Пособие по английскому языку

A:As far as I remember the next step after Aleksei Leonov’s first space walk was the first experimental orbital sta­ tion formed by spaceships Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5.

C:You are right. It was in January, 1969.

B:Then came lunar rock specimens...

C:Delivered from the moon by automatic stations Luna-16,

Luna-20 and Luna-24.

A:I remember that year (1972). Geologists said that inves­ tigation of the lunar soil might provide information on some aspects of the earth’s evolution.

C: Have they obtained the information?

A:I think they have, and the information is in favour of Shmidt’s theory of the origin of planets.

B:What was the next milestone in the Soviet Space Prog­ ramme?

C:It was the Salyut scientific orbital station followed by Venera-9 and Venera-10.

B:Then we should mention «Intercosmos» projects and ASTP.

C:The booklet «Nasa Facts» says that one of the benefits from space programmes is national pride.

A:And it is certainly true. Still this is only one of many benefits.

B:Oh, yes. It is only owing to communications sputniks Molniya and the network of Orbita stations that central TV programmes go over vast distances to many remote parts of the Soviet Union and to other socialist count­ ries.

A:Or take ERTS. The study of natural resources from outer space, the use of remote sensing techniques for geo­ logical and agricultural needs and for utilizing the riches of the ocean are most promising.

C:Do you remember the programme of the first experimen­ tal orbital stations? I mean Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5.

B:There are vivid descriptions of that historic flight in a newspaper article. I suppose we’ll read it in a few days.

C:All right. We will.

Ex. 13. a) Read the conversation as if you were А, В, C. b) Re­ tell the dialogue as if you were a reporter.

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

1. В декабре 1969 г. академик Б. Петров сказал, что космические полеты не будут ограничиваться полетами на околоземной орбите. 2. Советская программа освоения кос-

моса отнюдь не исключает пилотируемых полетов к Луне. 3. Первостепенное значение мы придаем исследованию Луны автоматическими станциями. 4. Космические исследования в непосредственной близости к нашей планете дают практические выгоды для экономики Совет­ ского Союза. 5. В своем обзоре академик Б. Петров еще раз подтвердил намерение Советского Союза построить большие орбитальные станции для запуска космических кораблей в дальний Космос. 6. Групповой полет кораб­ лей «Союз» в октябре 1968 года был успешным и явился еще одним шагом в решении этой проблемы. 7. Развитие космического ракетостроения в нашей стране связано с именем академика С. Королева. 8. Академик М. Келдыш сделал огромный вклад в космонавтику, в претворение в жизнь широкой программы космических исследований.

Ех. 15. 1. Answer the question: What Soviet space firsts do you know? 2. Retell the second part of Text 4. Begin with: «in 1969 Academician B. Petrov said that...»

Ex. 16. Read and retell the text.

HIS FIRST STEP INTO SPACE —

HOW IT FELT

of the five cosmonauts transferred from one to the other. When he opened the hatch for his spacewalk cosmonaut Yevgeni Khrunov said, «the sunlight streamed in, I saw the earth, the horizon and the black sky and felt as I did on my

first a parachute jump.

«I got out of the spaceship warily, and looked around me. The Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spaceships were a magnifi­ cent sight. I could see the tiniest details of their surface, they were shining brilliantly, reflecting the sunlight.

«Soyuz-4» was right in front of me, looking very much like an airplane with a long large fuselage and solar batte­ ries like wings», he said.

He said that he and Flight Engineer Alexei Yeliseyev stayed in space for about an hour and «felt fine» all the time, and added: «We could stay in space much longer».

A. Yeliseyev said it was much easier to put on a space suit in conditions of weightlessness than on earth, and gave

Permanent orbit. He said there were good reasons for the decision to transfer from one spaceship to another through open space and not through a tunnel.

This would be important «in the not distant future» for assembling heavy orbital stations in space, examining their

Mstislaw Keldysh, said that the Soviet Union would have a big space observatory in permanent orbit around the Earth.

