Store / hold / input / control / convert / process / provide (x2)/ speed up

1. A mainframe computer is used for …(1) … large amount of data such as a major company’s accounts and client database.

2. The processor is used to … (2) … all the operations in a computer.

3. RAM … (3) … data read or written to it by the processor.

4. The keyboard is used to … (4) … data through keys like a typewriter.

5. Cache … (5) … extremely fast access for sections of a program and its data.

6. A PDA is used to … (6) … information such as appointments.

7. RAID … (7) … the system and … (8) … a way of recovering data if the system crashes.

8. Modem is used for … (9) … digital signals to analogue signals and vice versa to allow a computer to be connected to the ordinary telephone line.

Exercise 5. Describe the function of an item emphasizing its function.

Example: ROM / hold instructions which are necessary to start up the computer.

The function of ROM is to hold instructions which are needed to start up the computer.

1. hard disk drive / store programs and data

2. memory / hold the instructions and data used by the processor

3. RAM / hold data read or written to it by the processor

4. clock / control the timing of signals in the computer

5. monitor / display the output from a computer on a screen

6. DVD-ROM drive / read DVD-ROMs

Exercise 6. Use the correct tense-forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Computers (to use) to provide cash to users and to process bank cards such as Visa cards using an automatic teller machine.

2. A microprocessor (to calculate) the speed of the car from the changes in the radio waves.

3. When the smart card (to take back) to the police station, the driver’s details (to obtain) from the DVLC (Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre).

4. New systems (to prevent) ‘surfing’ i.e. where the driver only (to slow) down as they (to pass) through the speed trap.

5. The registration numbers of vehicles exceeding the speed limit immediately

6. (to download) to the computer at police headquarters.

7. At police headquarters each vehicle (to match) with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre database.

8. Standard letters then (to print off) addressed to the vehicle owners.

Exercise 7. Put the words in the right order to make correct sentences.

1. his / into / puts / the / enters / PIN / customer / the / card / machine / and / his /number

2. magnetic / on / is / the / strip / the / on / information / read / by / ATM / the / card / the

3. contains / the / name / strip / the / holder / the / account / of / number / his /

4. account / the / and / network

5. computer / a / holds / central / on / accounts / many / information

6. are / account / the / customer’s / number / in / his / amount / money / of / PIN /and/checked / the

7. the / instructed / cash / to / requested / the / is / dispense / ATM

Giving advice

Study these examples of advice from the texts you read in Task 4. You can use the modal verb should: 1. Your navigation system should be based on text links. You can use an imperative: 2. Avoid frames wherever possible. 3. Don’t change the location of your navigation elements. Note that avoid is followed by the -ing form. For example: 4. Avoid using frames. Had better is for advice which is close to a warning. It indicates something unpleasant will happen if the advice is not taken:

5. If you're committed to using frames on your site, you'd better commit yourself to some extra work too. Other ways to give advice are: 6. I recommend Jennifer Fleming's Web Navigation. 7. It's a good idea to visit a few larger sites. To make advice more persuasive, you can add the reason for your advice. For example: It's a good idea to visit a few larger sites [advice] to get some ideas on designing an effective site map [reason].

Exercise 8. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1. to create/ remember / on a background color / to your web page background color /is / that / your transparent GIFs / the same or close

2. are / ready / not / to / pages / link / that / not / do

3. you want indexed / that / make sure / can / all / with / documents / normal links / the index / from / (no image maps) / documents / be reached

4. site / choose / the / to put / appropriate / with the intended audience / your banner ad / most / to maximise / its potential

5. are / image / should / "natural" / be / not / they / avoided / maps/ when

6. every / languages available / to / should / document / multilingual hierarchy / in / include / a / links / the other

7. way / make / document(s) / sure / a / index / to / is / to / the / or / overview /always / there / navigate

Exercise 9. Match the two parts.

