Пособие по английскому языку

satellite research; world scientific community; to en­ courage cooperation; the need for global participation; the formative years; international cooperation in space research.

Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What does the ICSU resolution say about the primary purpose of COSPAR? 2. What is COSPAR concerned with?

3.What is the most significant impact of space activities?

4.Does the United Nations encourage international coope­ ration in space activities? 5. How is COSPAR activity connected with international relations?

TEXT 13

COSPAR was established by the International Council of Scientific Unions in October, 1958, to continue the coope­ rative programmes of rocket and satellite research successful­ ly undertaken during the International Geophysical Year 1957-58. The ICSU resolution creating COSPAR stated that the primary purpose of COSPAR was to «provide the world scientific community with the means to exploit the possibilities of satellites and space probes of all kinds for scientific purposes and exchange the resulting data on a cooperative basis». Hence, COSPAR is an interdisciplinary scientific organization concerned with the progress on an international scale of all kinds of fundamental research carried out with the use of rockets or rocket propelled ve­ hicles.

COSPAR objectives are carried out by the international community of scientists working through ICSU and repre­ senting national academies and international Scientific Unions. Operating under the rules of ISCU, COSPAR igno­ res political considerations and considers all questions so­ lely from the scientific viewpoint.

The work of the organization is very highly valued by the United Nations. In his message to one of COSPAR con­ gresses Dr. Kurt Waldheim, Secretary General of the Uni­ ted Nations Organization, says that man has already wit­ nessed the promise and challenge of the space age. Space technology has become a significant element of life in much of the world. Traditional patterns of life have been revolu­ tionized by space activities, particularly with the advent of application of satellites which, transcending geographi­ cal limitations, dissolving the barriers of time and space,

provide instantaneous communication, weather forcasting and, more recently, detailed information on the natural resources of our planet. At the same time new complex prob­ lems of global concern have been created by space technology, the solutions to which would require cooperation of all nations. The United Nations encourages such international cooperation. The United Nations General Assembly has em­ phasized the need for global participation in the peaceful uses of space research, the need for practical applications of space technology so that all nations might share in its benefits.

It is in this common task that the United Nations looks to COSPAR, particularly in its efforts to spur the interna­ tional scientific community to find ways and means by which space science can assist in resolving some of the eco­ nomic and social problems of the world. COSPAR undoub­ tedly can and will provide such necessary leadership, just as it provided the leadership in the scientific exploration of outer space during the formative years of the space age.

It is gratifying to note COSPAR’s recent efforts in this direction as evidenced by the important work carried out by its Working Group 6 «Applications of Space Research to Meteorology and Earth Surveys. Dr. K. Waldheim ex­ pressed his hope that COSPAR would continue to apply its scientific expertise and resources towards these objectives and thereby encourage international cooperation in this field. Such cooperative efforts of the scientific community will serve as a catalyst for the improvement of friendly relations, mutual understanding and confidence in the in ternational community as a whole.

Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. COSPAR was established by the United Nations Or ganization. 2. The primary purpose of COSPAR was to launch satellites and space probes. 3. COSPAR is concer ned with applied research only. 4. COSPAR objectives arc carried out by the international community of scientists working through ICSU. 5. There is no close contact between

COSPAR and national academies. G. The work of COSPAR is very highly valued by the United Nations. 7. There is

of life. 9. The impact of space technology is not strong enough to change anything in traditional patterns of life. 10. Satellites dissolve the barriers of time and space and provide instantaneous communication. 11. The best thing about space activity is that no new problems of global concern arise. 12. It is not necessary for all nations to coope­ rate to solve problems of global concern. 13. The United Nations, from the outset of the space age, encouraged in­ ternational cooperation in the field of exploration of space. 14. The United Nations approves of COSPAR efforts in searching for ways and means by which space science can assist in resolving some of the economic and social problems of the world. 15. COSPAR can assist in solving many pro­ blems of global concern as evidenced by the work carried out by its Working Group 6 «Applications of Space Research to Meteorology and Earth Surveys.»

Ex. 9. Listen and repeat after the speaker.

It is gratifying to note COSPAR’s recent efforts in this

Research to Meteorology and Earth Surveys». Dr. K. Wald­

Ex. 11. Ask another student if

1. lie can say what was the basis for the establishment of COSPAR. 2. he remembers what was slated as the pri­ mary purpose of COSPAR. 3. he knows anything about the impact of space activities on traditional patterns of life. 4. lie can characterize the United Nations attitude toward COSPAR activity. 5. he remembers any recent COSPAR achievements mentioned in the United Nations Secretary

General message to COSPAR. 6. he knows whether there are any contacts between COSPAR and national academies. 7. can say what international organization established COSPAR.

Ex. 12. Listen to the conversation. What is the subject dis­ cussed?

A:I know that COSPAR is the Committee on Space Re­ search, but I don’t know who the President of COSPAR is.

