1317
.pdfИногда, чтобы избежать повторения уже упомянутого существительного, употребляется указательное местоимение that (those) с предлогом:
Winter in England is milder |
Зима в Англии более мягкая, |
than that on the continent. |
чем (зима) на континенте. |
Exercise 10. Перепишите следующие предложения по образцу:
Example: This is a book – These are books.
Those are wonderful buildings – That is a wonderful building.
1)Those books are very boring.
2)These students study at the Civil Engineering Faculty.
3)I am interested in this person.
4)Those people are famous scientists.
5)This classroom is not very big and bright.
6)That subject is studied by the firstand second-year students.
7) |
Those posters are on the wall. |
9) That shop is in North Street. |
8) |
This car is in bad condition. |
10) These shoes are black. |
Exercise 11. Употребите с данными существительными указательное местоимение this или these:
chair, shelves, women, tables, child, money, sandwich, house, mice, oxen.
Exercise 12. Употребите с данными существительными указательное местоимение that или those:
birds, poster, men, watch, billiards, bag, tree, teeth, apples, news, mathematics.
Exercise 13. Напишите предложения во множественном числе, изменяя также форму глагола to be.
1.This is my pen and that is your pencil.
2.This is our office and that is yours.
3.This is his desk and that is hers.
4.This is their house and that is ours.
5.This is my book and that is theirs.
6.This is my letter and that is yours.
7.Is this my book?
8.Is that house yours?
Reflexive pronouns
Местоимения, оканчивающиеся на -self (-selves во множественном числе), называют возвратными. Возвратные местоимения показывают, что действие, называемое в предложении, направлено на лицо, которое его выполняет,
следовательно, возвратное местоимение должно быть по форме соотнесено с подлежащим:
I – |
myself |
we – ourselves |
you – |
yourself |
you – yourselves |
he – |
himself |
|
she – |
herself |
they –themselves |
it – |
itself |
|
На русский язык они переводятся возвратным глагольным суффиксом -ся (-сь) или местоимением себя (себе,
собой, сам), например:
She washed herself. |
Она умылась. |
They talked about themselves. |
Они говорили о себе. |
I can take care of myself. |
Я могу позаботиться о себе сам. |
Exercise 14. Заполните пропуски соответствующими возвратными местоимениями.
1)I saw this film ….
2)He is able to look after ….
3)Go to the bathroom and wash …, Jane!
4)She spoke little about ….
5)They mustn’t deceive ….
6)John and Mary, you can do this task ….
7)My little sister set the table ….
8)My dad learns to speak French ….
9)Dear guests, help ….
10)The book … is very good, but not the translation.
Exercise 15. Выполните перевод предложений, используя возвратные местоимения.
1)Я бреюсь каждое утро.
2)Он сказал, что сам сможет встретить нас.
3)Мы сами выполним эти упражнения.
4)Джон ушибся.
5)Идея сама по себе очень интересна.
6)Пирог очень вкусный. Угощайся (help oneself).
7)Дорис выполнила тест лучше всех. Она гордится собой.
8)Они не могут сами передвинуть стол.
9)Я никогда не вытираюсь насухо после душа.
10)Мы сами собираемся сообщить ей новость.
Exercise 16. Заполните пропуски нужными возвратными местоимениями.
1.He rewarded _____ with an ice-cream.
2.They agreed amongst _____ that they would not tell anyone.
3.I taught _____ to draw.
4.You must explain _____ more clearly.
5.He has a bad temper so he must learn to control _____.
6.We thoroughly enjoyed _____ at the party on Sunday.
7.That monkey is scratching _____.
8.One must defend _____ against bullies.
9.My brother and I bought _____ some apples.
10.She cooks for _____ every day.
Exercise 17. Употребите нужные возвратные местоимения.
1. I shall ask him ___. 2. They want to do it ___. 3. You will answer the letter ___. 4. Linda answers the letters ___. 5. We shall inform the customers ___. 6. They have done the task ___. 7. She learns to speak French ___. 8. The book ___ is very good, but not the translation. 9. Dear guests, help ___. 10. They set the tables ___.
