Пособие по английскому языку

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

Корабли серии «Союз» предназначались для осуще­ ствления широкой программы научно-технических иссле­ дований, в том числе и для задач, связанных с созданием орбитальных станций. Корабль «Союз» создавался и как транспортный корабль, способный осуществлять сбли­ жение и стыковку с другим кораблем или станцией. Со­ ветские космонавты, летая на кораблях «Союз», много раз осуществляли стыковки кораблей между собой и с ор­ битальной станцией «Салют». С 1967 г. корабль «Союз» про­ шел путь от экспериментальных испытательных полетов до обслуживания орбитальных станций «Салют». «Союз» участвовал в первом международном космическом полете по программе ЭПАС.

Задачи создания орбитальных станций и кораблей для их обслуживания стали основными в советской программе пилотируемых космических полетов.

В последующие годы были запущены орбитальные станции «Салют-3» и «Салют-4», «Салют-5», «Салют-6», которые имели ряд усовершенствований в конструкции

ибортовом оборудовании. Экипажами станций была осуществлена обширная программа исследований, имею­ щих большую ценность для народного хозяйства, науки

иразвития космической техники.

Ех. 15. Speak on Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft.

Ex. 16. Read the text and retell or summarize it in English.

«СОЮЗ» ИССЛЕДУЕТ ЗЕМЛЮ

Завершен полет космического корабля «Союз-22». Космонавты Валерий Быковский и Владимир Аксенов доложили об успешном выполнении задания и передали для обработки полученные материалы. Что же дал новый полет и чем! он отличается от предыдущих?

Это первый пилотируемый космический полет, основ­ ной целью которого было исследование природных ресур­ сов Земли. В Космосе испытана специальная фотоаппара­ тура, позволяющая определять вид и состояние снятых земных образований. Полет «Союз-22» — это еще один ощутимый результат научно-технического сотрудничества социалистических стран по программе «Интеркосмос».

Изучение Земли из космоса — одно из самых молодых направлений в космических исследованиях. Оно возникло около десяти лет назад и долгое время вызывало у мгто-

fer, orbital compartment, comfortable conditions, air-con­ ditioning systems, manual control, automatic manoeuvre, final descent, a search party, to rehearse emergency rescue.

R u s s i a n e q u i v a l e n t s : стыковка пилоти­ руемых кораблей, надеть скафандр, выйти в открытый космос, внешние поручни,] 37-минутная прогулка в космосе, переход в открытом космосе, орбитальный отсек, комфортабельные условия, система вентиля­ ции, ручное управление, маневр в автоматическом ре­ жиме, заключительный этап спуска, поисковая груп­ па, прорепетировать (аварийное) спасение.

Ех. 3. Listen to the sentences and repeat them after the speaker.

1. The spacecraft was manned by Col. V. Komarov. 2. Soyuz-2 was followed by Soyuz-3. 3. On October 28, 1968, Soyuz-2 made an automatic re-entry. 4. During orbit 36 an automatic manoeuvre changed the orbit to 151.5 miles (244 km) by 123.5 miles (199 km). 5. The retro-rocket was fi­ red for 145 seconds. 6. The descent went well. 7. The search party was able to see the final descent. 8. Soyuz-3, manned by Beregovoi, came down in a snowdrift in Kazakhstan. 9. A spacewalk transfer of two cosmonauts from one craft to another was achieved on this mission. 10. On board were three cosmonauts, B. Volynov (Commander), Y. Khrunov (Research Engineer), and A. Yeliseyev (Flight Engineer).

Ex. 4. Make up questions for which the following would be the answers.

1.On October 28 Soyuz-2 made an automatic re-entry.

2.The retro-rocket was fired for 145 seconds. 3. The descent went so well that the search party was able to see and photograph the final descent. 4. Khrunov and Yeliseyev egressed into space. 5. The two craft were undocked after four hours. 6. On board were three cosmonauts.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Outside TV cameras transmitted the docking pro­ cess to Earth. 2. The two craft were coupled mechanically, and electric connections and telephone communications were established. 3. The joined craft was the first experi­ mental space station. 4. Khrunov and Yeliseyev egressed into space throuhh the hatch of Soyuz-5’s orbital module. 5. They used external handrails during their 37-minute space walk into the Soyuz-4 orbital compartment. 6. The two craft were undocked after 4 hours. 7. Helicopters sigh­

ted the orange parachute as the spacecraft touched down on target in the Karaganda area. 8. Warm clothes were hurried to the site for the cosmonauts. 9. In effect, the mission had rehearsed the first emergency rescue in space.

Ex. 6. Show in some way that you understand the meaning of the following:

Retro-rocket; automatic re-entry; search party; external handrails; spacewalk transfer; to don a space suit; to eg­ ress into space; the joined craft; solar arrays; the combined crew.

Ex. 6a. How is A like B? How does A differ from B?

1.How many Soyuz missions are described in the text?

2.How many Soyuz craft were used in the missions? 3. What did the work of Beregovoi include? 4. What was done in pre­ paration for the launch of Soyuz-5? 5. What can you say about the Soyuz-5 crew activity? 6. How many hours were Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 in docked configuration? 7. What was of primary importance in the Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 mis­ sions?

TEXT 9

Soyuz-1 was launched on April 23, 1967. The spacecraft was manned by Col. V. Komarov. Soyuz-2, used as an un­ manned target vehicle, was launched on October 25, 1968, into a 139-mile (224 km) by 115-mile (185 km) orbit with 51° inclination; it was followed by Soyuz-3, manned by 47-year-old Georgi Beregovoi, on October 26, into a 140-mile (225 km) by 127-mile (205 km) orbit.

