Пособие по английскому языку
..pdfship between the dynamic processes in the Earth’s radia tion belts and solar activity, and for exploring the nature and spectrum of the low frequency electromagnetic oscil lations in the upper ionosphere.
When the sputnik was being prepared for launching, specialists of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic took part in the assembly and testing of the scientific instruments.
Alongside the measurings conducted by «Intercosmos-З», the research establishments of the People’s Republic of Rulgaria, the German Democratic Republic, the Polish People’s Republic, the Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic took ground measurings of the lowfrequency radiation of the external ionosphere in keeping with an agreed programme.
An operative group of specialists from the Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic controlled the flight of the satellite.
Reception of the scientific data from «Intercosmos-З» was carried out by ground stations in the German Demo cratic Republic, the Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
The Soviet-Polish satellite, called «Intercosmos — Ko- pernik-500» to commemorate the 500th aniversary of Coper nicus’ birth, was launched on the 19th of April, 1973, from the territory of the Soviet Union to a 1551 km orbit at apogee, 202 km at perigee, a 48.5° inclination, and a 102.2 min period of revolution.
The Polish programme of experiments was aimed at investigating solar radio bursts travelling out through the corona, and to measure «passive» plasma resonances exciting in the ionosphere. The equipment used for these investiga tions was a 4-channel radiospectrograph, swept over the frequency range of 0.6 to 6.0 MHz, with a 12 second repeti tion period and frequency resolution of 30 KHz.
The purpose of the Soviet part of the experiments was to measure the parameters of the ionospheric plasma by means of lowand high-frequency impedance probes. In this communication only the Polish part of the programme is reported.
During the flight of the satellite, which lasted almost half a year, the radiospectrograph recorded about 50 type II solar bursts. The fine structure of their dynamic spectra has now been investigated.
The «passive» plasma resonances, |
exciting |
in the |
iono |
sphere at frequency bands between |
electron |
plasma |
and |
electron upper hybrid frequency have been observed |
with |
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the radiospectrograph. Effects of the amplitude and fre quency dependence of plasma resonance on the local electron density and the orientation of the aerial system to the Earth’s magnetic field have been investigated.
These results were interesting enough to induce the Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Scien ces to develop the next version of the experiment, in which, by means of a radio-spectrograph similar to that used in the experiment «Intercosmos— Kopernik-500» and placed
onboard a USSR |
sputnik AUOS-Ionozond the structure |
|
of the ionospheric |
resonances |
will be investigated. |
aerial system — система an- |
to sweep — охватывать |
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тени |
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AUOS — Automatic Obser- |
oscillation — колебание |
vation Satellite |
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Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1. «Intercosmos-З» was intended for studying radiation situation in near-Earth space. 2. To study the radiation situation in near-Earth space it is not necessary to explore the relationship between the dynamic processes in the Earth’s radiation belts and solar activity. 3. The Czecho slovak specialists took part in the assembly and testing ol the scientific instruments of «Intercosmos-З». 4. No re search establishments of Bulgaria and Poland took ground measurings alongside the measurings conducted by «Inter cosmos-З». 5. «Intercosmos — Kopernik-500» was a SovietFrench space experiment. 6. The Polish programme of the experiments was aimed at investigating solar radio bursts travelling out through the corona. 7. The flight of «Koper nik-500» lasted almost two years. 8. The radiospectrograph recorded some 100 type I solar bursts. 9. The «passive» plasma resonances couldn’t be observed with the radio spectrograph. 10. The results were interesting enough to induce the Institute of Geophysics to develop the next version of the experiment. 11. A radiospektrograph similar to that used in the experiment «Intercosmos — Koper nik-500» was placed on board a USSR sputnik — AUOSIonozond. 12. To investigate the structure of the ionosphe ric resonances a radiospectrograph is necessary.
