11.12. Change the time clause into in + gerund construction.

Model: – This approach works well when we estimate the results.

–This approach works well in estimating the results.

1.This technique is preferable when we analyze this material.

2.Computers are indispensable when we process a large amount of information.

3.Many factors become important when we make a classification.

4.Profound knowledge is needed when we evaluate a research work.

5.He was very careful when he was listing the original works.

6.We found this error when we were calculating the other parameters.

7.These facts were taking into account when we were planning our experiment.

8.This question was raised when we were discussing the research program.

9.We observed a curious thing when we were analyzing these samples.

10.I made a mistake when I was planning this experiment.

Table 11.2

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11.13.Point out the gerund function in the following sentences.

1.Samuel Morse’s hobby was experimenting with electricity.

2.I am interested in giving you effective training.

3.Using a computer for this purpose is one of the best ways of keeping the speed steady.

4.There is no way of bringing these views into agreement.

5.He suggested setting up a program committee for this symposium.

6.The idea of exchanging books and preprints appealed to everybody.

7.Scientific meetings help in exchanging the new information.

8.The exercises differ in presenting various grammatical patterns.

9.There are good reasons for making a compromise.

10.The process of editing this book will take some time.

11.Designing and manufacturing of minicomputers were started under the international cooperation.

12.I remember seeing Dr. White at the last conference.

11.14.Point out the function of the gerund and participle I in the following sentences.

1.Numbers can be multiplied by repeated addition, by adding and shifting or by using multiplication tables.

2.Conflicting reports have been published.

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3.Adding numbers is the easiest process in the system of calculation.

4.Having made a great number of experiments with different devices the research group chose the best one for practical work.

5.We are developing a new program of cooperation.

6.Acquiring knowledge is not sufficient in itself; you must also practice the art of applying this knowledge to problems you hit upon.

7.The applications of laser techniques are expanding very rapidly.

8.The next question of the discussion is making a program for the computer.

9.Of course we are limited today by computer size and especially by our understanding of what we try to model.

1.15.Translate the following sentences.

1.We heard of different experiments having been carried out by our students.

2.Computer’s being used for solving many business problems makes its use almost boundless.

3.We know of the computer center being equipped with most up-to-date means of communications.

4.They insisted on the experiment being made to study single stars in details.

5.It is known of their working on the problem of laser application in medicine.

6.Newton’s having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory.

7.Our being invited to take part in such a conference is very important.

8.Our having been sent here to repair some parts of this device is not surprising.

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11.16. Read the text “The Century of Lasers” and answer the following questions.

1.Why was the 20th century called “the age of lasers”?

2.What spheres of science and technology are lasers used in?

3.Did physicists know of the tremendous capabilities of lasers?

4.What is the main problem of quantum electronics nowadays?

5.What is the only thing one has to do in order to increase the capacity in a gas laser device?

6.What types of lasers do you know?

7.What type of laser device was used to achieve the best results?

8.What was the first laser called?

9.Which lasers are very weak? Where are they used?

10.What type of laser can cut through the steel?

THE CENTURY OF LASERS

The 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of polymers, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age of laser.

It is impossible to list all the jobs the laser can do. It has become a part of our life being used in various industries, medicine, biology, etc. It should be mentioned that all the methods we know of processing materials with the laser were suggested not long ago. Physicists knew of the tremendous capabilities of the laser beam, but they could not be realized until the laser of adequate capacity was developed. To make a real device really useful the radiation intensity had to be increased and high beam efficiently created.

Creating a highly effective laser device is still one of the main problems of quantum electronics. In a gas laser device the only thing one has to do in order to increase the capacity is to increase the volume and the pressure of gas. This sounds simple, but in practice it causes some difficulties.

The best results were achieved with electro-ionizing laser devices (EILD) operating in carbon dioxide. They have found a wide field of application. EILD of some 10 kilojoules and pulse duration of 1/1,000,000,000th of a second can heat plasma to nearly thermonuclear temperatures.

There are many other types of lasers. The laser medium can be solid, gas, liquid or semiconductor. The first type of laser was called a ruby laser. A ruby laser is a solid-state laser which emits rays at a wave length of 964 nm. Other laser mediums can be selected based on the desired emission wave length, power needed and pulse duration. Some lasers are very powerful, such as the CO2 laser, which can cut through the steel.

Other lasers, such as diode lasers are very weak and are used as red-pocket lasers to point at things. These lasers typically emit a red beam of light that has a wave length

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between 630 nm and 680 nm. Lasers are used in industry and research to do many things, including using the intense laser light to excite other molecules to observe what happens to them.