Try to keep the length of the title under 64 characters; this prevents it from being cut off in browser windows and bookmark lists. To make the documents render faster, When using the IMG or AREA elements, Authors had better avoid specifying absolute widths larger than a few hundred pixels, If you use browser-specific elements, I recommend to concentrate on the structure of the document rather than its presentation If you want to provide large images, then use small thumbnails

A authors should always use the ALT attribute to provide a textual alternative. B it’s a good idea to fix your document so it still works if the browser-specific material is ignored. C to allow a user to get a preview of the image quickly. D because a document marked up structurally can easily adapt to different browsing environments. E since large widths can cause horizontal scrolling with narrow windows or large fonts. F which prevents it from being cut off in browser windows and bookmark lists. G you should include the WIDTH and HEIGHT attributes on the IMG element.

Exercise 10. Make sentences using the clue given.

1. not give open access to PCs / may get viruses ( avoid)

2. not drink coffee in the lab / damage the keyboard (better)

3. rather than image maps or graphical buttons / to base your navigation system on text links (should)

4. use up-to-date anti-virus software / new viruses appear all the time (recommend)

5. hear strange noises emanating from your computer / shut it off immediately before further damage is incurred (better)

6. use the Internet / take precautions not to get virus-infected (good idea)

7. broadband to download audio and video files within seconds / enables you to use the Internet more efficiently (recommend)

Exercise 11. Choose the right variant.

1. Tom, (you, finish) reading the newspaper yet? - No, I still (read) it.

2. At noon yesterday, the staff (have) their monthly meeting.

3. The teacher (give) the students a test when the principle (come) into the classroom.

4. Dad (close) the windows, (set) the alarm, and (leave) the house. The children (sleep) already.

5. ... Nelson Column (erect) in 1842 in ... Trafalgar Square in commemoration of Admiral Nelson, who (win) a triumphant naval victory, but (kill) in the battle.

6. To commemorate Admiral Nelson's Victory in (a, the, -) great naval battle at Trafalgar, (a, the, -) Trafalgar Square (construct) in London.

7. In 1066 an invading army of the Normans (win) the victory at the battle of Hastings; as a result of that single battle, William, Duke of Normandy, (crown) king of England and (become) known in the popular history as William the Conqueror.

8. My teacher told me I (might, had to, needed) stay after school as (the, a, -) punishment for talking in class.

9. (Need, can, ought) I borrow your pen? (My, mine) doesn't work.

10. I (must, mustn't, may) go to (a, the, -) bank. I haven't got (some, any, little) money.

11. What time (mustn't, will, shall) I pick you up from (a, the, -) work? - (At, in, about) 7 sharp.

12. Have you heard Jane's playing (the, a, -) piano (late, lately)? - Yes, but he (not, seem) to be getting (good).

13. I like living in the country. It's a lot (peaceful) than the city.

14. ... Louvre has a large number of famous works, such as ... Mona Lisa and ... Venus de Milo. (a, the, -)

15. (A, the, -) pyramids in Egypt (build) to be tombs for (a, the, -) pharaohs.

16. In ... New York you could visit ... Central park, ... Empire State Building and ... Times Square and see ... show on ... Broadway, (a, the, -)

17. He's late again. It's typical (of, for, about) him to keep everybody waiting.

18. Be careful, there (be) too (many, much, a lot of) cars in (this, these) cities.

19. (Many, much, a little) students have financial problems, ... ?

20. (Few, little, a lot of) customers (come) into the shop today. It (be) quite all day long. 21. A young woman (sit) on (a, the, -) park bench while the

21. children (play) nearby.

22. The boy went to (a, the, -) bed early because he (play) football all day.

23. Peter decided that he (not, leave) for work until he (shovel) the snow from the drive.

24. The lawnmower (break down) while my father (mow) the lawn.

25. (A, the, —) new chairman of the company (announce) in a week. The candidates (discuss) now.

26. She (expect) to arrive (to, in, at) London at 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.

27. You just (clean) the stairs? - Yes, so be careful. (It, they) (be) very slippery.

28. You put that shirt in the washing machine. - I know. It ... be dry-cleaned, (mustn't, couldn't, have to)

29. A university degree is a useful thing. If I (have) a university degree, I (sit) in a comfortable office now instead of standing at a street corner selling newspapers.

WRITING