The Soviet-Polish satellite, |
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called |
«Intercosmos — |
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Kopernik-500» |
to |
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commemorate |
the |
500th aniversary |
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of Copernicus’ birth, |
was launched |
on the 19th of April, |
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1973, |
from |
the- |
teritory |
of the |
|
Soviet |
Union |
a |
to |
a |
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1551 km orbit at apogee, |
202 |
km |
at |
perigee, |
48.5 |
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inclination |
and |
a |
102.2 |
min |
period |
of |
revolution. |
|
at |
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The |
Polish programme |
of experiments |
was aimed |
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investigating solar radio bursts travelling out through the corona, and to measure «passive» plasma resonances exciting in the ionosphere. The equipment used for these
investigations |
was |
a |
4-channel |
radiospectrograph, |
||||
swept over the frequency range of 0.6 |
to 6.0 mHz, |
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with |
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a period of repetition of 12 seconds |
and frequency |
reso |
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lution of 30 kHz. |
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|
was |
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The purpose of the Soviet part of the experiments |
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to measure the parameters of the ionospheric plasma |
by |
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means |
of |
low- |
and |
high-frequency |
impedance |
probes. |
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In this |
communication |
only the Polish part of the |
pro |
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gramme |
is |
reported. |
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|
which lasted |
almost |
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During the flight of the satellite, |
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half a year, |
the radiospectrograph recorded about |
50 type |
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III solar bursts. The fine structure of their dynamic spectra lias now been investigated.
Ex. 10. Listen to Text 14 and retell it.
Ex. 11. Ask another student if
1. lie knows what «Intercosmos-З» was intended for. 2. he remembers what equipment was on board «Intercos mos-З». 3. he can say what countries took part in the «In tercosmos-З» project. 4. he knows what ground measurings were taken alongside the measurings conducted with «In tercosmos-З». 5. he remembers whether the scientific data from «Intercosmos-З» were received by the Bulgarian ground stations. 6. he can say why the Soviet-Polish satellite was called «Intercosmos — Kopernik-500». 7. he remembers what is said in the communication about the results obtained due to experiment «Intercosmos — Kopernik-500».
Ex. 12. Listen to the conversation. What is the subject dis cussed?
A: In keeping with the «Intercosmos» programme a number of space probes have been launched with scientific equipment on board, designed and manufactured in
several socialist countries. Is the equipment their only
contribution to space research? |
1957 |
joint |
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В: I don’t think so. As |
we know, as early as |
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optical observations |
were |
organized just |
after |
the |
|
launch of the first artificial |
satellite. |
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C: And |
data obtained |
from the satellites was used for |
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joint |
research, say, |
into the |
upper atmosphere. |
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|
A:I see. But no other cooperating country except the USSR can launch space vehicles.
B:You are right. Soviet boosters, launching sites and space vehicles are used for all «Intercosmos» projects. Never theless we can speak of developing international cost sharing in space research and applications.
C:Take an example of transceiving stations using Communi cations Satellites «Molniya» for TV programmes and telecommunications, built in Cuba, Poland, Czechoslo vakia, Mongolia.
B:We shouldn’t forget that the «small» countries make not only the «hardware» contribution, but the «human» contribution as well.
A:Do you mean cosmonaut training?
В: I certainly do. Training in the Baikonur space centre are pilots from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, the GDR, Vietnam and Cuba.
C: This aspect of the «Intercosmos» activity culminated in the first international crew mission in February 1978.
A:How could I forget about that historic event! A. Gubarev and V. Remek worked for a week on board the space research complex Salyut-6 — Soyuz-27 — Soyuz-28.
C:In other crews were citizens of Poland, the GRR, Hun gary, Bulgaria and Vietnam. These flights marked a
new stage in cosmonautics — space travel by interna tional crews.
