Most Common Suffixes

1. -able, ible = can be done : identifiable, predictable

2. -al, ial = has property of : personal

3. -ant = having an effect : coolant, accelerant 4. –based = forming a major part of : computer-based, oil-based

5. –cy = state or quality : accuracy, literacy, urgency

6. -ed* = past verb : turned

7. –ee = person affected by something : interviewee, trainee, addressee

8. -en = made of : golden

9. -er = comparative : higher

10. -er = one who : doer, actor

11. -est = superlative : best, biggest

12. –free = without : debt-free, pain-free

13. –ful = full of : careful, joyful

14. –hood = state, condition, period : adulthood, motherhood

15. –ic = having property of, connected with : linguistic, photographic, electric

16. –ics = study of : genetics, electronics

17. –ify = give something a quality : clarify, purify, solidify

18. –ing* = present participle : running

19. –ism = belief, behaviour : modernism, heroism

20. – ist = person with specific beliefs or behaviour : anarchist, optimist

21. –(t)ion = act, process : action

22. –(i)ty = state of : infinity, sanity

23. –(t)ive = adjective : motive, votive

24. –ize, -ise = bring about a state or condition : modernize/modernize, colonize/colonise

25. –less = without : fearless, careless, childless, meaningless

26. –like = resembling : bird-like, child-like, hook-like

27. –ly* = having : quickly, quietly

28. –ment = action, process : enjoyment

29. –ness = quality or state of : kindness, effectiveness, openness

30. –ocracy = type of ruling body : meritocracy, bureaucracy

31. –ocrat = person ruling : technocrat, aristocrat

32. –ology, -ological = study of : archaeology, biology, biological, geology, physiological

33. –ous = having : joyous, religious

34. –proof = protected against, safe from : waterproof, dustproof

35. –s* = more than one : books

36. –ship = state or experience of having a specific position : professorship, leadership

37. –y = having : happy, windy

Use these suffixes correctly, and you look and sound pretty smart.

What Are Suffixes?

Suffixes are last syllables like “ed” and “ly” that have their own meaning.

Suffixes combine with words to create new meanings.

1.Turn + ed = Turned (in the past)

2. Quick + ly = Quickly (how it turned)

Why Learn Suffixes?

Suffixes add meaning to thousands of words.

Learn a few Suffixes, and you open up the meaning of thousands of words.

The four most frequent suffixes are 97% of suffixed words!

Exercise 1. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below.

Interviewer / trainer / employer / interviewee / trainee / employee

1. I was given a pay rise of Ј1,000 by my ________.

2. A football team normally has a ________ to keep the players fit.

3. A television ________ should always give the ________ a proper chance to express his or her opinions.

4. That company has 200 people working in its factory. My brother works there and I, too, am an ________.

5. At the moment he’s a management ________. If he’s successful, he’ll be given his first responsible position in January.

Exercise 2. Put in each space below a noun made from the adjective in brackets after the sentence.

1. South Africa has great mineral ….wealth….. (wealthy)

2. ________ is one of the world’s great problems. (poor)

3. Tell the _______. (true)

4. I must drink something. I’m dying of _______. (thirsty)

5. I must eat something. I’m dying of ________. (hungry)

6. He was very bright. He passed the exam with ______. (easy)

7. In his ________ he travelled a lot. Now he is too old. (young)

8. I don’t know how to express my _________ for your help. (grateful)

9. It’s very late. There’s not much _________ of his coming now. (likely)

10. To be a soldier you need to be strong and in good _______. (healthy)

11. There was no doubt about his ________. He was sent to prison for five years. (guilty)

12. He escaped to _______ by climbing over the prison wall. (free)

Exercise 3. Put in each space below a noun made from the adjective in brackets after the sentence.