The age of lasers is endless. There will be the times when one can use lasers in different spheres of science and technology as well as in everyday life.

11.17.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – The first type of laser was called a diode laser.

–The first type of laser wasn’t called a diode laser.

–It was called a ruby laser.

1.There are two different types of lasers.

2.A ruby laser is a liquid laser.

3.Diode lasers are very strong.

4.CO2 laser can cut through the leather.

5.To make a device really useful the radiation intensity had to be decreased.

11.18.Match the following expressions with their equivalents.

11.19.Complete the following sentences with some of the expressions from exercise 11.18. Then, translate them.

1.There was not any wind outside when we were having an experiment. So … … gave us the chance to finish the project by the end of the day.

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2.The head of our department was excited with our … … of the problem. He considered it to be creative and outgoing.

3.After the … … of the new electronic device, we had some interesting suggestions for its mass production from well-known computer companies.

4.Recent … … in the sphere of laser technology are described in my research work.

5.I usually take … … … in the discussion of future plans and possibilities.

11.20.Point out the function of the verb to be in the following sentences.

1.His recent theory is of special interest.

2.Everything is in constant motion.

3.The atom is to serve mankind.

4.He was asked to read this paper at the conference.

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5.I am familiar with the work of this laboratory.

6.The students are to be at the laboratory at 6 o’clock.

7.Laughter is the best medicine.

8.The delegation is to come on Monday.

9.The effect was surprising.

10.Your recent results have been obtained with a new method.

11.21. Translate the text. Point out the function of the verb to be.

Physics is the science studying various phenomena in nature. Its object is to determine exact relations between physical phenomena. Physics is divided very naturally into two great branches, experimental and theoretical. The task of the former is to make observations and carry out experiments. On the basis of the experimental facts theoretical physics is to formulate laws and predict the behavior of natural phenomena. Every law is based on experiments. Scientists all over the world are doing their best to find answers to numerous unsolved problems.

Table 11.6

11.22.Point out the function of the verb to have in the following sentences.

1.We have measured the dimensions of the object.

2.This material has wonderful properties.

3.She has to do a lot of work today.

4.He had some doubts after the meeting.

5.They have got a new computer.

6.We have traced the particle trajectory.

7.Mr. Smith stayed at his office because he had to write his report.

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11.23. Translate the text. Point out the function of the verb to have.

Radioactivity is invisible and inaudible, and we cannot feel it until we have received too much of it and become ill. But in our nuclear age we have a vital tool, the Geiger counter, which is used for detecting radioactivity. It was invented by Hans Geiger, a German physicist, and has the ability to register cosmic rays as well as gamma-rays. Geiger counters have been made for all kinds of purposes – light ones for uranium prospecting, built-in types for atomic power stations and research establishments; counters with warning signals for factory workers who have to handle radioactive matter and whose hands and clothes have to be checked and so on.

11.24.Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb to do and point out its function.

1.We always … the homework.

2.‘What … you …?’ ‘I am a university teacher.’

3.What methods … you use during the last experiment?

4.I like mathematics but my brother … like it at all.

5.‘… you go to the university yesterday?’ ‘No, I … .’

6.A wise man seldom changes his mind, a fool never … .

7.We … apply mathematical methods.

8.I hate physics, I … like it at all but Nick … .

9.‘Why didn’t you go to the university yesterday?’ ‘But I … go there!’

10.I … the test now. And you?

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11.25. Emphasize the verbs in the following statements, as in the model.

Model: – They failed to prove their hypothesis.

–They did fail to prove their hypothesis.

1.We tried to avoid making mistakes.

2.I rely on my own abilities.

3.I share your opinion on this matter.

4.He has reasons for making this statement.

5.The environment has great influence on human ideas.

6.Discoveries push forward research.

7.We pointed to the advantages of this approach.

8.The situation necessitates radical changes.

9.They discussed our participation in the symposium.

10.Confusion in terminology leads to misunderstanding.

Table 11.8

11.26.Point out the function of the word one (ones) in the following sentences.

1.One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.

2.He knew that no one could help him.

3.He is one of the best students in our group.

4.It allows one to estimate the parameter.

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5.One is never late to start studying English.

6.These boxes are very small. We want to get bigger ones.

7.The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modern industry.

8.The right hand is usually stronger than the left one.

11.27.Change the following sentences into the active voice with one in subject position, as in the model.

Model: – Certain conditions should be observed here.

–One should observe certain conditions here.

1.Ideas must be expressed in a concise form.

2.Such a possibility should be kept in mind.