B: Cosmonaut trainees |
were |
selected in 1980 |
in France |
|
and India. They will |
be members of |
Soviet-French and |
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Soviet-Indian joint |
crews. |
Are you, |
Mr. A, |
satisfied |
with our answers to your |
question? |
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A: Yes, I am. Thank you very much. |
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C:By the way, as early as 1965 the USSR proposed that the socialist community countries pull together their offorts in space exploration. Two years later 9 socialist countries adopted a programme for multilateral coope ration in space research, later named «Intercosmos»
Ex. 13. Read the conversation as if you were A, В or C-
Ex. 14. Translate into English.
ПРОГРАММА «ИНТЕРКОСМОС»
Зарождение 1 программы «Интеркосмос» относится к 1965 г., когда по инициативе Советского Союза состоялся обмен письмами между главами правительств социалисти ческих стран относительно изучения возможностей объ единения усилий в исследовании и использовании косми ческого пространства в мирных целях. В соответствии с договоренностью, достигнутой в результате этого об мена письмами, в ноябре 1965 г. и апреле 1967 г. в Москве состоялись совещания представителей Болгарии, Венгрии ГДР, Кубы, МНР, Польши, Румынии, Советского Союза и Чехословакии, на которых обсуждались содержание, формы и направления сотрудничества по космосу с уче том научно-технических возможностей и научных школ, сложившихся в отдельных странах.
На основе предложения Советского Союза о предостав лении советских средств ракетно-космической техники для совместных работ особое внимание было уделено изу чению возможностей разработки в социалистических стра нах научной аппаратуры для спутников и исследователь ских ракет.
Совещания закончились принятием согласованных до кументов, которые одобрены 12 правительствами участво вавших в переговорах стран.
Один из документов содержит принятую на совещании многостороннюю программу сотрудничества в исследо вании физических свойств космической среды, космиче ской связи, космической метеорологии и космической био логии и медицины. Именно эта программа впоследствии (во время встречи в 1970 г. во Вроцлаве руководителей национальных координационных органов стран — участ ниц сотрудничества) получила официальное наименова ние: программа «Интеркосмос».
Ех. 15. Speak on the 20th anniversary of space research in the USSR and on the 10th anniversary of the «Intercosmos» activities.
Ex. 16. Retell or summarize the texts.
INTERCOSMOS |
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A. The Soviet Union cooperates |
with many countries |
in conducting space research using |
rocket systems. This |
1 |
Зарождение — здесь conception. |
2 |
Одобрять — approve. |
cooperation started in 1957 with joint observations of the first Soviet satellites. The INTERCOSMOS (Council for International Cooperation in Space Exploration under the USSR Academy of Sciences) has concluded multilateral and bilateral agreements with many of its counterparts in other countries.
In 1967, the socialist countries adopted a programme entitled «Cooperation of socialist countries in the explora tion and use of outer space for peaceful purposes», under which the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, the Hungarian People’s Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Republic of Cuba, the Mongolian People’s Republic, the Polish People’s Republic, the Socialist Republic of Ruma nia, the USSR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic undertook to carry out joint space research. The programme includes exploration of outer space and the upper atmo sphere, meteorological observation by satellites, space communication, research in space biology and medicine, satellite and rocket launchings, the holding of conferences
and |
symposia, exchanges of specialists and mutual visits |
by |
groups of scientists. |
B. The first space vehicle launched under the Coopera tion Programme was Kosmos-261, which went up on Decem ber 20, 1968, to study the upper atmosphere and polar aurora. From 1969, Soviet satellites and geophysical ro ckets carried into space instrumentation made by other socialist countries. The first such satellite — Intercos mos-1 — was launched on October 14, 1969, to investigate ultra-violet and X-ray emissions of the Sun and their ef fects on the structure of the Earth’s upper atmosphere. The satellite carried scientific instruments designed and manufactured in the German Democratic Republic, Czecho slovakia and the Soviet Union. Specialists from these coun tries took part in the assembly and testing of the satelliteborne equipment and were in the flight control team.
Intercosmos-2 was launched on December 25, 1969, to explore the ionosphere. Between 1970 and 1972, six more satellites of the Intercosmos series were orbited to continue joint research under an enlarged programme.