1. The …death…. of the president was announced on the radio. (dead)

2. In past wars soldiers were sometimes shot for ______. (cowardly)

3. He died to save the lives of others. It was an act of _______. (heroic)

4. He was a very thoughtful, philosophical person. A man of great ______. (wise)

5. She felt great ________ at being treated so badly. (angry)

6. He left his town to find _______ in the big city. (famous)

7. The tourists were impressed by the _________ of the jewellery in the museum. (splendid)

8. It was a long, slow film. I nearly died of ________. (boring)

9. He was filled with _________ at the terrible things he saw in the war. (horrible)

10. The ice quickly melted in the ________ of the sun. (hot)

11. His ________ was hurt when a younger man was given the job above him. (proud)

12. I think it shows ________ of character to admit you are wrong. (strong)

Exercise 4. Read the words given below. State the part of speech. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

A) to add – addition – additional, large – enlarge – enlargement, to create – creation – creator – creative – creatively, to divide – division – divisible – indivisible, to desire – desire – desirable – undesirable, to vary – variety – various – variable – invariable, to appear – appearance – disappear – disappearance, to act – act – active – activity – actor – action – activate – activation, long – length – to lengthen, possible – impossible – impossibility, depend – dependence – independence, differ – different – difference – indifferent, product – productive – unproductive – productivity – production, to compare – comparison – comparative – comparatively

B) consequent – consequently – consequence, to flood – flood – floodable, to deteriorate – deteriorating – deterioration, contaminate – contaminated – contaminating – contamination – contaminant, to erode – eroded – erosive – erosion, include – inclusion – inclusive – inclusively – inclusiveness, mount – to mount – mountain – mountaineer – mountainous, move – movable – mover – movement, to preserve – preserve – preservation – preservative, relate – related – relation – relationship – relative – relatively – relativity

Exercise 5. It’s interesting. Read and try to guess the meaning of the following words which can characterize some features of a person.

open-hearted, sweet-hearted, feather-brained, empty-headed, grey-headed, bull-headed, even-minded, high-minded, high-handed, high-spirited, low-spirited, low-born, higher-up, swift-handed, long-legged, snub-nosed, green-eyed, wide-shouldered, good-humoured, dog-tired, good-for-nothing, touch-me-not, well-to-do, cat-and-dog (life), strongly-built, chicken-hearted, one-eyed, stay-at-home, stone-blind, double-faced.

Exercise 6. Read the words.

• Pay attention to the stress in nouns and adjectives.

`atom – a`tomic, `organ – or`ganic, `metal – me`tallic, `period – peri`odic, e`conomy – eco`nomic, `science – scien`tific, `element – ele`mentary, `industry – in`dustrial, a`cademy – aca`demic, `strategy – stra`tegic, ge`ography – geo`graphic, meteo`rology – meteoro`logical, ge`ology – geo`logical

• Read the words. Pay attention to the stress in verbs and nouns.

`educate – edu`cation, `graduate – gradu`ation, `demonstrate – demon`stration, `illustrate – illust`ration, `indicate – indi`cation, `concentrate – concen`tration, com`municate – communi`cation, in`vestigate – investi`gation

Exercise 7. Make verbs ending in –en , –ify, –ize from the following words. Translate them.

–en: length, strength, height, light, wide, broad, bright, hard, weak, thick, dark

–ify: solid, pure, simple, intense, electric, quality

–ize: magnet, revolution, organ, crystal, character, special, active, real, economy, energy

Exercise 8. For questions 1-8 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

If you are (0)……interested…	INTEREST
in the life of birds you should know that birds do not …..(1)	USUAL
fly very high and we can ……(2) see them	EASY
flying from the ground. A lot of birds when on …….(3)	MIGRATE
fly from 100 to 400 metres high as the ……..(4) shows. Some	EQUIP
birds, like penguins, cannot fly, but they are good ……..(5)	SWIM
and good ……..(6) too.	JUMP
They ……….(7) jump into and	QUICK
out of water and they look so ……(8) when they walk.	FUN

