omistuksenpidätysehto/äganderättsförbehåll |
|
|
synonyms. |
|
oftitle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
arenot |
Retention(or |
reservation) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Theseterms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
165
|
|
Selectednotes |
Ownershipisretainedbythe |
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany;Austria;Greece; France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain;Italy;theNetherlands;England; Ireland;Scotland;SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
ErweiterterEigentumsvorbehalt;erweiterterEigentumsvorbehalt; |
(cont.) |
|
Standardterm |
--allsums(or,all |
untilseller buyerthe paidhas
no term;standard deréserve
16 kyriotitas;epifylaxi
epekteinomeni
monies)
onlytheprice |
subjectmatter |
debts,i.e.not |
theparticular |
all |
of |
sommen; |
reservade |
propriétépourtoutesomme/eigendomsvoorbehoudvooralle |
reservadepropriedadeatéaopagamentodetodasasdívidas; |
retentionoftitle |
|
ofthesale. |
Clauseextendingtheseller’s |
rightstotheproceedsofa |
subsale.Thismayhappenby |
assignmentorotherwise. |
standardnoclause;proceedsclause;term;nostandardterm;no term;standardnoterm;standardnostandardterm |
|
term;itsexactmeaningis |
proprietàdiriservaprolongada;dominioagaranziadituttiicrediti; |
alleigendomsvoorbehoud;verlengdmoniesretentionoftitle;all sums-alltitle;ofretentionmoniesretentionoftitle;reservationoftitle term;standardnodebts;allcoveringkopplingsförbehåll;kytkentäehto/ kopplingsförbehåll EigentumsvorbehaltVerlängertermitVorausabtretungsklausel; |
Eigentumsvorbehalt;verlängerterepekteinomeniepifylaxikyriotitas; |
term;standardnoterm;standardno nostandardterm;nostandard |
verlengdterm;standardnoterm;eigendomsvoorbehoud;proceeds |
|
two,followingtheandtitleofretentionGreeklawusesthesametechnical |
|
17 |
|
18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
--proceedsclause |
|
|
|
|
|
Forthisformof |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
explained by the context.
ThisterminologydoesnotreflectcurrentItalianpractice,butitisemployedtodenoteforeignuse. |
Seenote16. |
17 |
18 |
166
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
Clauseextendingtheseller’s |
rightstogoodscreatedoutof |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderasthecases,always |
separatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany;Austria;Greece;France;Belgium; |
Portugal;Spain;Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland;South |
Africa;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
VerlängerterEigentumsvorbehaltmitVerarbeitungsklausel;verlängerter |
EigentumsvorbehaltmitVerarbeitungsklausel;epekteinomeniepifylaxi |
Standardterm |
|
|
|
--productsclause |
|
the sold.goods
standardno noterm;
term;standard
standardno noterm;
19 kyriotitas;
(cont.)
|
|
|
Assignmentforsecurity |
purposes. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
standardterm;nostandardterm;nostandardterm;productsclause; |
productsclause;nostandardterm;nostandardterm;nostandardterm; |
nostandardterm;nostandardterm |
Sicherungsabtretung,Sicherungszession;Sicherungsabtretung, |
Sicherungszession;exasfalistikiekchorisi;cessiondecréanceàtitrede |
garantie;cessiondecréanceàtitredegarantie/zekerheidscessie;cess˜aode |
credítosemgarantia;cesióndecréditosengarantía;cessionedelcredito |
ingaranzia;cessietotzekerheid;securityassignment,assignmentbyway |
ofsecurity;securityassignment;assignationinsecurity;cessionin |
securitatemdebiti;overdragelsetilsikkerhed;säkerhetsörverlåtelse; |
vakuusluovutus/säkerhetsörverlåtelse |
|
|
|
assignment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
note16. |
|
|
|
Security |
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See |
167
|
|
Selectednotes |
|
|
|
Thistermisusedinpreference |
to‘fiduciaryownership’or |
fiduciacumcreditore. |
Theterm‘securitytransferof |
ownership’isusedforthe |
actionofcreatingsecurity |
ownership. |
Tobeusedasageneraltermfor |
arealrightwhichservesthe |
purposeofsecuringthecreditor |
againstthedebtor’sdefault. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas |
thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany;Austria;Greece; |
France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain;Italy;theNetherlands;England; |
Ireland;Scotland;SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Sicherungseigentum;Sicherungseigentum;exasfalistikikyriotita; |
propriétéfiduciaire;propriétéfiduciaireàtitrede |
sureté/zekerheidseigendom;ˆpropriedadefiduciária;propiedad |
fiduciaria;proprietàascopodigaranzia;zekerheidseigendom;security |
ownership;securityownership;nostandardterm;transferofownership |
assecurity/fiduciacumcreditore;fiduciariskejendomsret;fiduciarisk |
äganderätt;fidusiaarinnenomistusoikeus/fidusiariskäganderätt |
Sicherungsrecht;Sicherungsrecht;dikaiomaempragmatisasfalias; |
suretéˆréelle;suretéˆréelle/zakelijkzekerheidsrecht;direitorealde |
garantia,garantiareal;garantíareal;garanziareale,dirittorealedi |
garanzia;zekerheidsrecht;securityinterest;securityinterest;rightin |
security;realsecurity;sikkerhedsret;säkerhetsrätt; |
vakuusoikeus/säkerhetsrätt |
Verarbeitung;Verarbeitung;eidopoiia;individualisation;spécification/ |
zaaksforming;especificaç˜ao;especificación;specificazione; |
zaaksvorming;specification;specification;specification/specificatio; |
specification;specifikation;specifikation,bearbetning;spesifikaatio, |
valmistaminen/specifikation,bearbetning |
(cont.) |
|
Standardterm |
|
|
|
Securityownership |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Securityright |
|
|
|
|
|
Specificatio |
|
|
|
|
168
Selectednotes |
Termindicatinganon-consensualrightto |
preferentialpaymentoutoftheproceedsofsale |
ofanassetinexecutionorinsolvency. Preferencesaregiventocertainclassesof creditorsandmaybegeneral(relatingtoall assets)orspecial(relatingtoaspecificassetora specificclassofassets). |
Terminationofacontractonthegroundof |
breachbytheotherparty.Terminationmayor |
maynothavereal/retroactiveeffect.Theterm |
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderas thecases,alwaysseparatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany; Austria;Greece;France;Belgium;Portugal;Spain; Italy;theNetherlands;England;Ireland;Scotland; SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
Nationaltermsnotstatedsincethevarietyofstatutory |
preferencesistoowide |
|
Rücktritt;Rücktritt;ypanachorisi;résolution; |
résolution/ontbinding;resoluç˜ao;resolución; |
risoluzione;ontbinding;termination,dischargefor |
Standardterm |
Statutorypreference |
|
|
Termination |
|
|
‘rescission’ notis exceptused aas ofterm inart
rescission,breach;
termination, fordischarge
20 breach;
termination; rescission, termination; ophævelse; English-speaking jurisdictions.
‘Termination’ is also used in the context of the
purku,
21 uppsägningstid;utan
uppsägninghävning,
an |
|
|
|
(cont.) |
theinsolvencyadministratortoput |
contract. |
|
|
|
rightof |
endtoa |
|
|
|
purkaminen,irtisanominen/hävning,uppsägning |
|
|
becauserescissionworksextunc. |
period/withimmediateeffect. |
|
|
|
Notrescission, |
Withnonotice |
|
|
|
20 |
21 |
169
|
|
Selectednotes |
Titleisusedasageneralterm, whichincludesownership.Title shouldnotbeusedinthesenseof titulusintheiuscommune(causa). |
Usedtosignifyallwaysoftransferof |
ownershipin,ortitleto,anasset. |
Thetermonlycoversderivative |
acquisition,notoriginalacquisition. |
|
|
|
Termsinotherlanguagesinthesameorderasthecases,always separatedby‘;’ (Order:Germany;Austria;Greece;France; Belgium;Portugal;Spain;Italy;theNetherlands;England; Ireland;Scotland;SouthAfrica;Denmark;Sweden;Finland) |
SeeOwnership |
Übereignung;Übereignung;metavivasikyriotitas;transfertde |
propriété;transfertdepropriété/overdrachtvaneigendom; |
transmiss˜aodapropriedade,transferˆenciadapropriedade; |
transmisión,transferenciadelapropiedad;trasferimentodella |
proprietà;eigendomsoverdracht;transferofownership;transferof ownership;transferofownership,transferoftitle,conveyance; transferofownership,transferoftitle,conveyance;overdragelse; överlåtelse(aväganderätt);luovutus/överlåtelse(aväganderätt) |
(cont.) |
|
Standardterm |
Title |
Transferofownership |
|
|
|
|
170