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king unit secures the station’s survival in case the first docking assembly fails.

The Progress cargo spacecraft is designed for the trans­ portation of research and maintenance instrumentation in­ to the orbit, the total payload being 2,300 kg.

The fuel brought by the Progress spacecraft for the sta­ tion thruster is necessary to keep the station in its orbit and for the orientation maneuvers of the station.

New pressurized spacesuits and other items for cosmo­ nauts’ egress into space have been designed, thoroughly tes­ ted in laboratory conditions and manufactured for Salyut-6 crews.

New devices—a shower for ionizing the air in living com­ partments, a colour TV camera for transmissions to earth, and a videotaperecorder — have been installed on board the Salyut-6 station. All in all more than fifty items of instru­ mentation are now available in the station, the equipment

One more novelty is a reusable fuel tank never employed in space technology before. Numerous technological problems emerged as a result of the improvements. One of them was the requirement for material to manufacture the reusable fuel tank. Another one still more complex problem was automatic hydroconnectors of the station/cargo spaceship fuel system concerned. These and some more problems have been successfully solved.

The Salyut-6 orbiting the Earth conditions further sys­ tematic employment of the orbital stations in the interests of science and people’s economy. By November 27, 1979, the station has been in orbit for 26 months. Onboard equip­ ment is functioning normally.

RECENT EVENTS

SPACEMEN TO RETURN ON FRIDAY

Russian Alexei Gubarev and Czech Vladimir Remek, the two cosmonauts who linked up with orbital station Salyut-6, last Friday, will come back to earth next Friday.

Announcing this at a press conference here at the weekend, flight director Alexei Yeliseyev said also that their collea­

gues on board the orbital station, Yuri Romanenko and Georgy Grechko would return soon after.

On Saturday morning Grechko and Romanenko passed the record for staying in space. Launched on December 10, they passed the mark of 84 days held by US astronauts.

The head of the cosmonauts’ training programme, Vla­ dimir Shatalov, said that the training of international crews had begun in December, 1976, when pilots from the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia went to the Baikonur Cosmod­ rome.

He said that it was hoped that later this year pilots from the GDR and Poland would make space flights. He also added that before 1983, all the countries in the «Intercosmos» programme would have had one of their pilots in space.

INTERNATIONAL CREW IN SPACE

The Soyuz-33 spaceship has been launched in the Soviet Union. It is piloted by an international crew of flight com­ mander Nikolai Rukavishnikov, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR, Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, and Georgy Ivanov, Cosmonaut-Researcher from the People’s Republic of Bul­ garia, on board.

The Soyuz-33 flight programme involves docking with the Salyut-6-Soyuz-32 orbital complex, and joint experi­ ments and researh with cosmonauts V. Lyakhov and V. Ryumin who have been working in near-Earth orbit since February 25, 1979.

The main crew has done the necessary repairs and res­ toration while aboard the Salyut-6, and the automatic Prog­ ress-5 cargo ship brought the station life-sustaining mate­ rials for the cosmonauts, fuel, equipment and additional scientific instruments including the equipment needed for the joint Soviet-Bulgarian research and experimental programme.

The flight of the Soyuz-33 ship continues the socialist countries’ work in space research for peaceful purposes under the Intercosmos cooperation programme.

SOYtJZ-34 DOCKS

WITH THE ORBITAL COMPLEX

The unmanned Soyuz-34 spaceship has been docked with the Salyut-5 — Soyuz-32 orbital manned complex. The Prog- ress-6 cargo ship was separated from the orbital complex and, after breaking, went into a descent trajectory and en­ tered the dense layers of the atmosphere over a preset area in the Pacific where it disintegrated.

Soyuz-34, which is docked to the docking unit located on the station’s instrument compartment, has delivered supplies for the further research to be done by the crew, ad­ ditional equipment, mai] and food products.

Cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakhov and Valery Ryumin have started biological experiments with materials deli­ vered to the station by the Soyuz-34 spaceship.

P. S The latest news for 1979 was a record endurance spaceflight of this crew — 175 days in the Eatrth’s orbit, successful recovery and quicker than ever readaptation after the spaceflight.

P. P. S. In 1980 V. Ryumin-L. Popov crew stayed on board the Salyut for 185 days!

LAUNCHING IS POSTPONED

The launching of the Shuttle spaceship has again been postponed. According to NASA’s report, as a result of un­ finished work at the previous stages of assembling the spa­ ceship, preparations for the launching are going on more slowly than previously planned, and the launching of the Shuttle fixed for November this year has now been postpo­ ned to the beginning of 1980.