Exercise 9. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The English language is ……..(1) growing and	CONSTANT
changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to …(2)	WRITE
the dictionary every day, which is …..(3).	POSSIBLE
But people have a lot of ….(4)	INFORM
about the ……(5)	GROW
and ……(6)	DEVELOP
of the language, its ……(7) .	EXPAND
Scholars have …..(8) ideas of how any new	VARY
discovery contributes to the process of new words …..(9).	ADOPT
When people are faced with a new …..(10)	SITUATE
and they do not have a word for its …..(11) they sometimes	DESCRIBE
make up one. But no one makes a formal ……(12) about it.	DECIDE
Many …….(13) begin to have trouble when they start	READ
to read passages about …..(14) subjects.	FAMILIAR
Such people often …..(15) the passage as they cannot tell	UNDERSTAND
what the …..(16) of the sentence is.	MEAN
They come across …..(17) words which prevent	KNOWN
the process of …..(18) . There are	COMPREHEND
many ….(19) ideas that can help you and the first is,	USE
“Don’t get …..(20) .	NERVE
Try and read the passage …..(21), learn from context.	ATTENTIVE
Pay …..(22) to what the rest of the passage says.	ATTENTIVE
English has a very …….(23)	EFFICIENCY
method of adding words …..(24)!	BORROW
As an English ……(25) travels the globe he adds a wealth	SPEAK
of words from other languages. By the 1600’s the English were …….(26)	ACTIVE
involved in ……(27)	EXPLORE
They were looking for countries to establish trade …..(28)	CONNECT
with. In those countries a …..(29)	TRAVEL
was exposed to new ideas, climates full of heat and ….(30)	ICE
cold, …..(31)	DIFFER
plants and animals. Rather than make up …..(32)	END
rows of new words for everything he saw an ……(33) often used the words of the natives. These	EXPLORE
words became an …..(34) part of the English vocabulary.	IMPORT

GRAMMAR REVISION

Exercise 10. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable verb form.

At the dentist’s

I was on time for my dentist’s appointment, but the dentist was still busy with another patient, so I (1)……..(sit) in the waiting room and (2)………..(read) some of the old magazines lying there. While I (3)………….(wonder) whether to leave and come back another day, I (4)………(notice) a magazine article about teeth. It (5)……..(begin): “ How long is it since you last (6)………….(go) to the dentist? (7)………….(you go) regularly every six months? Or (8)……….. (you put off) your visit for the last six years?” Next to the article was a cartoon of a man in a dentist’s chair. The dentist (9)…………..(say): “ I’m afraid this (10)……………..(hurt).” I (11)……………(suddenly realized) that my tooth (12)………….(stop) aching. But just as I (13)…………(open) the door to leave, the dentist’s door (14)………..(open). “Next please”, he (15)…………(call), as the previous patient (16) ………..(push) past me. “Actually I’m not here to see you, I (17)………..(wait) for my friend.” I (18)………………(shout), leaving as rapidly as I could. (19)………..(you ever do) this kind of thing? Surely I can’t be the only person who (20) ……..(hate) the dentist!

Exercise 11. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1. When I was a child I used to ride / was riding a tricycle.

2. That looks very heavy. Will I / Shall I help you?

3. I’m waiting for Sue. Have you seen / did you see her?

4. How long are you working / have you been working here?

5. I can’t come out because I haven’t finished / didn’t finish my homework yet.

6. When the phone rang I washed / was washing my hair in the bathroom.

7. Why do you stare / are you staring at me like that?

8. I’ve finished my exams so I’m having / I have a party tomorrow.

9. We’d better wait here until the rain stops / will stop.

10. When did you last go / have last been to the cinema?

Exercise 12. Supply suitable active and passive forms in theses sentences using the verbs in brackets. Some variations in tenses may be possible.

1. It isn’t clear how far the ozone layer (damage) by aerosol sprays. It may be possible to tell whether the hole over the Atlantic (widen) after the area (investigate) by high-flying planes.

2. These days, even the most remote places on earth (visit) by tourists. Package tours (can/arrange) for almost anywhere, from the Himalayas to the Amazonian Jungle.

3. Notices such as (English/Speak) and (Shoes/Repair) are common.

4. We constantly (remind) of the way the world (become) smaller when events taking place in different parts of the globe (flash) on our television screens.

5. If you (involve) in a car accident and someone (hurt), you (have to) report the matter to the police. If only the vehicles (damage), drivers should exchange names and addresses.

Exercise 13. Put in the correct verb forms.