3.Theories must be supported by argumentation.

4.The existence of other worlds can not be denied.

5.The present difficulties should not be exaggerated.

6.This problem should not be oversimplified.

7.An explanation of this phenomenon should be found.

8.The importance of science should not be underestimated.

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11.28.Use the appropriate substitute (one, ones, that, those) to avoid repeating the same noun.

1.The day on Mars is a little longer than the day on the Earth.

2.These data are the same as the data available in literature.

3.These methods are different from the methods in current use.

4.Most countries use units of the metric system and not the units of the imperial system.

5.There are many technical journals in our library; the most interesting journals are on that shelf.

6.Our data are the same as the data available in literature.

7.You should use a new method, not the old method.

8.This effect is different from the effect resulting from ultraviolet radiation.

11.29.Point out the function of the pronoun it in the following sentences.

1.It was important to solve this problem.

2.It occupied all his thoughts for hours.

3.Learn this rule. It is very simple.

4.It is atomic electricity that will be the electricity of tomorrow.

5.I’ve read this book. Now I can give it to you.

6.It is easy to translate this text.

7.What’s this? It is my new printer.

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11.30. Emphasize the subject with It was … that, as in the model.

Model: – Black’s report attracted most attention.

–It was Black’s report that attracted most attention.

1.This factor underlines the mechanism.

2.This principle is the basis of our approach.

3.This specificity accounts for the changes.

4.These data deserve special attention.

5.These findings are worth special consideration.

6.This situation causes particular anxiety.

7.New demands necessitated changes in the organization of research.

8.This discovery laid the foundations for a new science.

9.These studies provided the basis for further research.

10.This idea provided the basis for our experiments.

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Unit 12. MANAGEMENT

12.1.Work in pairs. Discuss the answers to the following questions.

1.Which professional and personal skills does a role of a manager require?

2.What duties does a manager have?

3.Does a manager take part in determining company objectives?

4.Do you know any management functions? What are they?

5.Do you have to graduate from the university to become a manager? Which faculty?

6.Would you like to be a manager? Why? Why not?

12.2.Read the following words and expressions and pay attention to their meanings.

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In order to perform these management functions efficiently managers need personal, organizational, and technical skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

12.4. Read the following statements and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).

1.While planning, managers choose a specific course of action that fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels.

2.The only duty of a manager is to supervise that the business operates efficiently.

3.Organizing involves allocating human resources to attain the company overall objectives.

4.Good managers should guide, teach and motivate employees so that they reach their potential abilities.

5.Planning involves determining overall company objectives and the best ways these goals to be achieved.

6.It is necessary to reorganize managerial structure of the company if the goals are not being achieved.

7.Leadership abilities are expressed in analyzing of strategic plans for expanding the firm’s supply chains.

8.Directing is considered to be the most important management function because the others depend on it.

9. Managers need only leadership abilities to perform management functions efficiently.

12.5.Use the expressions from the box and complete the following sentences.

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1.Management plays …… … … in any business.

2.Most managers perform four … … : planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

3.Planning is considered to be the first management function because the others … … it.

4.Organizing, the second management function, is the process of … …

…… … .

5.Day-to-day direction is the third management function. It includes …

…employees.

6.The last management function, controlling, includes managers’ evaluating how well … … are being met.

7.In order to perform management functions efficiently, managers need personal, organizational, and technical … .

8.Effective managers meet the company objectives through … … … …

planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

9.A successful manager should have … … which are expressed in analyzing of company strategic plans.

10.If the major problem exists and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’s … … .

12.6.Read text the text “Management Functions” again and choose the best continuation of the following sentences.

1.Management is composed of …

a) a team of managers. b) a team of employees. c) a team of supervisors.

2.The duties of a manager include …

a)developing of superior listening skills.

b)making sure company objectives are met and supervising that the business operates efficiently.

c)informing employees about the objectives established at higher organizational levels.

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3.Planning involves …

a)determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved.

b)putting the plan into action.

c)supervising of employees to motivate them in order to reach their potential abilities.

4.Managers today are increasingly engaged in …

a)finding ongoing communication with employees.

b)fact-based analysis of strategic plans, for expanding, redesigning, or contracting their firms’ supply chains.

c)evaluating how well company objectives are being met.

5.Effective direction or supervision requires …

a)ongoing communication with employees.

b)allocating human resources.

c)determining overall company objectives.

6.In making changes, managers might have …

a)to be responsible that business operates efficiently.

b)to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.

c)to establish the objectives at higher organizational levels.

12.7.Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.

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