On April 19, 1973, «Intercosmos — Kopernik-500» car rying scientific equipment was put into Earth orbit. The launching, prepared by Polish and Soviet specialists, marked the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus, the great Polish scientist.
The launchings of the Vertical-1 geophysical rocket (November 20, 1970) and Vertical-2 (August 20, 1971), which carried scientific equipment developed in socialist
countries, |
had the object of studying solar radiation |
and |
|
its absorption by the atmosphere, and the properties of the |
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ionosphere and meteoric particles. |
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|
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C. |
In 1976 pilots from Czechoslovakia, Poland and the |
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GDR went to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where the trai |
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ning of international crews began. |
switched on |
their |
|
On March 2, 1978, Soviet viewers |
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TV sets expecting to see a concert from |
the Ukraine, |
and |
|
instead saw the historic launching of the spaceship Soyuz-28. This was the first time a cosmonaut other than American or Soviet was put into space, Czech Vladimir Remek being
with Soviet commander Alexei Gubarev.
The official news agency Tass reported that the laun
ching took place at 18.28 Moscow time. |
||
«With the |
launching |
of Soyuz-28», said the report, |
«a new stage |
is opened |
in the joint exploration and use |
of outer space for peaceful purposes». |
||
The TV programme, |
beamed on Intervision throughout |
|
Eastern Europe, showed the actual take-off, and then So viet and Czech experts discussed the launching.
In the news programme that followed, Commander Gubarev addressed the viewers while seated in the rocket. He said the flight marked a new stage in space cooperation.
Tass quoted the head of the training programme, Vladi mir Shatalov, as saying; «This rounds off an important stage in the programme of preparations for flights of so cialist countries citizens’ in Soviet spaceships. Pilots of Czechoslovakia, Poland and the GDR were trained in the first unit».
D. Когда десять лет тому назад впервые встретились представители социалистических стран — участниц работ по программе «Интеркосмос», было намечено четыре глав ных направления будущих исследований. Сюда вошли космическая физика, космическая метеорология, косми ческая связь, космические биология и медицина. И каж дый новый спутник, словно принимая научную эстафету, «стартует» с более высокой платформы уже накопленных результатов.
Вот и «Интеркосмос-14» на новом уровне продолжает работы, начатые «Интеркосмосами-3, -5, -10, -13».
Спутник предназначен для изучения низкочастотных электромагнитных колебаний в магнитосфере Земли, структуры ионосферы, а также интенсивности потоков микрометеоритов — мелких, пылевидных твердых частиц в окружающем нашу планету пространстве. Результаты этих исследований очень нужны практике для лучшего познания законов прохождения радиоволн и радиацион ных условий вокруг Земли, а также для изучения законов, управляющих «поведением» плазмы.
Мы уже говорили о том, что этот полет проводится с учетом ранее полученных результатов. Отсюда и его особенности. «Интеркосмос-14» выводится на высокоши ротную орбиту, потому что было установлено — именно в полярных и приполярных областях ионосферы проис ходят наиболее интересные процессы. Мы можем наблю дать их отголоски, в частности, в виде полярных сияний. Сейчас доказано, кроме того, что в ионосфере существуют так называемые электронные впадины. Но теория низкой концентрации там электронов разработана еще недостаточ но. Исследования на орбите намечены более подробные, а главное, комплексные.
Этот комплекс дополнится серией наземных наблюде ний.
Такие же наблюдения будут вестись в ЧССР, Болга рии, Польше и ГДР.
Учеными социалистических стран совместно был со ставлен каталог проблем, представляющих наибольший интерес при изучении космического пространства. По ме ре выполнения программы перечень тем регулярно обнов ляется. Сейчас готовится к выпуску объемистый том ма териалов, в котором ученые как бы отчитываются о про деланной работе. И в то же время в каталоге появятся новые проблемы, требующие своего решения с помощью искусственных спутников Земли. Научная эстафета по знания Вселенной продолжается.
