Пособие по английскому языку
..pdfis a flying school cadet. The cosmonaut’s parents |
reside |
in Sverdlovsk. |
After |
Flight-Engineer Oleg Makarov is 40 years old. |
graduating from Moscow’s Higher Technical School named after N. Bauman he worked at S. Korolyov’s designing bu reau.
Once S. Korolyov summoned a group of development engineers, including Makarov, and suggested that they try their strength in the cosmonaut unit.
As a child Makarov did not aspire to be a pilot. He chose the career of an engineer and devoted his life to the develop ment of new technology. According to him, he did not dream of flying and did not study K. Tsiolkovsky from the first form. However, following the flight of the Voskhod ship, where one of the crew was his friend, K. Feoktistov, everything changed. He felt an urge to test in outer space those things developed at the designing bureau. To test and to appraise.
In appearance Makarov is not a muscleman. Reserved under all circumstances, he is a man with a big heart and great concentration, highly demanding of himself.
Makarov has been a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union since 1961. His wife, Valentina, works in a designing office. They have a 12-year-old son, Leonid.
The cosmonaut’s parents live |
in Ivanovskoye community |
|
in the Leningrad Region. |
|
|
core — сердцевина, суть, |
multiseater ship — много |
|
главное |
местный корабль |
не |
establishment — учрежде |
abrupt — внезапный, |
|
ние |
ожиданный |
кон |
the upper hand — верх, пре |
eventually — в конце |
|
восходство |
цов |
после |
superspeed — сверхско |
following — (предл.) |
|
ростной |
urge — побуждение |
|
to apply for — подавать за |
to demand — требовать |
|
явление |
reserved — здесь сдержан |
|
to reject — отклонять |
ный |
|
XI. LAUNCHERS
Read the space terms (Russian equivalents are on p. 134).
S p a c e t e r m s : Launch pad, count-down, ignition, booster, stage, mid-range vehicle, general purpose la unch vehicles, suborbital, to put into orbit, propellants, to burn, thrust, gravitational pull.
Read the key words. Find their Russian equivalents in «Active vocabulary» if necessary.
K e y w o r d s : flame, rise, to power, separation, Redstone, to inaugurate, Saturn 1, Saturn V, Apollo flights, Skylab, flexibility.
Ex. 1. Listen to the space terms and the key words, and repeat them after the speaker.
Ex. 2. Listen to the word combinations and their Russian equi valents, repeat them after the speaker.
an improved version, second stage rockets, the Skylab orbital workshop, gravitational pull, 116 miles high, 300 miles down, 363 feet tall, 36 miles altitude, 6,000 miles an hour, suborbital flights, all over the nation, television viewers, an unprecedented record, to inaugurate a space program, to start a spacecraft to the Moon.
R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : улучшенный вариант, ракеты второй ступени, орбитальная лаборатория Скайлэб, гравитация/притяжение, на 116 миль вверх (по траектории), на 300 миль вниз (по траектории), высотой в 363 фута, на высоте 36 миль, 6.000 миль в час, суборбитальные полеты, по всей стране, телезри тели, небывалый рекорд, начать/открыть программу исследования космоса, отправить космический корабль к Луне.
Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.
1. A tiny Mercury capsule sat atop a thirty-three ton rocket. 2. The count-down was swiftly coming toward the final seconds before ignition. 3. Millions of TV viewers watched one very brave American. 4. Redstone was used to launch two suborbital flights. 5. The rocket was develo ped from V2 missile. 6. The flexibility of Saturn-V was demonstrated during the Apollo-12 launch. 7. The to tal weight of the rocket, its propellant and payload is six and a half million pounds, 8. The first stage engines
produce seven and a half million pounds of thrust. 9. Empty first stage is discarded. 10. Only one engine powers the third stage.
Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.
1.Redstone was used to launch two suborbital flights.
2.Saturn-V first flight was on November 9, 1967. 3. Five engines in the first stage burn liquid oxygen and kerosene.
4.Only one engine powers the third stage. 5. Best known of Saturn-V’s performances is the launching of Apollo flights. 6. A tiny Mercury capsule sat atop a thirty-three ton rocket.
Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. In the predawn darkness of May 5, 1961, a tiny Mer cury capsule sat atop a slim Redstone rocket. 2. As flames shot from the base of the Redstone it started its slow rise from the launch pad. 3. When separation of rocket and cap sule was achieved, men, women and children all over the nation yelled, «Go, baby, go!» 4. Two suborbital flights inagurated America’s manned space programme. 5. Some 800 changes were made to transform V2 missile into a boos ter for the first experimental manned flights. 6. Saturn-V flexibility was demonstrated when it survived a lightning strike during the Apollo-12 launch. 7. At lift-off, the ro cket with its propellants and its pay-load of spacecraft and astronauts weighs about six and a half million pounds. 8. Like the first stage, the second is discarded when its jobjis finished. 9. The 200,000 pound thrust rocket is bur ned once to put the spacecraft into orbit, and again later to accelerate it to 24,900 miles an hour and start it to the Moon.
