- •Contents
- •General editors’ preface
- •Contributors
- •Table of legislation
- •Austria
- •Belgium
- •England
- •France
- •Germany
- •Greece
- •Ireland
- •Italy
- •Netherlands
- •Portugal
- •Scotland
- •Spain
- •Abbreviations
- •Austria
- •Belgium
- •England
- •France
- •Germany
- •Greece
- •Ireland
- •Italy
- •The Netherlands
- •Portugal
- •Scotland
- •Spain
- •Other sections
- •1 Some perennial problems
- •I. The architecture of contract law
- •B. Common law
- •II. The questions
- •2 Contemporary solutions
- •Case 1: promises of gifts
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •General principles:
- •Exceptions
- •Case 2: promises of compensation for services rendered without charge
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 3: promises to pay debts not legally due
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 4: a promise to come to dinner
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 5: promises to store goods without charge
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 6: promises to do a favour
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 7: promises to loan goods without charge
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 8: a requirements contract
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 9: promises to pay more than was agreed I
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 10: promises to pay more than was agreed II
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 11: promises to do more than was agreed; promises to waive a condition
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 12: promises to take less than was agreed
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 13: options given without charge
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 14: promises of rewards
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •Case 15: promises of commissions
- •Case
- •Discussions
- •FRANCE
- •BELGIUM
- •THE NETHERLANDS
- •SPAIN
- •PORTUGAL
- •ITALY
- •AUSTRIA
- •GERMANY
- •GREECE
- •SCOTLAND
- •ENGLAND
- •IRELAND
- •Summaries
- •Preliminary comparisons
- •3 Comparisons
- •I. Gifts and favours
- •A. Promises of money or property
- •1. Obstacles to giving gifts
- •2. Exceptions for meritorious gifts
- •3. Protecting reliance
- •B. Favours that need not entail expense
- •1. Favours that can no longer be performed costlessly
- •a. Promises to loan goods
- •b. Promises to take care of goods
- •2. A broken promise to do a service
- •3. A note on the ‘intention to be legally bound’
- •C. What is left of Roman contract law?
- •1. Promises to perform contractual obligations that are legally unenforceable
- •III. The absence of commitment
- •A. Open terms and options
- •B. Locus poenitentiae
- •IV. Epilogue
- •A. The results
- •B. The doctrines
- •C. The search for solutions
- •1. Gifts and favours
- •a. Promises of money or property
- •b. Favours that need not entail expense
- •3. The absence of commitment
- •a. Open terms and options
- •b. Promises conditional upon success
- •Index by country
- •Austria
- •Belgium
- •England
- •France
- •Germany
- •Greece
- •Ireland
- •Italy
- •Netherlands
- •Portugal
- •Scotland
- •Spain
- •United States
- •Index by subject
Table of legislation
Austria |
1295(2) 42 n. 76 |
||
Bankruptcy Act, 181 ff. 95 |
1444 272 |
||
Civil Code (ABGB) |
Official Recording of Contract Law |
||
151 95 |
(NZwG) 42 n. 70 |
||
285 41 |
|
|
|
860a 308 |
Belgium |
||
865 95–6 |
Civil Code (CC) |
||
865(2) 95 |
893 ff. 28–31 |
||
870 228–9, 245 |
894 31 |
||
881 42, 42 nn. 72; 75 |
931 31 n. 27, 32, 242, 269 |
||
915 272 |
932 31–3, 242 |
||
934 291 |
1103 107 |
||
936 131, 181, 290 |
1111-15 224 |
||
938 |
41, 78 |
1129 |
197 |
940 246 |
1157 284 |
||
943 42 |
1174 283–4 |
||
957 130 |
1184 321–2 |
||
962 131 |
1235 29–30 |
||
969 130 |
1282-8 269 |
||
971 181 |
1304 90–1 |
||
976 181 |
1339 31 n. 27, 32, 242 |
||
1002 158 n. 26 |
1372-5 303 |
||
1035 ff. 78 |
1591 197 |
||
1074 290 n. 34 |
1675 ff. 284 |
||
1151 158, 307 |
1779 302 |
||
1220 43 |
1794 302, 321 |
||
1231 43 |
1875 ff. 175–6 |
||
1295 110 |
1876 176 |
xv
xvi |
|
table of legisl ation |
|
|
|
|
1888 |
176 |
1131 |
240, 280 |
|||
1889 176 |
1133 28 |
|
||||
1915 ff. 123 |
1134 172, 196, 220, 255, 269 |
|||||
1917 123 |
1135 70–1 |
|||||
1919 |
123 |
