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craft connector cable, one sheathed knife, three water con­ tainers, two containers of sun lotion, two utility knives, three survival blankets and utility netting.

Rucksack 2 contains: one three-man liferaft with carbon dioxide inflater, one sea anchor, two sea dye markers, three sunbonnets, one mooring lanyard, three manlines and two at­

SPACE SUITS

The Apollo crew will wear pressure suits from liftoff un­ til after the Apollo circularization maneuver, and will not don them again until the docking module jettison. The Soytiz crew will wear suits from liftoff through docking and will don them again for undocking and reentry. Both crews will be «shirtsleeve» for crew transfers and joint acti­ vities.

Pressure suits carried aboard Apollo are basically the Apollo/Skylab command module pilot version of the A7LB pressure garment assembly. Since there are no space walks in the ASTP mission plan, the Apollo suits have been modifi­ ed to save weight and cost. For example, the cover layer of Teflon Beta alumnized Kapton/nylon has been replaced with more durable Teflon Beta polybenzimidazole (PBI) fabric. Extravehicular gloves, the pressure relief valve, the liquid cooling garment connector and the gas connectors for contingency life support systems have been deleated.

Pressure helmets and boots are of the Skylab type, and no overhelmet extravehicular visors are carried.

The A7LB pressure suit is manufactured by ILC Indu­ stries, Inc., Dover, Delaware.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

Apollo crew personal hygiene equipment includes bo­ dily cleanliness items, the waste management system and the medical kit.

Packaged with the food are a toothbrush and a two-ounce tube for toothpaste for each crewman, and packets of 9-by-10 centimeter (3.5-by-4 inch) wet-wipe cleansing towels and 30-by-30 centimeter (12-by-12 inch) dry towels. Shaving equipment, soap, combs and nail clippers are also included.

formation. The bags are off-loaded into the docking module before it is jettisoned.

APOLLO MENU

«Everything from soup to nuts» is an apt phrase to des­ cribe the 10-day food supply stowed in the command module food lockers. Each crewman selected his daily menu from the wide range of food items qualified for space flight in canned, thermostabilized pouch, thermostabilized can, rehydratable and natural forms.

Breakfast, lunch and dinner menus repeat for mission days 1,5 and 9; days 2,6 and 10; days 3,7 and 11; and days 4 and 8. Food items range from shrimp cocktail and steak to peanut butter and jam, and the makings for corned beef- on-rye sandwiches.

Rehydratable food items are mixed with hot or cold water from the command module water gun and kneaded in their plastic wraps until ready to eat, and the canned and po­ uch foods are eaten directry from the containers.

FOOD AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS (SOYUZ)

A cosmonaut’s daily menu comprises various natural food products packed into aluminum tubes and tin cans. The food items include a wide variety of bread packed in

All these food items are very nourishing. Daily dietary nourishment is 2,700—3,000 Cal, which fully covers daily energy loss of the organism.

1.Breakfast. Meat puree, Borodinsky bread, sweets Pra­ line, coffee with milk.

2.Lunch. Cottage cheese cream with black currant puree, a honey cake.

3.Dinner. «Kharcho» soup, chicken meat, Stolovy bread, prunes with nuts,

4.Supper, Meat puree, Stolovy bread, Rossiysky cheese. The overall nourishment of the menu is 2843 Cal with

packages labelled in Russian and English to indicate their date of use.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The Water Supply System stores and supplies potable water. Potable water is stored in a storage tank installed in the Orbital Module. The ball-shaped storage tank has two cavities formed by a membrane: one for water, the other — for air. Water is expelled due to bending the membrane at an excessive pressure in the air cavity. The excessive pres­ sure is created by the hand pump.

The difference between the tank potable water and or­ dinary potable water is that the former contains silver ions, which permit water to be stored for a few months; throught the storage period the tank water remains good and clear.

The storage tank has a valve and a socket to install an individual mouth-piece for drinking water. Individual mo­ uth-pieces are provided in the OM.

To ease water consumption three «space glasses» are sto­ wed in the Descent Vehicle. The glass folds up as water is being consumed through a small tube. In the upper part of each glass there is a button-type valve used to refill the glass with water from the tank.

PERSONAL HYGIENE FACILITIES

The personal hygiene facilities comprise damp and dry napkins and towels, combs, hair brushes and nail-files.

Damp and dry napkins are made of gauze. They are con­ venient for use and have a pleasant odour of jasmine. Damp napkins are moistened with lotion. Damp and dry napkins

are used for face, hands and mouth cavity hygiene, and also for sponging the body. Towels are made of linen.