Ex. 6. Show in some way that you understand the meaning of the following:
all over the nation, an improved version, second-stage rockets, atop a rocket, interplanetary missions, launch vehicle, dead weight.
Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What can be observed during the launch of a space craft? 2. What is the evolution of the launcher used for interplanetary missions? 3. Describe the operation of a launch vehicle.
ЯЯ
TEXT 11
In the predawn darkness of May 5, 1961, a tiny Mercury capsule sat atop a slim thirty three tonJRedstone rocket. Inside, Commander Alan Shepard, Jr. listened as the co unt-down plunged toward the final seconds before ignition.
As flames shot from the base of the Redstone and it started its slow rise from the launch pad, millions of tele vision viewers watched and prayed for the safety of one very brave American. When separation of rocket and cap sule was achieved men, women and children all over the nation yelled, «Go, Baby, go!» And did it go — 116 miles high and 300 miles down the Atlantic range at better than 5,000 miles an hour!
Redstone was used to launch the two suborbital flights which inaugurated America’s manned space program. The rocket was developed from V2 missile. Some 800 chan ges were made to transform it into a booster for the first experimental manned flights.
Between October, 1961, and July, 1965, ten Saturn rockets were fired with an unprecedented 100% success re cord. Then came a new mid-range vehicle, Saturn-I В (payload 20 tons). Saturn-V is the third and the largest member of a family of general purpose launch vehicles developed by NASA (an improved version of the original Saturn-IB is still in use).
Best known of Saturn-V’s performances is the laun ching of Apollo flights to the Moon, hut the vehicle is ca pable of interplanetary missions, and it can lift some 300,000 pounds into Earth orbit. It was used to put the Skylab orbital workshop into place about 260 miles high. Saturn-V first flight was on November 9, 1967. It was first used for a manned flight on the Apollo-8 mission on December 21, 1968. Its flexibility was demonstrated when it survived a lightning strike during the Apollo-12 launch.
As an Apollo launch vehicle, Saturn-V stands 363 feet tall, including the spacecraft. At lift-off, the rocket with its propellants and its payload of spacecraft and astronauts, weighs about six and a half million pounds.
Five engines in the first stage burn liquid oxygen and kerosene at a rate of 15 tons per second to produce the seven and a half million pounds of thrust necessary to start the mission on ifs way. By the time the propellants are used up the rocket is at 36 miles altitude and moving at about
6,000 miles an hour. The empty first stage, now just dead weight, is discarded and a new set of engines starts to burn.
The five second-stager rockets^burn more than a ton of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen each second. At engine cutoff, the vehicle is close to orbital velocity — nearly 17,500 miles an hour — at 108 miles altitude. Like the first stage the second is discarded when its job is finished.
Only one engine powers the third stage, but the vehicle is free of the Earth’s atmosphere and some of its gravitatio nal pull, and it has lost nearly 95 percent of its weight. The 200,000 — pound thrust rocket is burned once to put the spacecraft into orbit, again later to accelerate it to 24,900 miles an hour and start it to the Moon.
cut off — выключение |
to shoot — стрелять, |
вы |
slim — тоненькая |
брасываться |
|
atop — на вершине, на |
safety — безопасность |
чем |
верху |
better than — больше, |
|
to plunge — здесь, стреми |
|
|
тельно приближаться |
|
|
Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. Rockets start their rise as flame shoots from their base. 2. The rocket base is its lower end. 3. Rockets as other implements of science and technology are to be improved. 4. It is not necessary that a rocket should start from the launch pad. 5. As compared to the modern sophisticated rockets the Redstone was very large and bulky. 6. The rocket range depends on the number of its stages. 7. The last stage of the launcher cannot be powered by one engi ne. 8. Saturn-V is used for launching suborbital flights. 9. Saturn-V was first used for a manned flight on the Apol lo-8 mission, in 1968.
Ex. 9. Listen and repeat after the speaker.