Местоимения some, any, no
Для указания на то, что имеют в виду некоторое количество (несколько) исчисляемых предметов или некоторое количество вещества, в английском языке в утвердительных предложениях употребляется местоимение some, а в вопросительных и отрицательных – any. Эти местоимения обычно произносят без ударения и не допускают употребления каких-либо артиклей перед существительным.
+ some – несколько, немного
? any – сколько-нибудь
–no – нет, нисколько
–not any – нет, нисколько
Take some glasses from that shelf. Pour some water in them.
Don't take any books from the case. Have you got any money?
Возьмите несколько стаканов на той полке. Налейте в них воду.
Не берите книг из шкафа.
У тебя есть сколько-нибудь денег?
Местоимение any в свою очередь может употребляться в утвердительных предложениях в значении любой,
например:
Take any cup you like. Бери любую кружку, какая тебе нравится.
Местоимение no имеет отрицательное значение никакой и поясняет существительное, например:
There is no milk in the jug. |
В кувшине нет молока. |
He has no friends.
There are no new words in the text.
Унего нет (никаких) друзей.
Втексте нет (никаких) новых слов.
Exercise 18. Заполните пропуски местоимениями some, any, no.
1.I have … exciting news to tell you.
2.Is there … meat left?
3.There are … books on the shelves.
4.Do you have … questions?
5.There are … people in the hall. It’s empty.
6.… people are waiting for you in the hall.
7.“Where is Pete?” – “He’s at the party with … of his friends.”
8.Is there … water in the cup?
9.There aren’t … cheese sandwiches on the plate, but there’re … ham sandwiches.
10.There aren’t … shops in this part of the town.
11.There are … mistakes in Ralph’s test. It’s excellent.
12.Are there … children in the class?
13.I can’t cook … porridge. There is … milk. Go and buy … milk.
Местоимения something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody
От местоимений some, any, no могут образовываться сложные местоимения: somebody – anybody – nobody; something – anything – nothing; somewhere – anywhere – nowhere, и к ним применимы те же правила употребления в разных типах предложений, как и для some, any, no.
Something – что-то
+Somebody – кто-то
Somewhere – где-нибудь, куда-нибудь, где-то
Anything – кое-что, что-нибудь
?Anybody – кое-кто, кто-нибудь
Anywhere – где-нибудь, куда-нибудь
Nothing – ничто
Not anything – ничего
-Nobody – никто
Not anybody – никого
Nowhere – нигде, никуда
Местоимения, образованные с помощью -body, употребляются только в отношении людей и сочетаются с глаголом только в единственном числе. Местоимения, образованные с помощью -thing, употребляются в отношении неодушевленных предметов и понятий:
There is something wrong with him. Is there anybody at home?
I saw nobody in the garden. He can do anything for you. There is somebody in the office.
С ним что-то случилось.
Дома кто-нибудь есть?
Я никого не видел в саду.
Он сделает для тебя, что угодно.
В конторе кто-то есть.
Если вы употребляете в предложении отрицательные местоимения nobody, nothing, то отрицательная частица not
не требуется, поскольку в английском языке может быть только одно отрицание:
Nobody knows anything about it. I found nothing interesting there.
Никто ничего не знает об этом.
Я не нашел там ничего интересного.
Exercise 19. Составьте предложения с something, somebody, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, no one, nobody,
произведите изменения, где это необходимо.
Example: There isn't anybody in the room. – There is nobody in the room.
Do you want … else? – Do you want anything else?
1.She never wears … pink. In fact, she hates this colour.
2.Close your eyes! I've got … for you.
3.– It's top secret. Don't tell … about it. – OK. I promise.
4.… knows that you need a license if you want to drive a car.
5.I don't know … here. I'm still a stranger in this neighbourhood.
6.Is there … interesting on TV tonight?
