3.The creation of an efficient system of rules protecting the interest of neglected children is of great importance nowadays. (What measure)

4.In 1991, the Population Social Protection Department of Russian Federation was formed. (When)

5.The reforming of the social protection system is a necessary demand because the standard of living is quite low. (Why)

14.7.Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

14.8.Choose the correct answer to the following questions.

1.What is a central task of the XXI century?

a)The central task of the XXI century is a social protection of population.

b)The central task of the XXI century is joining the Labor Department.

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2.What do social workers do?

a)Social workers provide people with some advice, support and care.

b)Social workers reduce a social stress in the society.

3.What does a social work profession need so that to be more effective?

a)It needs some fundamental reconstruction of social-economic and political system.

b)It needs the appearance of Population Social Protection Department of Russian Federation.

4.What are the major priorities of social policy in Russia?

a)They are the increasing demand in social protection of people from crisis occurrences.

b)They are the increase of people’s living standard and investing in people.

5.What does the present scope of social work depend on?

a)It depends on the difficult social economic situation.

b)It depends on the protection of families and independent.

Table 14.1

Modal verbs can and may

I can find the article about social policy in Russia. I cannot (can’t) use a computer at all.

Can you find the description of this device on the Internet?

–Yes, I can.

–No, I can’t.

She could finish her calculations yesterday but something got wrong with her computer.

He could not (couldn’t) receive the information in time because he was very busy.

Could he include my paper in his book?

–Yes, he could.

–No, he couldn’t.

She was able to finish her calculations yesterday but something got wrong with her computer.

He was not (wasn’t) able to receive the information in time because he was very busy.

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1.I couldn’t answer all the questions as they were very difficult.

2.Helen may assist you if she finishes her homework early.

3.The teacher will be able to give his opinion about our experiment today.

4.Nancy mightn’t include the abstract of my article in her report yesterday.

5.Ben can present his research work for our group today.

14.10. Read the text “Jane Addams – a Mother of Social Work” and answer the following questions.

1.What was Jane Addams famous for?

2.Where was she from?

3.When did she get the Nobel Peace Prize?

4. Which need was compelling for women at the beginning of 20th century?

5. What kind of people did Jane Addams neglect?

JANE ADDAMS — A MOTHER OF SOCIAL WORK

Jane Addams has been described as one of “founding foremothers” of America. Her influence on 20th century America was incredible. She wrote eleven books. She helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union, institutions that influence American culture today. In 1931, she was the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Was it a gift? Perhaps it was.

She went on to point out that American children were dying every autumn as they “have begun to wear the overcoats and cloaks which have been sent from infected city sweatshops”. In other countries, notably Scandinavia, England, Canada and Australia, this was unheard of. Italian women wanted a washhouse where they could gather as a group to wash their clothes as they did in the streams of Italy. Jewish women expected the covered markets they enjoyed in Russia and Poland, because the soot and dust that covered the vegetables in the open markets of Chicago were unacceptably indecent. But the men, who ran the city just didn’t understand, even such rudimentary needs that women would provide each other without hesitation. The compelling need was to give women the vote so they could fix the problems and get back to concentrating on providing their men with the clean, healthy and tidy households they insisted upon.

Jane Addams neglected the poor, took advantage of minorities and believed that the male ruling class had a reason to fear. Jane was on a roll. Her pamphlet entitled “Why Women Should Vote” made too much sense. She opened with the premise that a woman’s simplest duty was just what men had been promoting all along. Jane Addams made her childhood dream of improving living conditions for the poor come true.

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14.11. Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

14.12.Choose the correct question for the following answers.

1.Jane Addams was the first to help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

a)What did Jane Addams found?

b)Which institution did Jane Addams help found?

2.The American children were dying every autumn as they “have begun to wear the overcoats and cloaks which have been sent from infected city sweatshops”.

a)Why were the American children dying every autumn?

b)When did American children begin to wear the overcoats?

3.Jewish women expected the covered markets that they enjoyed in Russia and Poland.

a)Who expected the covered markets?

b)Why did Jewish women enjoy covered markets in Russia and Poland?

4.Jane Addams believed that the male ruling class had a reason to fear.

a)What did Jane Addams believe in?

b)Who had the reason to fear while running the city?

5.The title of the pamphlet that made too much sense was “Why Women Should Vote”.

a)How was Jane Addams’ pamphlet entitled?

b)What was the title of Jane Addams’ pamphlet that made too much sense?

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14.13. Match the words in columns A and B to make the expressions.

14.14. Write sentences using expressions from exercise 14.13.

14.15.Put the words in the right order to make a sentence or a question, as in the model.

1.of / personal social protection / The system / has changed / for the last ten years. / a lot

2.includes / the support / of / elderly people. / The main direction / of / social work

3.help / problems / of / people in need. / Social workers / sort out

4.does / the system / of / social family service / What / include?

5.less than / cost of living / The percentage / of / people / with / income / has decreased.

14.16.Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition from the box.

1.The increasing demand … social protection … people is very much connected … crisis … economy.

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2.The directions … social work activities determined the necessity … a social worker profession.

3.Social workers help sort out problems … people and provide them … some support.

4.A complex system … social protection measures aims … adaptation … new social economic living conditions.

5.It has managed to form necessary premises and conditions … social work development according … the world standards.

6.The government should create an efficient system of rules protecting the interests … minors abandoned … their parents.

Table 14.2

Modal verb must

He must describe the results of the experiment to Professor Bright. He must not (mustn’t) use this information to construct the device. Must they include the results of the experiment in the article?

–Yes, they must.

–No, they mustn’t.

She had to present some different results.

He did not (didn’t) have to inform his colleagues about his achievements. Did you have to use a computer during that semester?