P. S. The event did not occur in 1980.

NEW GENERATION OF SPACESHIPS

On June 9, 1980, the^ four-day space flight by Yuri Malyshev and Vladimir Aksyonov in the Soyuz T-2 spa­ ceship ended successfully.

The Soyuz T-2 transport ship has been developed on the basis of the Soyuz ship which has ensured the operation of the Salyut orbital stations for the past several years. Ne­ arly all the onboard systems including the attitude con­

trol, movement control, radio communications and lifesupport systems, have been improved on the Soyuz T-2. The ship has a new joint power plant which feeds both the main engine and the low thrust engines with fuel from the same tanks. The cosmonauts used better space suits which are light and comfortable to work in.

The space cargo carriers have to perform several mano­ euvres in space in order to get to the orbital station for docking. To do these operations the ship has a computer system which can determine the mutual attitude of the ship and the station, give a display read-out of the data to the crew, and elaborate the necessary control commands. All the new technology on the Soyuz T-2 is designed to make the work easier for the cosmonauts on transport ope­ rations servicing the Saluyt station.

THINGS TO COME

Orbital stations and satellites do a very good job for huma­ nity, both science and technology, and economy benefit from their operation. Nobody can doubt about it today. And yet, isn’t the price too high for mankind to pay for «space services», the atmosphere polluted with the thou­

scientists and engineers find anything better than rockets for launching spacecraft, to keep the environment clean and make the launching cheeper?

Undoubtedly, traditional launching facilities (they are often called carrier-rockets) pollute the atmosphere and nearearth space. More than that, they fail to do many things. For instance, they are bound to insert the objects into orbits just over the starting point only, the time periods for laun­ ching being not very many.

To break the gravitational pull and to struggle through the earth’s atmosphere the rocket consumes much fuel and as a result all characteristics of launching system worsen. For all space powers the situation gives impetus to scientific search for new concepts and principles of the launching sys­ tem operation.

One of the concepts is that of a «space lift». An Ameri­ can specialist J. Pirson spoke in favour of the concept in his article recently published in the «А1АА Studient Journal».

He claims the «anchored satellite» (a sort of lift 36,000 km high) to he the only alternative to the carrier-rocket today.

The «space lift» concept was discussed in the sixties both in this country and abroad. The idea is good, but it can hard­ ly be implemented. To build a 36,000 km cable (or «tube») will require a few billions tons of metal. Some more prob­ lems arise with the project. Nevertheless there are no grounds

too difficult to solve it. As for other concepts of launching spacecraft, they do exist.

The most urgent problems of today—the problems of new energy sources and ecological and demographical prob­ lems—are to be treated on a global scale. Cosmonautics ser­ ving the interests of all the nations is designed to play an essential role.

CONTENTS

PART ONE

Инесса Анатольевна Трущенко

ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ

ЯЗЫКУ

Для специалистов в области

космических исследований

Утверждено к печати Кафедрой иностранных языков АН СССР

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В ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ «НАУКА»

ГОТОВЯТСЯ К ВЫПУСКУ В СВЕТ

СЛЕДУЮЩИЕ КНИГИ:

НАВИГАЦИОННОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПОЛЕТА ОРБИТАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

«САЛЮТ 6» — «СОЮЗ» — «ПРОГРЕСС»

В книге, написанной ведущими специалистами службы навигационного обеспечения пилотируемых космических полетов, представлены материалы обес­ печения полетов орбитального комплекса за период примерно в 2 года (1977—1979). Представлены конкрет­ ные материалы об орбитах и маневрах станции и ко­ раблей на различных этапах полета.

Для специалистов, работающих в области управле­ ния космическими полетами, а также научных работ­ ников, занимающихся обработкой астро- и геофизиче­ ских наблюдений.У

УИСТОКОВ СОВЕТСКОЙ КОСМОНАВТИКИ

Всборник вошли доклады, прочитанные на трех научных сессиях (1977—1979), посвященных памяти академика С. П. Королева. Показаны различные ас­ пекты творческой деятельности С. П. Королева, анали­ зируются методы его работы. Авторы сборника — вид­ ные советские учепые, ветераны отечественного ракето­ строения, летчики-космонавты СССР, историки авиации

икосмонавтики.

Для специалистов, пптересующихся проблемами космических исследований.