Пособие по английскому языку

near-earth orbit attracted the comments of prominent scien­ tists and experts in space research.

«This experiment», declared Professor Stefan Monczarski, Director of the Geophysics Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, «may be termed a most important step in space conquest. This kind of system of sputniks will make it easier for scientists to probe into the many as yet obscure secrets of the Earth and the space around it, and the national eco­ nomy may benefit from these reliable assistants in such

VI, PROLONGED MANNED FLIGHTS

Read the space terms (Russian equivalents are on p. 132).

S p a c e t e r m s : automatic craft, prolonged manned flight

Read the key words. Find their Russian equivalents in «Active vocabulary» if necessary.'

K e y wo r ds : orbital stations, to function automatical­ ly, to feed back, scientific data, manned craft, physical changes, detailed studies, physical exercises, weightless­ ness, artificial gravity, biological solutions.

Ex. 1. Listen to the space terms and the key words and repeat them after the speaker.;

Ex. 2. Listen to the word combinations and their Russian equi­ valents, repeat them after the speaker.

scene judgements, to affect conditions, to look to solutions, on its own axis, to protect man against the effects of weight­ lessness, counteracting the effect of weightlessness, crea­ ting artificial gravity, by means of rotating the spacecraft on its own axis.

R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : включать окололунное пространство, спустить(ся) на поверхность луны, дви­ гаться по луне, собирать образцы, доставлять на стан­ цию факты в пользу пилотируемых полетов, оценки

происходящего, влиять на условия, искать способа решить (решения), вокруг собственной оси, защитить человека от влияния невесомости, нейтрализация влияния невесомости, создание искусственной гравита­ ции, путем вращения космического корабля вокруг собственной оси.

Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.

1. It is now time to develop orbital stations. 2. Orbital stations can be manned for limited periods. 3. In between visits of crews the orbital station can continue functioning automatically. 4. One of the main problems is how to cont­ rol the physical changes that occur during space flight. 5. Soviet specialists are looking for ways and means to create artificial gravity on board the spacecraft. 6. The problem of counteracting the effect of weightlessness is one of the main problems connected with prolonged flights. 7. There­ fore Soviet specialists are also looking to biological solutions for the problem. 8. The crew would carry out scientific work and return to earth with samples and materials of their research. 9. The orbital station can be equipped with a set of automatic craft capable of descending to the moon’s surface. 10. There is another very important fact favouring manned flights. 11. This is man’s emotional response to experience and his understanding of it.

Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.

1.Man is capable of emotional response to experience.

2.One of the main problems was how to control physical changes during spaceflight. 3. The orbital station could con­ tinue functioning automatically in between visits of crews.

certain disadvantage. 6. Soviet specialists are looking to biological solutions for the problem of weightlessness.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. This is a question Soviet space specialists have concer­ ned themselves with. 2. There is also another very important fact which favours manned flights. 3. Man can make on- the-scene judgements which an automat cannot do. 4. Man is capable of emotional response to experience and conse­ quent understanding of it. 5. Rotating the spacecraft on its own axis could affect scientific instrumentation. 6. This will probably bring with it a certain disadvantage. 7. The­

refore Soviet specialists are also looking to biological solu­ tions. 8. The problem of weightlessness will entail the crea­ tion of a certain level of artificial gravity. 9. One of the ways of protecting man against the effects of weightlessness is physical exercises. 10. Orbital stations can continue func­ tioning automatically, feeding back scientific data to the earth base.

Ex. 6. How is A like B? How does A differ from B?

Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What are the two main subjects discussed in the text? 2. Whose view on orbital stations is given in this text? 3. What is proposed to solve the problem of counterac­ ting the effect of weightlessness?

TEXT 6

Before the first Salyut station was launched the Soyuz flights had the purpose eventually of building a permanent earth orbital space station.

Later the view was expressed that it was time to develop orbital stations with orbits sufficiently large to take in moon space.

These orbital stations could be manned for limited pe­ riods and be equipped with a set of automatic craft capable of descending to the Moon’s surface, moving about it and collecting samples to take back to the orbital station.

The crew of a permanent earth orbital station would carry out scientific work and return to earth with samples and materials of their research and be replaced by other crews later. In between visits of crews, the orbital station could continue functioning automatically, feeding back scienti­ fic data to the earth base.