B:Prof, de Jager, I think. He was unanimously nominated

C:In 1975 two Vice Presidents were elected for the same term of office. They were Dr. F. S. Johnson of the USA and prof. R. Z. Sagdeev of the USSR.

B:As far as I know, Prof, de Jager, referring to the nomina­

Institute for Space Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

A:And who was Vice-President in the previous term of office?

A:I wonder if COSPAR informs the public at large of the recent developments in space research and if so, how.

B:It is with this purpose in view — to inform the public at large of the recent developments — that COSPAR prepares popular publications.

C:In addition to populirizing the recent development? COSPAR can improve the financial situation of the committee through the income from such publications. Do you remember when the work of the Editorial Bo­ ard began?

B:If I am not mistaken, in 1975. The issue of the first

volume of the series was planned for 1977.

C:You are right. But as prof, de Jager said: it was under stood that this delay was unavoidable.

Ex. 13. Read the conversation as if you were A, В or C.

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

1. В наши дни космические исследования в значитель­ ной степени определяют темп развития научного и техни­ ческого прогресса и являются ведущими в современной науке и технике. 2. Они становятся мощным фактором в ре­ шении важных экономических проблем — в исследова­ нии ресурсов земли и окружающей среды, в развитии гео­ логии, геофизики, гидрологии, океанологии и других наук о земле. 3. Космос — беспредельное поле для научных исследований и незаменимый стимулятор человеческого прогресса. 4. В пределах своих возможностей мы развива­ ем активные двусторонние связи с целым рядом стран. 5. Мы высоко ценим советско-американское сотрудничест­ во в области космических исследований и думаем, что сов­ местный полет «Союза» и «Аполлона» явился важным вкладом космических исследований в современную нау­ ку, открывающим новые горизонты развития двусторон­ них 1 и многосторонних 21 международных научных проек­ тов. 6. Я бы хотел закончить заверением, что мы прило­ жим все усилия 3 для обеспечения хорошей атмосферы и плодотворной дискуссии, для вашего приятного пребы­ вания в нашем городе. 7. Желаю новых успехов в вашей благородной деятельности в авангарде мировой науки на благо мира, безопасности 4 и процветания 5 всех народов.

Ех. 15. Speak of COSPAR, its origin and aims.

Ex. 16. Retell or summarize the texts.

«THE UNITY OF SPACE SCIENCE» (a review of space research 1974— 1975)

In earlier days scientific research was bound to the surface of Earth. Space techniques have provided us with the means to be freed from the Earth’s attraction, to strive upward and outward, and to move freely through space, following the dreams our greatest spirits had for centuries, yet which could only be realized in our days. Thus with instruments and vehicles of increased refinement a new view

1 Двусторонний — bilateral.

2 Многосторонний — multilateral.

3 Прилагать усилия — to make efforts.

4Безопасность — security.

5Процветание — prosperity.

of our world and of cosmic space could be opened to man­ kind. There is no formal agreement on the division of the workload between the scientists of the various countries. But collegial cooperation across the nations’ borders and tradition in the scientific world leads in a nearly natural way to a division of specialities, based in so many cases on personal friendship between scientists. Thus a unity has grown in space research, a unity, where in competitive yet friendly cooperation we all strive to increase knowled­ ge, to exchange information, and discuss the problems, as well as the implications of the results achieved. For lar­ ge undertakings common research programs are set up, either bior multi-national or even of a fully world-wide character.

Measuring the Earth. The precise orbits of the Earth’s satellites are influenced by the detained way the Earth at­ tracts these bodies. Conversely by precise position measu­ rements on geodetic satellites like Geos-3 (USA, launched April 1975) or Starlette (France, launched 6 February 1975), equipped with very precise reflectors, we are able to analyse the Earth's gravitational attraction, and to determine in what measure the so called geoid differs from an ideal ellipsoide. Measurements thus obtained at Goddard (USA), with high resolution, show that the Indian Ocean depres­ sion is 112 meters deep, and other features.

The human environment. More and more efforts are made to watch the human environment and to see how it is changed either by natural or man-made causes. The second Earth resources satellite, Landsat 2, was launched on Janua­ ry 22, 1975, from California (USA) into a nearly circulai orbit at 915 km. It enables the high resolution observation of the Earth’s details. An observation of the San Francisco Bay area even shows a trace of the Golden Gate Bridge. Impressive also is the property to monitor disasters on Earth, as shown by observations of the eruption of the Tiatia Volcano —after 161 years of rest—in the Kuriles Is­ lands (USSR) as observed on July 16, 1973, by Landsat 1. The ash smoke plume was seen to be extending over appro­ ximately 60 km. The semicircular shape of the cloudedge seen around the volcano at some 20 km distance may be due to shock waves originating from eruptions.