Five engines in the first |
stage burn liquid |
oxygen |
|
and kerosene at a rate of 15 tons per second |
to |
produce |
|
the seven and a half million |
pounds of thrust |
necessary |
|
to start the mission on its way. By the time the propellants are used up the rocket is at 36 miles altitude and moving at about 6,000 miles an hour. The empty first sta
ge, • now just dead |
weight, is discarded |
and |
a new set |
|||
of |
engines starts to burn. |
rockets |
burn |
more |
than a ton |
|
of |
The five second^stage |
|||||
liquid hydrogen |
and |
liquid |
oxygen |
each |
second. At |
|
engine cut-off, the vehicle is close to orbital velocity * — nearly 17,500 miles an hour — at 108 miles altitude. Like
the first |
stage |
the second |
is |
discarded |
when its |
job |
is |
|||
finished. |
one engine |
powers |
j |
third |
stage, |
but |
the |
ve |
||
Only |
the |
|||||||||
hicle is free of the Earth’s atmosphere |
and some of |
its |
||||||||
gravitational pull, |
• and it |
has lost |
nearly 95 |
percent |
of |
|||||
its weight. The 200,000-pound thrust rocket is burned •
once to put the spacecraft into orbit, |
again later to acce |
|
lerate it to 24,900 miles an hour |
and start it to the Moon. |
|
Ex. 10. Listen to Text 11 and retell it.
Ex. 11. Ask another student if
1. he knows the difference between orbital and subor bital flights. 2. he remembers how large the Mercury cap sule was. 3. he can describe the start of the Redstone laun cher. 4. he can say how many stages Saturn-V has. 5. he knows what thrust must be developed to put the spacecraft into the orbit. 6. he remembers from what missile the Red stone was developed.
Ex. 12. Liten to the conversation. What is the subject discussed?
A: Reading about launchers promotes our interest for pre
sent-day |
achievements in the exploration of space. |
В: I would |
add—not only fo rpresent-day developments, |
but also for the history of rocketry.
C: Let’s speak first of the prelaunch procedures at the launch site.
A:You mean what takes place in Baikonur before «minute readiness» command, don’t you?
С: I mean the work which is done at the launch site after a rocket-spacecraft system is assembled.
A: Where is it assembled?
C: In the huge Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB).
B:So after assembly several stages are performed in succes sion. The first one is completed with the transportation of the system to the launch pad.
A:The transporter goes along the railway, as far as I re member.
B:Yes. Then the rocket spacecraft system is put into ver tical position.
C:One more stage is checking up on the whole sophisticated technical construction.
A:Now it is time to speak of «minute readiness», I suppose.
B:You have missed one more stage: «Two hour readiness»
when the crew commander reports on the crew’s readi ness to fly. After the report the crew is lifted to its working place, that is to the spacecraft.
A: «Minute readiness» means that the launcher will start in a minute, doesn’t it?
B: All laymen think so. The command means that there is one minute left before the command «Start key on!»
A: Key? What key?
C:Again you are asking a layman question. Just an ordina ry key to «unlocks the launch automatic system.
B:But before this last command all onboard spacecraft systems are switched on.
C:Then comes the command to disconnect the space sy
stem, and there is almost no link with the Earth. A: Why «almost» no link?
C:Because there are some more electrical connectors on the umbilical tower.
A:Umbilical tower?
B:A mast with a cable conveying power to a rocket or spacecraft before take-off. On a special command it goes off the system.
C:In fact the last command is «Release!» when a special time mechanism begins to count down seconds. And
now everything is performed automatically. «Lift off!» is actually not a command.
A:Those modern launching vehicles or launchers, or la unch rockets, are rather clever things!
B:Naturally, they are designed and built by human be
ings.
С: I am afraid we have missed some procedures or stages of the prelaunch period. I wish I could find a discription of the period in Russian.
Ex. 13. Read the conversation as if you were A, В or C.
Ex. 14. Translate into English.
1. Современные ракеты-носители имеют три ступени, причем I и II ступени имеют по несколько двигателей, тогда как последняя только один. 2. К моменту работы III ступени корабль свободен от атмосферы Земли и час ти ее притяжения, а также утрачивает 95% веса. 3. Зна чительное уменьшение веса к моменту работы III ступе ни происходит из-за отхода I и II ступеней после сгора ния в них горючего. 4. Предстартовый период завершается за несколько часов до вывоза ракеты-носителя и присты
кованного к ней космического корабля к пусковой пло щадке. 5. После установки ракеты с кораблем на пусковой площадке выполняется целый ряд операций. 6. Ракетаноситель с кораблем доставляется на пусковую площадку установщиком *. 7. Кульминация — отход от ракеты ка бель-мачты с укрепленными на ней электрическими разъе мами, когда специальный временной механизм начинает отсчитывать секунды: «10,9,8...». 8. Временной механизм сам дает команду на зажигание 21 9. Люди с этого момента не командуют, хотя они могут остановить работу автома тики, если потребуется, на первых стадиях процесса вос пламенения в ракетных двигателях. 10. Отсчет проходил без задержки, и точно в назначенное время массивная ракета медленно поднялась в ясное небо.
Ех. 15. Answer the questions: What is necessary for a space craft to be launched? What rockets were used for launching the Mer cury capsule and then Apollo-8? What Soviet launchers do you know? Do you remember the event of July 15, 1975? Can you describe the launch of Soyuz-19?