7.– Frank's on the phone for you. – I don't know … called Frank.
8.Phil is so lonely. He hasn't got anybody to talk to.
9.There isn't anything in my mailbox today.
10.The house is empty. There isn't anyone in it.
11.He doesn't know anything about her.
12.The music is too loud. I can't hear anything.
13.I haven't got anything to read.
14.The place is so quiet. There isn't anybody here.
Exercise 20. Закончите предложения, используя somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere, nothing, nobody, no one, anybody, anything.
1.Where are my glasses? I can't find them ____.
2.The restaurant is full. Let's go ____ else.
3.People come to Moscow from ____ to see its sights.
4.Are you going ____ else?
5.This kind of forest exists ____ else in the world. It's unique.
6.Mr. Jones leaves umbrellas ____, especially on buses.
7.Phil is so lonely. He hasn’t got _______ to talk to.
8.There isn’t _____ in my mailbox today.
9.The house is empty. There isn’t _______ in it.
10.He doesn’t know ______ about her.
11.The music is too loud. I can’t hear _______.
12.I haven’t got ______ to read.
13.The place is so quiet. There isn’t ______ here.
Местоимения many, few, a few, much, little, a little
Местоимения many – много и few – мало употребляются только как определения к исчисляемым существительным во множественном числе:
They have many friends in London. |
У них много друзей в Лондоне. |
He has few friends. He is very lonely. |
У него мало друзей. Он очень |
|
одинок. |
There are many ways to solve |
Существует много способов |
this problem. |
решения этой проблемы. |
Местоимения much – много и little – мало употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными (абстрактные
понятия, вещества и т.д.): |
|
There is little milk in the cup. |
В чашке мало молока. |
We spend much time on this |
Мы тратим много времени |
experiment. |
на этот эксперимент. |
Do you have much money on you? |
У тебя с собой много денег? |
I have very little time. |
У меня очень мало времени. |
Сочетание a few означает несколько и употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными, с
неисчисляемыми существительными употребляется сочетание a little, которое означает немного:
Will you give me a little water? I bought a few apples.
Не дадите ли вы мне немного воды?
Я купил немного (несколько) яблок.
Exercise 21. Составьте предложения, используя (a) little или (a) few.
Examples: Have you got any money with you? – Yes, I've got a little.
There are only a few people in the cinema. The film is rather boring.
1. I know ___ people in Moscow, but not many. 2. We've got ___ coffee left, but not much. 3. He wants to leave the job because earns ___ money. 4. I've got ___ homework to do tonight. We can go out and have some fun. 5. "Have we got any potatoes left? I'd like to cook a potato soup." – "Yes, we've got ___." 6. She's got ___ friends because she's very selfish. 7. Fortunately I had ___ time to spare. 8. I've got ___ books on gardening. 9. I've read ___ of her books.
Exercise 22. Заполните пропуски much, many, (a)little, (a)few.
1. Will it take … time to answer this letter? 2. We give the customers … catalogues of our products. 3. We had … time, so we couldn’t prepare the goods for shipping. 4. Your order will receive … attention. 5. I like it here. Let’s stay here … longer. 6. She wrote us … letters from abroad. 7. There was … sugar in the bowl, and we had to put … sugar there. 8. I know French
…and I can help you with the translation of this text. 9. Thank you very …! 10. I want to say … words about my travelling. 11. Please, don’t ask me … questions. 12. How … money have you got? 13. We usually spend … money on advertising. 14.
…in this work was too difficult for me. 15. There were … new orders and we spent … time executing them.
Exercise 23. Используйте much или many со следующими словами во множественном числе:
1. |
tea |
|
6. |
information |
11. shop |
2. |
country |
|
7. |
day |
12. letter |
3. |
river |
8. |
food |
|
13. person |
4. |
snow |
9. |
money |
14. town |
|
5. |
child |
10. advice |
15. rain |
||
Exercise 24. Переведите на английский язык следующие пары слов:
Много товаров, немного хлеба, много воды, много дней, немного соли, много газет, много мела, мало снега,
много лет, много картин, мало мебели, много сахара, мало денег, много лимонов, несколько игр, много мяса, много комнат, мало покупателей, много работы, много воздуха, мало времени, много машин, мало света, несколько журналов.