1142 |
119, 175, 280, 283 |
|||
1984 ff. 152 |
1144 222 |
|||||
1991(1) |
152 |
1147 |
120, 175 |
|||
1991(2) |
152 |
1148 |
121–2 |
|||
Labour Contracts Act 1978 |
1174 195, 282 |
|||||
3 241 |
|
1235 67–8, 88 |
||||
7 241 |
|
1244 268 |
||||
17 242 |
|
1282-8 267–8 |
||||
32 241 |
|
1341 68–9 |
||||
40 241 |
|
1348 69 |
|
|||
65 |
242 |
|
1348(1) |
71 |
||
82 242 |
|
1375 301 |
||||
86 |
242 |
|
1382 |
25, 106, 121 |
||
|
|
|
|
1583 |
194, 195, 197 |
|
England |
|
1589 281 |
||||
Law of Property (Miscellaneous |
1591 194, 219–20 |
|||||
Provisions) Act 1989 |
1675 281 |
|||||
1 55 |
|
|
1793 219 |
|||
Limitations Act 1980 |
1794 300–1 |
|||||
29(7) |
100 |
1875 ff. |
171 |
|||
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts |
1888 ff. 173 |
|||||
Regulations 1994 211 |
1889 172–4 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
1915 ff. |
118 |
|
France |
|
|
1917 118–19, 122 |
|||
Civil Code (C. civ.) |
1919 |
118, 121 |
||||
102 27 |
|
1927 119–20 |
||||
203 26–7 |
1927-8 119 |
|||||
204 26, 266 |
1984 318 |
|||||
931 240 |
1991 152 |
|||||
1108 194 |
1992 152 |
|||||
1110 279 |
1999 318 |
|||||
1111-15 220 |
2271 88–9 |
|||||
1112 |
220, 221–2, 223 |
2272 |
88–9 |
|||
1114 221 |
2273 88–9 |
|||||
1126 119 |
Civil Procedure Code, 873 222 |
|||||
1129 194, 195 |
Code générale des impôts 280 |
|
|
|
table of legisl ation |
xvii |
||
Competition Law of 1 December 1986 |
657 309 |
|
||||
224 |
|
|
658(1) |
309 |
|
|
Competition Law of 1 July 1996 224 |
662-74 159 |
|
||||
Law of 28 November 1949 supplement- |
665 159 |
|
||||
ing the Civil Code 281 |
670 79 |
|
||||
Law of 2 January 1970 (Hoguet law) |
671(2) 159 |
|
||||
319–20 |
|
675 308 |
|
|||
implementing legislation 319–20 |
677 79 |
|
||||
Loi de finances 1963 280 |
683 79 |
|
||||
|
|
|
688-700 132 |
|
||
Germany |
|
689 132, 273 |
|
|||
Bankruptcy Law (InsO) |
696 132 |
|
||||
287 |
96 |
762(1) |
97 |
|
||
301 |
96 |
762(2) |
97 |
|
||
Brokers Law (MaklerGesetz) 325 |
780 43 n. 81, 96–7 |
|
||||
Civil Code 1900 (BGB) |
781 43 n. 81, 96–7 |
|
||||
104 97 |
|
812 96 |
|
|
||
105(1) |
97 |
826 |
111 |
|
||
107 |
97 |
|
1624(1) |
340 |
|
108(2) |
97 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
108(3) 97 |
|
Greece |
|
|
|||
123(1) 229 |
Civil Code 1940 292–3 |
||||||
125(1) |
43 |
|
150 |
|
230 |
||
138(1) |
291–2 |
154 |
|
230 |
|||
142(1) |
229 |
159 |
|
45 |
|||
143 229 |
|
166 134 |
|||||
157 272 |
|
173 273 |
|||||
222 97 |
|
176 327 |
|||||
242 |
182, 206, 292 |
179(2) |
230–1 |
||||
313 291, 325–6 |
180 45 |
||||||
495 292 |
|
181 231 |
|||||
518 |
43–5, 79, 132, 246, 260 |
197 |
|
46 |
|||
598-606 182 |
197-8 48 |
||||||
605(1) |
182 |
198 |
|
46 |
|||
611-30 308 |
200 135, 207, 273 |
||||||
612 273 |
|
201 |
261, 309 |
||||
621(5) |
308–9 |
228 |
|
310 |
|||
631-51 398 |
272 98 |
||||||
632 273 |
|
281 |
207, 327 |
||||
652(1)(1) |
325 |
288 |
|
135, 207, 327 |
xviii |
table of legisl ation |
|
|
|
|
|
330 47 n. 100, 161 n. 34 |
919 112, 231 |
|||||
343 |
134, 135, 136 |
1192 |
|
292 |
||
349 136 |
Code of Civil Procedure, 335 161 |
|||||
361 134, 183, 247, 261, 273 |
L. 308/76 (Civil Brokers Law) 326 |
|||||
369 292 |
|
|
|
|
||
371 207 |
Ireland |
|
|
|||
371-3 207 |
Infants Relief Act 1874, 2 100 |
|||||
372 207 |
Statute of Frauds (Ireland) 1695, 2 59 |
|||||
374 133 |
Statute of Limitations 1957 |
|||||
380 209 |
56 100 |
|
||||
382 |
209 |
58(1) |
100 |
|||
388 208–9 |
|
|
|
|
||
496 80 |
|
Italy |
|
|
|
|
496-512 45 |
Civil Code (Codice civile) 1942 |
|||||
498(1) |
45 |
555 |
41 |
|
||
498(2) |
45 |
559 |
41 |
|
||
499 47 |
|
629 228 |
||||
512 80 |
|
770 76 |
|
|||
663 |
247 |
770(2) |
76, 245 |
|||
681 261 |
782 40, 76 |
|||||
681-702 260 |
785 41 n. 66 |
|||||
703 326–7 |
1175 324 |
|||||
703(2) |
326–7 |
1230 |
|
94 |
||
703-8 326 |
1234 93 n. 15 |
|||||
709-12 310 |
1234(2) 94 |
|||||
710 310 |
1325 129 |
|||||
713-29 160 |
1326 288–9 |
|||||
714 161 |
1327 306, 307 |
|||||
810 183 |
1328 307 |
|||||
810-21 183 |
1329 288, 289 |
|||||
816 183 |
1331 288 |
|||||
817 |
184 |
1333 |
|
36, 259–60, 306 |
||
822-33 133 |
1337 130, 181 |
|||||
827 133 |
1345 290 |
|||||
828 135 |
1346 205 |
|||||
828(1) 134–5 |
1362-71 271 |
|||||
828(2) |
135 |
1375 |
|
324 |
||
873 99 |
|
1425 94 |
||||
906 79 |
|
1434 228 |
||||
914 231, 327 |
1435 228 |