For every day’s toilet the cosmonauts use an electric razor with a specific hair collector.

BIOMEDICAL REQUIREMENTS (1975)

The spaceflight biomedical requirements imply means and measures used at various stages of design, prepa­ ration and flight implementation to prevent illness or func­ tional disturbances which may hinder realization of the mission program.

On disigning the Soyuz spacecraft for the joint mission with Apollo the first biomedical problem solved was the choice of gas atmosphere to exclude human decompression disturbance during the cosmonauts’ transfer from the So­ viet spacecraft to the American spacecraft.

Much attention was paid to the cosmonauts’ rational work/rest regime to maintain a high level work capacity.

had contacts with only a limited number of people. In view

changes may occur which usually disappear on the 5th or 7th day of the flight. That is why the crewmen are under regular surveillance of the ground medical personnel and all their activities should be planned with regard to medical requirements. Here is a page from~the^Press Information on the Apollo—Soyuz Test Project:

«For the purpose of medical monitoring the crewmen’s reports on their physical condition will be used along with registration of physiological parameters (electrocardiogram, respiratory rate) and spacecraft inflight characteristics.

Concurrent with medical monitoring, dose monitoring will be conducted to determine the radiation effect level.

Radiation safety service will also predict radiation level in the spacecraft inhabited modules and in the mission tra­ jectory, and forecast solar activity (flares).

One more specific feature of the Soyuz-Apollo experimen­ tal joint flight is that five cosmonauts and astronauts will be in space at a time. This will provide a great quantity of preflight and postflight data on the human state during space flight. Due to the spacecraft different flight duration it will be possible to reveal characteristic features of or­ ganism adaptation to weightlessness using flight data of medical observations and human postflight response as­ sessment.

mination using similar or identical methods of investigation and functional testing, conducted according to uniform pro­ cedures.

In so doing the crewmen’s physical condition is eva­ luated an potential latent diseases or functional anomalies which require remedial or preventive measures are reve­ aled.

Preflight and postflight medical data together with pre­ flight examinations allow evaluating general human res­ ponse to space factors, and studying readaptation behaviour under conditions of terrestrial gravity with the process of weightlessness adaptation not accomplished.

The preflight and postflight examination program for both spececraft crews comprises the following procedures: medical examination, individual drug response testing, clinical and laboratory investigation, biochemical investi­ gation, cardiovascular system observation when in rest and during functional test, vestibular and immunologic examination. Both Soviet and American specialists have agreed upon procedures and the time schedule for the Soyuz and Apollo crewmen’s primary preand postflight exami­

nations.

The crews preflight examination is to be conducted 30, 15 and 7—10 days prior to the flight according to the full program, while just before the flight only partial medical

examination will take place.

The crews’ postflight examination will be carried out mainly on the day the mission is accomplished, then on the

termining the ill effects, if any, of high-charge, high-energy cosmic particles upon living organisms. Recent studies have shown that such particles can kill living cells if they pass close enough to the cells’ nuclei, and it is estimated that during a two-year mission to Mars between two and ten percent of all body cells would be struck by high-energy par­ ticles. Such an incidence of cell impact would be especially significant in the non-regenerative cells of the central nervous system. Earlier experiments on Apollo missions have shown that cosmic particles can cause mutations in some organisms.

MA-106 investigates high-energy particle interaction with human eye retina cells through a comparison between crew dark-adapted observations of light flashes and detec­ tor measurements of the actual particle environment. Si­ milar light flash experiments were flown on Apollos 15, 16 and 17 and Skylab 4.

The MA-107 Biostack experiment subjects dormant cells such as plant seeds and brine shrimp eggs to particle effects, again with comparison detectors and with postmis­ sion microscopic examination. Biostack materials also will be cultured or nurtured into growing systems post-mission for observation of possible mutations.

Similar studies of radiation effects upon a bacteria cell are the objective of the MA-147 Zone Forming Fungi expe­ riment. Post-mission culture growths will observe not only particle effects but also any changes in the bacteria’s cir­ cadian rhythm caused by the space environment.

AR-002 Microbial Exchange, MA-031 Cellular Immune Response and MA-032 Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Res­ ponse — These three experiments investigate the effects of spaceflight upon the human immune system. Previous manned spaceflights have shown that microbes migrate from crewman to crewman and from crewman to spacecraft surfaces. Moreover, while a number of microbe strains tend to diminish in flight, a number of microbes of a surviving type increase significantly. Crew immunological resistance may change during a mission.