Exercise 25. Переведите на английский язык:
1. На счете есть немного денег. 2. В тетради осталось мало чистых страниц. 3. У вас много кофе? – Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них очень мало заказов. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения корреспонденции. 7. У нас много заказов и мало товаров в запасе (in stock). 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. У нас много времени, чтобы подготовить товары к отправке. 10. Вашему заказу будет уделяться большое внимание.
В табл. 4 представлены все неопределенные местоимения.
Таблица 4
Таблица неопределенных и некоторых других местоимений
Pronoun |
Meaning |
|
Example |
|
|
|
|
|
|
singular |
|
|
|
|
|
another |
an additional or different |
|
That ice-cream was good. Can I hav |
|
person or thing |
|
another? |
|
|
|
|
anybody |
no matter what person |
|
Can anyone (anybody) answer this |
anyone |
|
|
question? |
|
|
|
|
Продолжение табл. 4
anything |
no matter what thing |
The doctor needs to know if you ha |
|
|
eaten anything in the last two hours. |
|
|
|
each |
every one of two or more peopl |
Each has his own thoughts. |
|
or things, seen separately |
|
|
|
|
either |
one or the other of two people |
Do you want tea or coffee? / I don’t |
|
or things |
mind. Either is good for me. |
|
|
|
enough |
as much or as many as needed |
Enough is enough. |
|
|
|
everybody |
all people |
We can start the meeting because |
everyone |
|
everybody has arrived. |
|
|
|
everything |
all things |
They have no house or possessions. |
|
|
They lost everything in the earthqua |
|
|
|
less |
a smaller amount |
"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe) |
|
|
|
little |
a small amount |
Little is known about his early life. |
|
|
|
much |
a large amount |
Much has happened since we met. |
|
|
|
neither |
not one and not the other of |
I keep telling Jack and Jill but neith |
|
two people or things |
believes me. |
|
|
|
nobody |
no person |
I phoned many times but nobody |
no one |
|
answered. |
|
|
|
nothing |
no single thing, |
If you don’t know the answer it’s be |
|
not anything |
to say nothing. |
|
|
|
оne |
an unidentified person |
Can one smoke here? |
ones |
ones (two or more persons |
Would you like large aplles or smal |
|
/ things) |
ones? |
|
|
|
other |
a different person or thing |
One was tall and the other was short |
|
from one already mentioned |
|
|
|
|
somebody |
an unspecified or |
Clearly somebody murdered him. It |
someone |
unknown person |
was not suicide. |
|
|
|
something |
an unspecified or |
Listen! I just heard something! Wha |
|
unknown thing |
could it be? |
|
|
|
you |
an unidentified person (informa |
And you can see why. |
|
|
|
|
plural |
|
|
|
|
both |
two people or things, |
John likes coffee but not tea. I think |
|
seen together |
both are good. |
|
|
|
few |
a small number of people |
Few have ever disobeyed him and |
|
or things |
lived. |
|
|
|
fewer |
a reduced number of people |
Fewer are smoking these days. |
|
or things |
|
|
|
|
many |
a large number of people |
Many have come already. |
|
or things |
|
|
|
|
others |
other people; not us |
I’m sure that others have tried befor |
|
|
us. |
|
|
|
Окончание табл. 4
several |
more than two but |
They all complained and several lef |
|
not many |
the meeting. |
|
|
|
they |
people in general |
They say that vegetables are good f |
|
(informal) |
you. |
|
|
|
|
singular or plural |
|
|
|
|
all |
the whole quantity of somethin |
All is forgiven. |
whole |
or of some things or people (us |
All have arrived. |
|
with Sg. and Pl. / whole with S |
We saw the whole of Rome. |
|
|
|
any |
no matter how much or |
Is any left? |
|
how many |
Are any coming? |
|
|
|
more |
a greater quantity of something |
There is more over there. |
|
a greater number of people or |
More are coming. |
|
things |
|
|
|
|
most |
the majority; nearly all |
Most is lost. |
|
|
Most have refused. |
|
|
|
none |
not any; no person or persons |
I invited five friends but none have |
|
|
come. |
|
|
|
some |
an unspecified quantity of |
Here is some. |
|
something; an unspecified |
Some have arrived. |
|
number of people or things |
|
|
|
|
such |
of the type already mentioned |
He was a foreigner and he felt that h |
|
|
was treated as such. |
|
|
|
Exercise 26. Закончите предложения, используя both (of), either (of), neither (of).