намечать — to outline эстафета — relay высокоширотная — of/in
high latitudes
полярное сияние — northern lights, aurora borealis
XV. SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Read the space terms (Russian equivalents are on p. 135).
S p a c e t e r m s : orbiter, reusable orbiter, the delta winged manned orbiter, unmanned applications space craft, space shuttle, space transportation system.
Read the key words. Find their Russian equivalents in «Activo vocabulary» if necessary.
K e y w o r d s : various missions, cost, weight, capa city, retrieval, a hundred times, routine event, passen gers, reuse, higher orbits, other planets, this decade.
Ex. 1. Listen to the space terms and the key words, and repeat them after the speaker.
Ex. 2. Listen to the word combinations and their Russian equi valents, repeat them after the speaker.
at a fraction of the cost, cost reduction, an airplane-like orbiter, an airplane-like manned reusable orbiter, conven tionally sized airstrip, a jet size airstrip, Earth resources observation satellites, launch vehicle and satellite failu res, forces of acceleration, the shuttle orbiter crew, joint environmental monitoring.
R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : при стоимости, со ставляющей часть; снижение стоимости; космический корабль, похожий на самолет; взлетно-посадочная по лоса обычного размера; взлетно-посадочная полоса для реактивного самолета; спутники для исследования природных ресурсов Земли; отказы ракет-носителей и спутников; силы ускорения; экипаж МТКК (много разового транспортного космического корабля); сов местное наблюдение за окружающей средой.
Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.
1. The Space Shuttle will be a space transportation system. 2. It will consist of a booster and an airplane-like manned reusable orbiter. 3. It will launch scientific space craft for study of near and far space. 4. With the shuttle, men will supervise the launch and placement of the satel lites. 5. Men will be able to service and repair satellites as needed. 6. Healthy individuals will be able to withstand the forces of acceleration and deceleration. 7. The shuttle
will encourage far |
greater participation in |
space |
flights. |
8. You don’t have |
to be an astronaut to |
ride the |
space |
shuttle. 9. The shuttle orbiter crew will consist |
of two |
||
pilots and two flight engineers. |
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|
|
Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.
1. The space shuttle is needed to do useful things. 2. The costly launch vehicle is used but once. 3. Each orbiter will be designed for reuse up to a hundred times. 4. The delta-winged manned orbiter will be about the size of a DC-9 airplane. 5. The shuttle will be launched verti cally. 6. This would be an appropriate and logical next step. 7. Launch vehicle and satellite failures will become things of the past.
Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The orbiter will be flown back to land at a conven tionally sized airstrip. 2. The shuttle will be able to send most unmanned applications spacecraft into orbit. 3. The key to the cost reduction is that major parts of the shuttle sy stem are reused rather than thrown away. 4 The space shuttle will extend man’s ability to do useful work in space
while contributing to |
the |
economy of |
space operations. |
5. With the shuttle’s |
easy |
and routine |
access to space, |
scientists, engineers and astronauts will be able to supervise and check on their space experiments. 6. When the shuttle accomplishes its mission its pilots will fire its rockets to slow it down, fly it through the atmosphere, and land it like an airplane on a jet size airstrip. 7. The space shuttle is expected to be ready to play its major role in space by the end of this decade.
Ex. 6. How is A like B? How does A differ from B?
A |
В |
use |
reuse |
to move |
to shuttle |
orbiter |
manned orbiter |
crew |
passengers |
pilot |
flight engineer |
acceleration |
deceleration |
Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What is a space shuttle? 2. What are the advantages of the orbiter? 3. Why can we speak of passengers in the orbiter? 4. What are the space shuttle characteristics?
TEXT 15
The Space Shuttle will be a space transportation system designed to carry out various missions in Earth orbit at a fraction of the cost of present systems. It will consist of two