Asked which members of the Academy he would send up first to man an orbital observatory, he named three branches of science which would have a good claim.

Astronomers should put a telescope there and study in particular short-wave signals from the universe which the earth’s atmosphere prevented from reaching the Earth’s surface.

Geophysicists would continue study of the earth’s pro­ perties begun by the sputniks and other unmanned stations and, lastly, geologists and meteorologists would want to observe the earth’s phenomena, to give early warning of typhoons, for instance.

An earth orbital observatory was a project on which the Soviet Union, he said, had no objections in principle to co­ operation with the United States.

He listed the four main spheres of the Soviet program­ me as the study of the earth’s space environment, the study of the planets of the solar system, the building of big, or­

V. THE ADVANTAGES

OF UNMANNED CRAFT

Read the space terms (Russian equivalents are on p. 132).

S p a c e t e r m s : manned probe, unmanned probe, to soft-land, circumlunar orbit, elliptical lunar orbit, lunar day type probes.

Read the key words. Find their Russian equivalents in «Active vocabulary» if necessary.

K e y w o r d s : automatic craft, to dominate, advanta­ ges, criteria, instrumentation, conditions, radiation, asteroids, operational time.

Ex. 1. Listen to the space terms and the key words and repeat them after the speaker.

Ex. 2. Listen to the word combinations and their Russian equi­ valents, repeat them after the speaker.

to sustain life, to determine the size, to facilitate explo­ ration, to increase operational time, to operate during

R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : поддерживать жизнь, определить размер, способствовать исследованию, увеличивать рабочее время, работать в темное время лунных суток, единственный критерий х, исследовать

landed after it had been first put into a circum-lunar and then an elliptical lunar orbit. 10. Previous unmanned So­ viet and American probes were of the lunar day type. 11.The lunar day-type probes stopped functioning during the lunar night. 12. The task was to increase substantially the useful operational time of automats.

Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.

1. Luna 16 soft-landed after it had been first put into a circumlunar and then an elliptical lunar orbit. 2. Unman­ ned probes can be delivered to any part of the Moon requi-1

1 Согласно порме русского языка.

red. 3. Unmanned craft can carry much more instrumenta­ tion. 4. The detailed study of planets close to earth will fill gaps in our knowledge. 5. The size of manned craft is grea­ ter because provisions have to be made for sustaining life, human activity and for a safe return to earth. 6. The lunar day type probes stopped functioning during the lunar night.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Luna-16 was first put into a circumlunar and then an elliptical lunar orbit. 2. Exploration of space began first with unmanned craft, then manned craft were used. 3. First, the sole criteria for determining the size of unmanned craft are specific scientific experiments. 4. Secondly 2, unmanned craft can carry much more instrumentation. 5. Thirdly, unmanned craft can in future be delivered to any part of the moon required. 6. Lastly, unmanned probes can conti­ nue operating during the lunar night.

Ex. 6. Show in some way that you understand the meaning of the following:

circumlunar orbit; the lunar day-type probes; operatio­ nal time; comprehensive exploration; human activity; lu nar night.

Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. Are there any advantages of unmanned craft over manned craft? 2. Is there any example of an unmanned pro­ be in the text? 3. When could Luna-16 soft-land on the surface of the moon? 4. What is important about Luna-16?

TEXT 5

For the time being, automatic craft will dominate re­ search into space because unmanned craft have a number of advantages over manned craft.

First, the sole criteria for determining the size of unman­ ned craft are the specific scientific experiments they are to carry out, whereas with manned craft provisions have to be made for sustaining life, human activity and for safe return to Earth.

Second, unmanned craft can carry much more instru­ mentation and generally are cheaper than manned probes.

Third, unmanned craft can work in conditions where it is not possible for man to operate — for instance they can

2 «Secondly», «thirdly», etc. are used in the formal style. In the informal style «second», «third», etc. are more natural.