Ex. 16. Read and retell the text in English.
ВОСХОЖДЕНИЕ В КОСМОС
Космический полет готовится иногда годы. Но годы слагаются из месяцев, месяцы из дней. Подготовка к по лету завершается в огромном монтажно-испытательном корпусе (МИК) за несколько часов до вывоза ракеты-но сителя и пристыкованного к ней космического корабля. По ровным линиям рельсов под ракету подкатывается «установщик» — некий гибрид вагона и ферм обслужива ния. Оп доставляет систему корабль-ракета на стартовую площадку.
Завершается и подготовка космонавтов, работа с до кументацией, предстартовые медицинские осмотры и, на конец, заседание государственной комиссии.
Вся работа на космодроме завершается стартом. «Ми нутная готовность» — это иногда 6—7 минут до старта. Комапда означает только, что до приказа «Ключ на старт!» осталась одна минута. По команде «Минутная готовность» включаются все бортовые системы корабля на автомати ческий режим.
Затем — «Ключ на старт!». Есть действительно ключ, и ключ этот действительно отпирает автоматику за
1 |
The mobile launcher. |
2 |
Ignition. |
пуска. Начинается незримая работа умных электриче ских цепей. Затем следует еще одна команда, и включают ся все наземные станции слежения. Еще несколько ко манд, по которым прекращается подпитка ракеты жидким кислородом, включаются все средства измерения старта, начинают работать автоматические кинокамеры.
И вот наступает кульминация: от ракеты отходит кабель-мачта, на которой укреплены электрические разъемы.
А потом — «Пуск!». Никакой кнопки теперь нет: спе циальный временной механизм начинает жить своей ме ханической жизнью, отсчитывая секунды: «10, 9, 8, 7...». Он сам даст команду на зажигание, он все сделает сам,
илюди с этого момента уже не командуют — они следят,
иесть у них только одно право — остановить работу ав томатики, если потребуется. Начинается сложный про цесс воспламенения в ракетных двигателях.
Ракета набирает циклопическую мощь, ре&ет и гро хочет. Она поднимается над опорами и рвет внизу ШР — штепсель разрывной, и уже не как команда, а как клич победы звучит гордое: «Подъем!»
МИК - VAB (the Vehicle Assembly Building)
вагон — car
фермы обслуживания — MSS (the Mobile Service Structure)
«Ключ на старт!» — «Start key on!»
приказ — command бортовые — onboard режим — mode
отпирать — unlock электроцепь — circuit подпитка кислородом —
oxygen supply включать — switch on кабель-мачта — umbilical
mast
разъем — connector клич — cry «Подъем!» — «lift-off!»
XII. ASTP
(APOLLO - SOYUZ TEST PROJECT)
Read the space terms (Russian equivalents are on p. 134).
S p a c e t e r m s : airlock, androgynous type system, key mission personnel, simulations, mode, alignement, pin, socket, flight communication systems, life-support systems, US space agency.
Read the key words. Find their Russian equivalents in «Active vocabulary» if necessary.
K e y w o r d s : agreement, joint space mission, pea ceful uses, plenary sessions, working groups, technical decisions, a new docking system, compatibility, training, crews, personnel, joint simulations, emergency procedu res, the final report.
Ex. 1. Listen to the space terms and the key words and repeat them after the speaker.
Ex. 2. Listen to the word combinations and their Russian equi valents, repeat them after the speaker.
preliminary talks, the Council of Ministers, exploration and peaceful uses, test project, Apollo — Soyuz Test Project, US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ren dezvous and docking system, compatible docking systems, rescue operations, jointly run space stations, to exchange information, docking module, an airlock to accomodate crew transfer, to assure compatibility, of a peripheral and rogynous type, scale models, joint tests, familiarization and training, to be under way, contingency control modes.
R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : предварительные пе реговоры, Совет Министров, исследование и исполь зование в мирных целях, экспериментальный проект, экспериментальный полет Аполлон—Союз, Националь ное управление Соединенных Штатов по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства, система сближения и стыковки, совместимое стыковочное уст ройство, операции по спасению, совместно управляе мые космические станции, обмениваться информацией, стыковочный модуль, шлюзовая камера для обеспече ния перехода экипажа, обеспечить совместимость пе- риферийно-андрогинного типа, масштабные модели, совместные испытания, знакомство и подготовка, про исходить, режимы управления нештатными ситуа циями.
Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.
1. Compatible docking system would permit rescue operations. 2. The preliminary talks on docking took place in 1970. 3. Space cooperation showed itself in jointly run space stations. 4. The two sides were to exchange further information. 5. Some people did not expect common docking to become a reality for some years. 6. The sides agreed on cooperation in the exploration and peaceful uses of outer