The direction of man-made pollution is likewise very important. The defoliation by sulfur dioxide emission from a steel plant in Ontario, Canada, is visible on a Landsat

1 picture as gray to bluish gray streaks extending over areas of 50 X 15 km. Also the obvious effects of overgrazing are evident, for instance, in a picture of the Negev desert. The dark area shown on the picture has more vegetation, is more humid and warmer, and has more convection than the

production of oxygen stabilizers that might represent po­ tential destruction agents of stratospheric ozone. Simulta­ neous measurements of stratospheric nitric oxide and nit­ rogen dioxyde, such as were made for the first time in a Franco-Belgian cooperative experiment, should therefore be followed with interest.

Weather and climate. The first meteorological satellite was launched in the early sixties. Since then, increasingly refined instruments have enabled us in an ever more precise

bit, allows for infrared and visual cloud observation. Observations at selected infrared wavelengths enable

one to measure temperatures high in the stratosphere. Ob­ servations made by the British «Selective Chopper Ra­ diometer» aboard the U. S. Nimbus-4 spacecraft show among other things the interesting differences between the arctic and antarctic regions at 45 km altitude in the respective spring seasons, the antarctic showing a relatively warm region over its centre.

The upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Much research is performed in many countries in exploring the upper parts of the Earth’s atmosphere and its ionized layers, the iono­ sphere. The Soviet satellite Intercosmos-12 was launched October 31, 1974, and had among other instruments a Rou­ manian mass spectrometer, operating on ground command, and a Langmuir cylindrical probe of Bulgarian origin. Re-

outer space, near-Earth space, artificial Earth satellites’ radiation, situation, dynamic processes, radiation belts> solar activity, electromagnetic oscillations, low-frequency electromagnetic oscillations, low-frequency radiation, the upper ionosphere, ground measurings, the external ionosphe­ re, an agreed programme, an operative group, a 4-channel radiospectrograph, frequency resolution, frequency range.

R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : ближний космос, око­ лоземное пространство, искусственные спутники Зем­ ли, состояние радиации, динамические процессы, зоны радиации, солнечная активность, электромагнит­ ные колебания, низкочастотные электромагнитные ко­ лебания, низкочастотная радиация, верхние слои ионо­ сферы, наземные измерения, внешняя ионосфера, согласованная программа, рабочая группа, радиоспект­ рограф с четырьмя каналами, частотная разрешающая способность, диапазон частот.

Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.

1. «Intercosmos-З» was intended for studying radiation situation in near-Earth space. 2. «Intercosmos-З» was laun­ ched to explore the nature and spectrum of the low-frequ­ ency electromagnetic oscillations in the upper ionosphere.

3.Specialists of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic took part in the assembly and testing of the scientific instruments.

4.Both countries are controlling the flight of the satellite.

5.The equipment used for the investigation was a 4-channel radiospectrograph. 6. The radiospectrograph recorded about

50type III solar bursts. 7. These results were interesting

enough to induce the Institute of Geophysics to develop the next version of the experiment.

Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.

1. «Intercosmos-З» was intended for studying the ra­ diation in near-Eartli space. 2. Reception of the scientific data from «Intercosmos-З» was carried out by ground sta­ tions. 3. «Intercosmos-Kopernik 500» was launched on the 19th of April, 1973. 4. The equipment used for these investi­ gations was a 4-channel radiospectrograph. 5. The purpose of the Soviet part of the experiment was to measure the parameters of the ionospheric plasma. 6. These results were

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. In keeping with the programme of cooperation of socialist countries in the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space, an artificial satellite «Intercosmos-З» was launched in the Soviet Union. 2. An operative group of specialists of the Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak So­ cialist Republic controlled the flight of the satellite. 3. The Polish programme of the experiments was aimed at investigating solar radio bursts travelling out through the corona and to measure «passive» plasma resonances exi­ sting in the ionosphere. 4. This detail may be essential for the theory of the development of type III explosions in higher layers of the Solar Corona. 5. Effects of the ampli­ tude and frequency dependence of plasma resonance on the local electron density and the orientation of the aerial system to the Earth’s magnetic field are investigated.

Ex. 6. Show in some way that you understand the meaning of the following:

electron plasma; the Earth’s magnetic field; a 4-channel radio spectrograph; frequency dependence; electron upper hydrid frequency; type III solar bursts.

Ex. 7. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. According to what programme was «Intercosmos-З» launched? 2. What was «Intercosmos-З» intended for? 3. What countries took part in the experiment? 4. Who con­ trolled the flight of the satellite? 5. When was the SovietPolish space experiment «Intercosmos — Kopernik-500» carried out? 6. What part of the programme of the «Intercos­ mos — Ivopernik-500» was contributed by the Polish scien­ tists? 7. Were any observations drawn from the analysis of the radiospectrograph data? 8. What effects were inve­ stigated after the «Intercosmos — Kopernik-500» flight?

TEXT 14

In keeping with the programme of cooperation of socia­ list countries in the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space, an artificial Earth satellite — «Intercosmos-З» — was launched in the Soviet Union on August 7th, 1970.

«Intercosmos-З» was intended for studying the radiation situation in near-Earth space, for exploring the relation­