C:Yes, that was the very beginning. Nowwehave spaceships and orbital stations, but the first manned mission was made in a small capsule.

A:It is astonishing that the first manned mission took place only four years after the launching of the first

earth artificial satellite.

В: I remember the words from a newspaper article of May 1961 devoted to Juri Gagarin: «He would be in a posi­ tion to provide valuable meteorological data concerning such things as cloud cover and storm centres».

C:We can say that even at that time manned missions ai­ med not only at science but also at applications.

A:As far as I know there are several newspaper items dea­ ling with the history of cosmonautics. Would you like to have a talk after reading them?

B:Yes, agreed. Let’s fix a time.

C:This Friday, morning?

A:Fine.

В: O.K. I’ll see you then.

Ex. 13. Read tlie conversation as if you were A, В or G.

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

Многие сообщения ТАСС, начинающиеся со слов «пер­ вый в мире...» связаны с именами С. Королева, М. Кел­ дыша и других выдающихся ученых. Луна-1, первая в мире автоматическая межпланетная станция, была за­ пущена к Луне в январе 1959 года. Луна-2 была первой, достигшей поверхности Луны в сентябре 1959 года. В ок­ тябре того же года Луна-3 передала 1 на Землю первые фотографии невидимой стороны Луны. Во время полета в марте 1965 года на борту 21 «Востока-2» космонавт Алек­ сей Леонов совершил первый выход в Космос. Затем по­ следовали первая экспериментальная орбитальная стан­ ция, образованная кораблями Союз-4 и Союз-5 (январь 1969 г.), доставка 3 образцов лунного грунта с поверх­ ности Луны автоматическими станциями Луна-16 и Лу­ на-20, самоходная автоматическая лаборатория Луноход, мягкая посадка спускаемых аппаратов космических стан­ ций на Венере и Марсе.

Создание долгосрочных орбитальных станций для глубокого исследования околоземного пространства и

выполнение практических экономических задач — основ­ ное направление в современной космонавтике.

Другим выдающимся успехом советской науки были полет и посадка на Венере двух автоматических станций — Венера-9 и Венера-10. «Эта качественно новая ступень в исследовании Венеры ясно показывает, что автоматичес­ кие аппараты обладают огромным потенциалом во мно­ гих областях космических исследований и является заме­ чательным свидетельством научного и технического прог­ ресса нашей страны и творческого энтузиазма советского народа» — сказано в приветственном послании 4 руково­ дителей нашего государства, тем, кто создал эту станцию.

Ех. 15. 1. Answer the questions: What automatic vehicles were sent to Mars? What automatic stations provide data on radiation conditions in near-earth space? 2. Make a list of all space research facilities you know.

Ex. 16. Read the text adn give a brief summary.

USSR: EIGHT SPUTNIKS

LAUNCHED BY A SINGLE ROCKET

On April 25th, 1970, the Soviet Union launched eight artificial satellites of the Earth: «Gosmos-ЗЗб», «Cosmos337», «Cosmos-338», «Cosmos-339», «Cosmos-340», «Cosmos341», «Cosmos-342», «Cosmos-343». All eight sputniks were orbited by one carrier-rocket.

Installed on the sputniks were scientific instruments for continued research in outer space in accordance with the programme announced by TASS on March 16th, 1962.

All eight sputniks moved around orbits, close to the precalculated ones with the following initial elements: pe­ riod of revolution — 115 minutes; maximum distance from the surface of the Earth (in apogee) — 1,500 km.; minimum distance from the surface of the Earth (in perigee) — 1,400 km; inclination of orbit — 74 degress. Besides the scien­ tific instruments, the sputniks contained radio systems for the precise measurements of the orbital elements; radio­ telemetric systems for transmitting data to the Earth on the functioning of the instruments and scientific equipment. The information about the new Soviet space experiment was broadcast over the radio and TV in many countries. It made front page headlines in the world press.

The launching of a constellation of sputniks onto a

4 Приветственное послание — a message of greeting.