On October 28, Soyuz-2 made an automatic re-entry, thus successfully testing the parachute system. Beregovoi continued his flight, making regular TV reports. His work in­

(244 km) by 123.5 miles (199 km); then Beregovoi manually

3. it is possible to orient the spacecraft manually. 4. he remembers what was transmitted by outside TV cameras. 5. he can say what meteorological conditions were on the day of Soyuz-4 descent and landing.

Ex. 12. Listen to the conversation. What is the subject dis­ cussed?

A:In a book on space flights published in 1968, I’ve come across an assessment of docking.

B:It's very interesting.

A:The ability to dock with another spacecraft said the aut­ hor, would be more important in future space flights than just simple rendezvous.

C:If I am not mistaken in 1966 the Americans planned their first docking and the mission was assigned to Gemini VIII. Do you remember the names of the astronauts?

A:I do, they were Neil Armstrong and Dave Scott. By the way, there was this remark in the book: «for the first time this country successfully launched two space vehicles on the same day and at the exact minute planned».

B:But as far as I remember the mission was terminated

because of some failure, wasn't it?

C:They failed to dock.

A:They did dock. But suddenly, the two locked vehicles

A:Yes, the locked vehicles began tumbling, that is turning end over end, rolling over and over.

B:How could they manage to come back to earth?

A:They worked calmly, and managed to reduce the roll rate until they were able to undock, and then came back to Earth.

Ex. 13. Read the conversation as if you were A, В or C.

Ex. 14. Translate into English.

«СОЮЗ-24» И «САЛЮТ-5» СОСТЫКОВАНЫ

Сообщение ТАСС

8 февраля 1977 года произведена стыковка транспорт­

Процесс сближения и стыковки космических аппара­ тов проводился в два этапа. На первом этапе сближение

3* 67

корабля «Союз-24» со станцией «Салют-5» до расстояния 80 метров осуществлялось в автоматическом режиме уп­ равления. Дальнейшее сближение проводилось экипажем корабля вручную.

После причаливания корабля «Союз-24» к станции «Салют-5» были произведены механическая стыковка ап­ паратов и соединение их электрических коммуникаций.

Космонавты товарищи В. В. Горбатко и Ю. Н. Глаз­ ков продолжают работы по намеченной программе. Само­ чувствие космонавтов хорошее.

Центр управления полетом, 8. (ТАСС). К 13 часам мо­ сковского времени 8 февраля космический корабль «Союз-24» совершил 12 оборотов вокруг Земли.

30 минут. В очередном сеансе связи командир корабля сообщил, что экипаж выполняет намеченную программу полета.

После коррекции траектории движения, проведенной 8 февраля, параметры орбиты корабля «Союз-24» состав­

—период обращения — 89,2 минуты;

—наклонение орбиты — 51,6 градуса.

По докладам экипажа и данным телеметрической ин­ формации, бортовые системы корабля работают нормаль­ но. Самочувствие космонавтов Виктора Горбатко и Юрия Глазкова хорошее.

Ех. 15. Answer the question: What do you know about space walk transfer; solar arrays; retro-rockets?

Ex. 16. Retell the texts.

SOYUZ SPACECRAFT DESCRIPTION

Re-entry module. This is shaped like a car headlight, with an exterior coating as protection against re-entry heat, and interior insulation to provide both heat and sound pro­ tection. During re-entry interior temperatures do not ex­ ceed 25°—30° C (77°—86° F). The shape ensures aerody­ namic lift, with deceleration normally producing no more than 3—4 G, compared with 8—10 G endured by cosmo­

nauts during the ballistic re-entries of Vostok and Voskhod. The cosmonauts take their seats 2 hours before the launch. The panel in front of the commander contains instruments and switches for the spacecraft systems, a TV screen, and an optical orientation view-finder set up on a special port­ hole next to the panel. Orientation controls are on the com­ mander’s right, and manoeuvring controls on his left. There are portholes to starboard and port for visual and photo­ graphic observations. There are four TV cameras (two mo­ unted externally and two inside) which provide 625-line trans­ mission, twenty five pictures per second. The atmosphere regeneration system contains alkali metals which absorb carbon dioxide and simultaneously release oxygen, main­ taining a 14 lb psi (1 kg/cm2) conventional nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere (compared with Apollo’s all-oxygen atmosphe­ re). Heat-exchange units condense excessive moisture and direct it to special moisture collectors. Multi-channel tele­ metry systems store information in on-board memory units, and transmit it to Earth during regular radio sessions. The

firing lasting about 146 seconds. The single main parachute,

during descent, and another after landing, to aid search par­ ties if necessary.

Orbital compartment. Mounted on the nose of the comp­ leted craft, with an estimated volume of 221 cu ft (6’26 m3), this provides sufficient room for the cosmonauts to stand up, and an area for work, rest and sleep. It has four portho­ les for observation and filming, controls and communica­ tions systems, a portable TV camera photo-and cine-came­ ras. A «sideboard» contains food, scientific equipment, a medicine kit and a washstand. Communications and rendezovous radar antennae are mounted on the exterior. It is used as an airlock by closing and sealing the hatch communi­ cating with the Re-entery Module; when depressurized, the external hatch can be opened for egress into space. For en­