Experiment AR-002 will analyze the quantity and ty­ pes of microbes at various locations in both the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft and will compare skin swabs taken before, during and after the mission from both crews. MA-031 and MA-032 are passive experiments involving crew blood samples taken preand post-flight,

The three experiments complement each other as va­

of humans to resist infection. The ASTP mission is viewed as a unique oppotrunity to pursue immune system investi­ gations, since the two crews represent widely divergent geographical locations and thus provide ideal initial gene­ ral conditions.

MA-011 Electrophoresis Technology Experiment Sy­ stem.— Electrophoresis, i. e., the separation of biological materials such as cells by means of an electric field, is an important tool in biological and medical research.

This experiment may hold the key to helping researchers develop drugs to fight strokes, heart attacks, clots and blood diseases.

The 30-pound experiment is to include four test columns of red blood cells, two of lymphocytes and two columns of kidney cells in five-inch tubes which will be subject to an electrical charge.

MA-150 USSR Multiple Material Melting.— Convec­ tive stirring during solidification and segregation in the melt due to gravity contribute to inhomogeneities, voids and structural imperfections in materials when processed on Earth.

In weightlessness, these phenomena will be absent and investigations will show the degree of material improve­ ment that can be attained.

This experiment will process three different material systems in each cartridge. In the hot isothermal region, a sample of aluminum with tungsten spheres will be melted and resolidified. A germanium rod with 0.5 percent silicon will be partially melted and resolidified in the gradient region. An additional isothermal region will be created in the gradient zone to process an ampule of powdered alumi­ nium.

The understanding of effects of gravity and convection in the solidification of materials can be applied to impro­ ving the materials processing techniques on Earth and most importantly could lead to manufacturing superior materials in space for use on Earth.

GREETINGS TO ТЙЕ SOYU2

AND APOLLO CREWS

LEONID BREZHNEV’S GREETINGS

TO THE SOYUZ AND APOLLO CREWS (1975)

On behalf of the Soviet people and on my own behalf I congratulate you on a great event, the first docking of the Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 19 and the American space­ craft Apollo.

The whole world is following with great interest and ad­ miration your joint work in carrying out a complex pro­ gram of scientific experiments. Your successful docking confirms the correctness of the technical solutions that we­ re worked out and implemented cooperatively by Soviet and American scientists, designers and cosmonauts. It may be said that Soyuz-Apollo is a prototype of future interna­ tional orbital stations.

Since the launching of the first artificial Earth satellite and the first manned space flight, outer space has become an arena of international cooperation. The relaxation of tension and the positive changes in Soviet-American relati­ ons have created conditions for the first international space

of space exploration has fallen to you courageous conque­ rors of outer space. I wish you success in carrying out the flight program and a safe return to Earth.

PRESIDENT FORD GREETS

THE JOINT FLIGHT CREWS (1975)

Gentlemen, let me call to express my very great admi­ ration for your hard work, your total dedication in pre­ paring for this first joint flight.

All of us here in Washington and in the United States send to you our very warmest congratulations for your suc­ cessful rendezvous and for your docking, and we wish you the very best for a successful completion of the remainder of your mission.

Your flight is a momentous event and a very great achievement, not only for the five of you, but also for the thousands of American and Soviet scientists and techni­ cians who have worked together for three years to ensure the success of this very historic and very successful experi­ ment in international cooperation.

It has taken us many years to open this door to useful cooperation in space between our two countries, and I am confident that the day is not far off when space missions made possible by this first joint effort will be more or less commonplace.

We all look forward to your safe return, and we follow with great interest the success so far, and we look forward to talking with you on Earth again, when you do end your flight.

SOYUZ -A P O L LO EXPERIMENT:

A BRIDGE TO THE FUTURE (1975)

by Konstantin Bushuyev

Corresponding Member

of the USSR Academy of Sciences,

Soviet Technical Codirector

of the Soyuz — Apollo Program

A study of possible joint flights by spaceships of diffe­ rent countries was begun by Soviet and American specia­

nistration. An agreement was signed in Moscow on May 24, 1972, between the Soviet Union anl the United States for cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes.

The project for a joint experimental flight of Soyuzand Apollo-type spacecraft was one of the points in this agreement.

The range of questions related to the compatibility of spaceships is very wide. For effective cooperation by spa­ cecraft of various types, we must provide for such operations as their rendezvous and docking in orbit, the direct trans­ fer of crews from one ship to another, the execution of a series of dynamic operations after docking, the coordina­ ted control of the ships in flight and communication bet­