–Yes, I did.

–No, I didn’t.

You will (’ll) have to avoid errors in conducting the experiment. We will not (won’t) have to choose which lectures to attend. Will she have to display the data received on the Internet?

–Yes, she will.

–No, she won’t.

14.17.Write the sentences in the past, present or the future, as in the model.

Model: – We must check all the mistakes before giving the tests to the teacher today.

–We had to check all the mistakes before giving the tests to the teacher yesterday.

–We will have to check all the mistakes before giving the tests to the teacher tomorrow.

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1.You won’t have to take any things when you enter the laboratory tomorrow.

2.Today Laura must persuade her parents to buy her a new computer.

3.The head of the department didn’t have to discuss the results of the experiment yesterday.

4.Professor Bright will have to give a public report on new information technologies.

5.Did the head of the university have to support the students’ participation in the conference?

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Unit 15. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD

15.1. Work in pairs. Discuss the answers to the following questions.

1.What do you know about ecology?

2.What problems do the ecologists face?

3.Is the ecological situation changing for the worse with the growth of population? Why? Why not?

4.How do industrial enterprises influence the air pollution?

5.Is there a problem of water pollution?

6.Are the scientists doing anything to help solve ecological problems?

7.What does the government of Russia do to improve the ecological situation?

8.What measures would you offer to find the way out of the ecological crisis?

15.2.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.

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15.3.Read the text “Environmental Problems of the World” and check your answers to the questions from exercise 15.1.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD

Ecology is a science which is concerned with the interrelations of organisms and their environment that is with everything that surrounds them.

The ecologists face a lot of problems in the modern world – the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, the soil we stand on, the great projects we construct. That the problem of pollution and ecology has become the most important one is evident. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming. In the 21st century they are changing from national into international ones.

There are about 6 billion people in the world at present. The population is growing very fast and scientists believe that in a few decades it will be too big for the Earth to support. The Earth is being constantly damaged in different ways. Speaking about the growth of population we have to admit the increase of industries and their harmful effects on the environment – the pollution of air from choking factory chimneys and the pollution of water caused by industrial wastes. The latter (the problem of water pollution) is considered to be of more importance in territories where rivers cross several countries. The seas and oceans are also becoming seriously polluted.

There are some more serious problems which our planet is facing: the increasing consumption of energy and water, the pollution of air by car exhausts, the increasing hole in the atmospheric ozone layer, the rivers that are poisoned by industrial and agricultural chemicals and wastes, the forests that are felled and vast forest territories that are devastated by fire and acid rains. Besides, armed conflicts and local wars are added to critical situation on the planet.

At present scientists in industrially developed countries are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate and the weather of the world. Increasing growth of population, industrialization and the use of resources are slowly but surely changing the global climate and water balance. This can be described as a great experiment, one that may bring about changes in the environment more serious than ever before. If we realize the coming danger, we’ll see that we should find solutions to all the problems to survive. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources. They are joint efforts of many scientists and special public organizations that can deal with the problem and take necessary measures to protect the environment.

What should be done to change the situation for the better?

–We must change people’s attitude towards the environment.

–We should stop the pollution of air and water.

–We must save more energy and water and try to use other sources of energy (solar and tidal energy, the energy of the wind, subterranean hot waters, etc.).

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These and many other steps should be made already now to make our planet a safer and a better place to live on. It is still a big problem and much needs to be done to change the ecological situation in the world.

15.4.Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.The problems of water and air pollution have recently changed from national into international ones.

2.The more civilization is developing, the less important the ecological problems are becoming.

3.In a few decades the harmful effects of industries on the environment will increase.

4.In the nearest future the population will be too big for the Earth to support.

5.The water pollution is of more importance in territories where rivers cross several countries.

6.It is the decreasing of industries in highly developed countries that is a serious problem which our planet is facing.

7.The increasing growth of population, industrialization and the use of resources have no influence on changing the global climate and water balance.

8. Interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes determines the climate and the weather of the world.

15.5.Use the expressions from the box and complete the following sentences.

1.The ecological situation in the world is very serious, so some … … countries have to … … … to change the situation for the better.

2.A lot of forests and woods … … by fires and acid rains.

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3.First of all, … … to some ecological problem must be changed.

4.If nobody supports the Earth and … … … , we’ll face more serious results than have ever had before.

5.A great number of cars and industrial enterprises … air and water pollution.

6.A lot of rivers as well as some big lakes … … … industrial wastes and agricultural chemicals.

7.The president and the government must realize the … … and make special laws to protect the environment.

8.If nothing is done, and no … … are made, there will be a lot of dead forests, rivers and oceans … … … … .

15.6.Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

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15.7.Choose the correct answer to the following questions.

1.What problems have become the most important ones for the last few years?

a)They are the problems of water and air pollution.

b)They are the problems of decreasing industries.

2.What aspect causes considerable pollution of the air?

a)It is the growth of population.

b)It is the increasing number of cars.

3.What measures are necessary to achieve some progress in environment protection?

a)They are armed conflicts and local wars.

b)They are joint efforts of people throughout the world.

4.What theory are the scientists in industrially developed countries working on?

a)They are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate of the world.

b)They are working on the theory of taking global measures to change the ecological situation for the better.

5.Why are global climate and water balance changing?

a)They are changing because of increasing growth of population and industrialization.

b)They are changing because of changing people’s attitude towards the environment.

15.8.Write the correct question for the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources. (What program)

–What program is it necessary to develop?

1.We should save more water and try to use solar and tidal energy. (What)

2.They are armed conflicts and local wars that influence the critical ecological situation on the planet. (What events)

3.Scientists are developing a new concept because it is necessary to predict some changes in the environment more accurately. (Why)

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