To-day we have already benefited from several orbital stations’ operation. There is also another very important fact favouring manned flights. This is man’s emotional response to experience and consequent understanding of it which an automat cannot do, however sophisticated it may be.

One of the main problems connected with prolonged manned flights in space is how to control the physical chan­ ges that occur during space flight.

This is a question that Soviet space specialists have concerned themselves with, and the record many weeks flights provided an opportunity for a detailed study of the effect of physical exercises to protect man against the ef­ fects of weightlessness over a long period.

The problem of weightlessness will probably result in the creation of a certain level of artificial gravity by means of rotating the spacecraft on its own axis.

However, this may bring with it a certain disadvantage in that it could affect scientific instrumentation. Therefore

cally. 5. The orbital station can feed back scientific data to the earth base. 6. There is nothing favouring manned flights. 7. All problems connected with prolonged manned flight have been solved. 8. The problem of weightlessness will probably result in the creation of a certain level of artifi­ cial gravity. 9. Soviet space specialists are not looking for a biological solution to the weightlessness problem. 10. As a means of counteracting the weightlessness astronauts use a complex of physical exercises.

Ex. 10. Listen to Text 6 and retell it.

Ex. 11. Discuss the topics: 1. Orbital stations. 2. Problems connected with prolonged manned flights. 3. The role of physical exercises during space flights. U s e t h e p h r a s e s : I know for certain that...; I suppose that...; I don’t think that...

Ex. 12. Listen to the conversation. What is the subject discus­

sed?

A:A am going to continue our talk on the development of manned space flights.

B:You mean perfecting the Soyuz craft and increasing the time of space flights, don't you?

A:That’s what I mean. Take manned flights. First they were 2 hours, then a day, and then a week long.

B:In 1965 we spoke of the time record by the US Gemini, and in 1970 about a new record flight.

A:It was the Soyuz-9 flight with Col. Andrian Nikolayev and flight engineer Vitali Sevastyanov.

C:At that time they were called «the Soviet Union’s re­ cord-breaking cosmonauts», and their flight — «their marathon voyage». Their flight lasted 18 days.

B:The purpose of the Soyuz flights was to build a perma­ nent earth orbital space station.

A:No doubt the Soyuz-9 crew made a great contribution to testing man’s ability to work during prolonged flights...

G:...and also to assessing how cameras aboard an orbital space station could be used to predict weather and defect underground mineral deposits.

A:An interesting point about Salyut is that it remains «active» without a crew on board. While unmanned, Salyut transmits scientific data to earth.

B:To put it another way, in between visits of crews, the orbital station can continue functioning automatically,

feeding back scientific data to its earth base.

G:Yes. Col. Gorbatko stressed the fact that the Salyut or­ bital stations in «manned and unmanned versions» suc­ cessfully complement each other.

Ёх. 13. Read the conversation as if you were A, 6 or C.

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

1. При помощи орбитальных станций можно решить многие важные задачи народного хозяйства. 2. 6 августа 1961 г. Герман Титов изучал влияние невесомости в тече­ ние суток. 3. На орбитальной станции «Салют-4» приме­ нялась аппаратура «Полином» для исследования влияния длительного космического полета на кроветворные 1 ор­ ганы. 4. Эксперимент «Пальма-2м» определяет, как не­ весомость с течением времени 21влияет на характеристики деятельности 3 космонавта. 5. Специалисты в области кос­ мической медицины работают над созданием максималь­ но комфортабельных 4 условий для экипажей орбитальпых станций. 6. Орбиты космических станций достаточно велики и могут включать окололунное пространство. 7. «Викинги» — американские космические аппараты, способные передавать информацию с поверхности Марса на Землю. 8. Одна из главных проблем, связанных с про­ должительными пилотируемыми полетами заключается в том, как защитить человека от отрицательного влияния невесомости.

Ех. 15. Tell your fellow students everything you know about space research.

Ex. 16. Give a summary of the text.

The crew of the third Skylab manned mission experien­ ced two kinds of growth, spiritual and physical, during the

spiritual nature» in their attitudes toward themselves and their fellow beings, even in their views on possible life el­ sewhere in the universe.

Carr said «I think this mission is going to increase my awareness of what else is going on besides what I’m doing».