1. “Have your parents got a car?” – “No, _____ them can drive.” 2. “Which of these shirts do you prefer?” – “I don’t really like _____ them very much.” 3. “What’s the capital of Switzerland, Geneva or Zurich?” – “_____. It’s Berne.” 4. _____
these pullover are very nice. I don’t know which one to buy. 5. “Do you mind which cake I take?” – “No, take _____.” 6.
_____ films were good. 7. _____ us like football but _____ us like tennis. 8. You can see him on Friday or on Saturday. _____
those days is convenient for him. 9. _____ road goes to the station. 10. _____ his sisters live in North London.
Exercise 27. Употребите в предложениях one или ones во избежание повтора.
1. Galileo showed that the small weight dropped as quickly as the large weight. 2. St. Peter’s in Rome is a large building, but the Great Pyramid is a much larger building. 3. He’s fond of nearly all games, but tennis and football are the games he likes best. 4. You asked me to get you a dictionary. I got you a good dictionary. 5. These shoes are too small. Please get me some larger shoes.
Exercise 28. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов.
1. Our new library is much better than the old one. 2. One wants to see everything with one’s own eyes. 3. One must learn to speak English. 4. The nights in winter are much longer than those in summer. 5. One finds it difficult to read und understand Shakespeare. 6. The temperature in July is higher than that in October. 7. The magazines which you gave me last
month are much more interesting than these ones. 8. One can read this article without any difficulty. It’s rather easy. 9. The equipment of our new laboratory is much better than that of the old one. 10. One often makes mistakes if one doesn’t know grammar.
Exercise 29. Вставьте whole или all.
1.He has read the … newspaper.
2.I want to see the … of Moscow.
3.She has eaten … the apples.
4.The teacher looked through … the test papers.
5.His … family met us.
6.Read the … article.
7.… of us have seen this film.
8.We want to listen to the … record.
9.… the students ran out of the academy.
10.… bread is not baked in one oven.
Относительные и соединительные местоимения who, which, that
Who, which, that – относительные местоимения, используемые в качестве союзных слов для присоединения в сложноподчиненном предложении определительной придаточной части (Defining Relative Clause), то есть придаточной части, отвечающей на вопросы какой? который? и сообщающей дополнительную информацию о человеке или предмете, о котором идет речь в главной части. На русский язык эти союзы часто переводятся словом
который в соответствующей форме:
The woman (какая?) who |
Женщина, которая навестила |
visited me yesterday is my cousin. |
меня вчера, – моя двоюродная |
|
сестра. |
I entered the house (какой?) which |
Я вошел в дом, который, по |
was said to be full of ghosts. |
cлухам, был полон приведениями. |
I have finally sold the furniture |
Я наконец-то распродал мебель, |
(какую?) that my mother bought |
которую моя мама купила еще |
when she was young. |
в молодости. |
Who / Which различаются тем, что who используется в случаях, когда речь идет об одушевленных предметах,
например людях, а which – когда речь идет о неодушевленных предметах. При этом оба эти союза используются после слов как в единственном, так и во множественном числе:
The young man who lives next door is a doctor. (одуш., ед. ч.)
I have a lot of friends who live in London. (одуш., мн. ч.)