1. If Jane (to help), me I (to be) in great trouble.

2. If he (to run) a bit taster, he (to win).

3. If I (to be) tired, I (may realize) what was happening.

4. If my mother (to be alive), she (to be) eighty next year.

5. Nothing (to happen), if you (to follow) the instructions.

6. I (not to cancel) the appointment, if I (not to fall) ill.

7. We (to contact) them long ago if someone (to tell) us that it was necessary.

8. If I (to be) you, I (not to believe) it.

9. I (to arrange) everything myself, if you (to ask) me in good time.

Exercise 14. Choose the right answer.

1. “Everything ___all right if they ___on time”

A) will be / come

B) will be / will come

C) would be / come

D) is / comes

E) is / will come

2. “I wouldn’t argue if I ___ you”

A) am

B) will be

C)were

D) was

E) be

3. “If you ___late, we ___ without you”

A) were / will leave

B) will / will leave

C) will be / will leave

D) are / will leave

E) will / leave

4. “You wouldn’t understand this in English, ___?”

A) is it

B)would you

C) isn’t it

D) are you

E) wouldn’t you

5. “If he ___time, he ___you this evening, but he’s very busy”

A) had / would phone

B) has / phones

C) has / will phone

D) had / phoned

E) has / would phone

6. “A ___ future depends on her character”

A) girls’

B) girl is

C) girl

D) girl’s

E) girls

7. “There are ___ chairs in the room”

A) fifth

B) fives

C) a five

D) the five

E) five

8. “Oh, no, we can’t afford it. We want something ___”

A) cheaper

B) cheapest

C) the cheapest

D) much cheap

E) cheap

9. “A small number of people decided to leave, but ___ remained seated”

A) another

B) the others

C) others

D) other

E) the other

10. “How many ___ have two ___ got?”

A) wifes / mans

B) wives / man

C) wives / mens

D) wifs / men

E) wives / men

11. “This is my ___ car and this is my ___ house”

A) parent’s / brother’s

B) parent’s / brothers

C) parents’ / brother’s

D) parent’s / brothers’

E) parents / brothers

12. “I ___ a shower when the lights went out”

A) had

B) was having

C) had have

D) have been having

E) will have

13. “We were afraid he ___ our address”

A) had forgotten

B) forget

C) has forgotten

D) have been forgotten

E) forgot

14. “I (to wait) for my mother for an hour”

A) was waiting

B) am waiting

C) had waited

D) had been waiting

E) have been waiting

15. “When you return home I (to write) for 5 hours”

A) will write

B) had been writing

C) was writing

D) will have been writing

E) have been writing

16. “I couldn’t open the door because I (to loose) my keys”

A) lost

B) have lost

C) will have lost

D) had lost

E) was loosing

16. “The train (to start) in an hour”

A) will start

B) started

C) starts

D) will be starting

E) start

17. “We were told that the train ___ five minutes later”

A) has arrived

B) will arrive

C) was arriving

D) would arrive

E) had arrived

18. “They started producing refrigerators after they ___ tanks for year”

A) have produced

B) had been producing

C) have been producing

D) had produced

E) produced

19. “By the first of June he (to work) at the University for 25 years

A) will have been working

B) is working

C) has been working

D) will has been working

E) have been working

20. “My friend ___ in Boston at the moment, but he ___ from Canada”

A) lives / is coming

B) is living / comes

C) lives / came

D) is living / is coming

E) lives / came

WRITING

Task. Draw a flowchart for one of these activities. Follow these steps:

1. Choose a simple procedure from the ones in the box below (or a simple one of your own).

2. Break the procedure down into all the steps that you have to follow. Think about where the process starts and ends, and the input from you and from the outside. When you make a decision, think of when you say ‘yes’ and when you say ‘no’, and what happens next.

3. Write exactly what happens at each stage.

4. Draw the flowchart, putting your text into the different shapes.

5. Show your flowchart to another student. Does he/she agree with your steps?

Making a cup of tea or coffee Making a telephone call Sending a text message Answering the door Doing the translation of the text

Planning a holiday Choosing a new computer Preparing for an important exam Making a proposal Getting to the University

UNIT 15

PROGRAMMING