In Gibson’s view, «Being up here and being able to see the stars and look back at the Earth and see your own sun as a star makes you realize the universe is quite big, and just the number of possible combinations which can create life enters your mind and makes it seem much more likely».

1Кроветворные — blood-forming.

2С течением времени — in course of time.

быть обращенным к солнцу, солнечные антенны/батареи основания телескопа,после двух переносов,наня­ том витке, внебортовая деятельность (в положении стоя), шатающиеся, но целые и невредимые.

Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.

1. The craft was launched in two hours. 2. The Saturn workshop was protected with a meteoroid shield. 3. The signal was received only after half an hour. 4. The electric power in Skylab was provided by solar arrays. 5. A meteo­ roid shield failure was registered. 6. The lift-off of the Skylab crew was rescheduled twice. 7. To provide as much electri­ city as possible Skylab had to be maneuvered so that its solar arrays faced the sun.

Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.

1. Analysis of launch data showed a failure of the meteo­ roid shield. 2. Slight deployment of one of the two solar array wings was also registered. 3. The first Skylab crew lifted off after twice being rescheduled. 4. Rendezvous was in the fifth revolution. 5. The meteoroid shield failed 63 seconds into the flight. 6. The crew emerged from their spa­ cecraft.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. After the launch, ground controllers waited for a signal of solar array deployment. 2. An hour after the launch, ground controllers still were waiting for confirmation that solar arrays had deployed. 3. Analysis of launch data sho­ wed that the meteoroid shield failed. 4. Skylab was maneu­ vered so its telescope mount solar arrays faced the sun to provide as much electricity as possible. 5. The crew docked and finished preparations for a fly-around inspection and extravehicular activity. 6. The crewmen emerged from their spacecraft and dispelled fears that the human body could not function after four weeks in the weightlessnes of space. 7. It was a continuous and pleasant surprise to Kervin to lind out how easy it was to live in zero gravity. 9. Splash­ down came at 28 days 50 minutes, June 22, some 830 miles southwest of San Diego, California,

Ex. 6. Show in some way that you understand the meaning of the following:

a meteoroid shield; ground controllers; solar array wings; the workshop’s solar arrays; the unmanned Saturn work­ shop; a postflight press conference; extravehicular activity; a failure of the meteoroid shield.

Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. How many days after the launch of the unmanned

7. What was the experience of Kervin, the medical expert?

TEXT 7

The unmanned Saturn Workshop Skylab was launched May 14, 1973, at 12: 30 p. m. The workshop’s initial orbit was 269 miles circular with an inclination to the equator of

50degrees.

An hour after the launch, ground controllers still were

waiting for confirmation that the workshop’s solar arrays had deployed, a signal they never received.

Analysis of launch data showed a failure of the meteoroid shield some 63 second into the flight. Slight deployment of one of the two solar array wings, which provided about half of the electrical power used in Skylab, was also registered.

Skylab was maneuvered so its telescope mount solar ar­

nished preparations for a fly-around inspection and stand-up extravehicular activity (SEVA). Weitz stood in the open hatch while Kervin held him by the legs and Conrad ma­ neuvered the command-service module.

This was the first EVA of the three fulfilled by the crew (luring their four-week flight.

Splashdown came at 28 days 50 minutes, June 22, some 830 miles southwest of San Diego, California.

When the three crewmen emerged from their spacecraft on the deck of the recovery ship USS Ticonderoga, they appeared wobbly but well, dispelling fears that the human body could not function after four weeks in the weightlessnes of space.

Kervin, the medical expert in the crew, said at a post­ flight press conference: «It was a continuous and pleasant surprise to me to find out how easy it was to live in zero G,

1. The first Skylab crew landed near Houston. 2. There were no failures in unmanned Skylab operations. 3. Without the meteoroid shield that was to protect it against solar heating, Skylab got too warm inside. 4. The first Skylab crew lifted off on time. 5. When the three crewmen emerged from their spacecraft on the deck of the recovery ship, they ap­ peared wobbly but well. 6 «I didn’t find it pleasant to live

a month of station keeping. 9. During extravehicular acti­ vity Weitz stood in the open hatch while Kervin held him by the legs. 10. Splashdown came at 28 days, 50 minutes, June 22, some 830 miles southwest of San Diego, Califor­ nia.