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6.My car will be towed to the garage on Monday, ___?

7.The company hasn’t been sold, ___?

8.The traffic lights were being repaired yesterday, ___?

9.Something must be done to stop the terrorists, ___?

Exercise 6. Закончите разделительные вопросы.

1.She doesn't live in London, ___?

2.I don't write to my pen-friend very often, ___?

3.Emma works in a sports shop, ___?

4.Her elder brother doesn't play the violin, ___?

5.They go dancing on Saturdays, ___?

6.It snows a lot in this part of the country, ___?

7.They don't stay at home most evenings, ___?

Exercise 7. Из слов в левой колонке составьте специальные вопросы, ответы на которые находятся в правой колонке.

Example: When do you get up every morning? – I normally get up at 7 o'clock.

1. to the radio?

– I listen to it in the morning.

 

 

2. live?

– They live in Newcastle.

 

 

3. swimming?

– I go swimming once a week.

 

 

4. like?

– My sister likes rock-and-roll

 

 

5. work so much?

– I have a lot to do.

 

 

6. most evenings?

– They go to the theatre.

 

 

7. play chess?

– I play it very well.

 

 

8. take you to get to the city centre?

– About an hour by bus.

 

 

9. in that flat?

– My parents do.

 

 

Exercise 8. Задайте общие вопросы. Дайте ответы.

Examples: It is raining. – Is it raining? – Yes, it is.

They aren't having lunch at the moment. –

Are they having lunch at the moment? – No, they aren't.

1.The child is crying.

2.They aren't working in the garden.

3.We're driving too fast.

4.They aren't listening to the teacher.

5.The music is playing rather loud.

6.She isn't reading a detective story.

7.I'm not doing my homework.

Exercise 9. Из данных слов составьте альтернативные вопросы. Ответьте на них.

Example: he/study/have a rest? – Is he studying or having a rest? – He's having a rest.

1)she/cook/the dinner/make coffee?

2)he/drive/a car/ride/a motorbike?

3)you/eat out/have/dinner/at home/tonight?

4)those children/play/fight?

5)he/get ready for his classes/do crosswords?

6)they/stay/leave?

Exercise 10. Составьте Subject и Object вопросы.

Example: They're waiting for the bus. – Who is waiting for the bus?

What are they waiting for?

1.They're laughing at Tom's jokes.

2.We're waiting for the lecturer.

3.She's talking about yesterday's party.

4.Bob's looking through his notes.

5.I'm looking for the keys.

6.Eric is shaking hands with Ken's brother.

Exercise 11. Закончите разделительные вопросы.

1. Bill's wearing Levi's jeans, ___? 2. I'm not studying hard, ___? 3. They're enjoying the party, ___? 4. I'm having an English class, ___? 5. It's getting dark, ___? 6. The tape recorder isn't working, ___? 7. The children aren't watching TV, ___?

Exercise 12. Определите типы следующих вопросов. Выполните перевод.

1.Am I your friend or not?

2.What is her job?

3.Are you a student or a schoolboy?

4.Are your parents old?

5.You are a good student, aren’t you?

6.What is your name?

7.Have you ever been to the USA?

8.You speak English very well, don’t you?

9.What do you know about the Russian cinema?

10.Is your mother an engineer?

11.Are there six or seven faculties in our academy?

12.Is it Wednesday today?

13.We shall do this task in writing, shan’t we?

Exercise 13. Определите типы следующих вопросов. Выполните перевод.

1.Did you ring me up last night?

2.Do you like to go to the cinema or to the theatre?

3.Your mother is an engineer, isn’t she?

4.Do you like descriptive geometry?

5.What is your favourite subject?

6.Today is Tuesday, isn’t it?

7.How many faculties were there in our academy in 1930?

8.Shall we do this task in writing or orally?

9.Why are you so upset?

10.Did you read the book I gave you or not? 11.He isn’t coming from England, is he? 12.How do you like our academy? 13.Were you at the party last night?

UNIT 13

Страдательный залог

Залог выражает отношение между подлежащим и сказуемым в предложении. В английском языке, как и в русском, существует два залога: действительный (The Active Voice) и страдательный (The Passive Voice). Последний в английском языке употребляется чаще, чем в русском. Глагол-сказуемое в действительном залоге показывает, что действующее лицо или предмет, обозначенный подлежащим, сам совершает действие, выраженное глаголом:

We teach. – Мы учим.

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что действующее лицо или предмет, обозначенный подлежащим, является объектом действия, выраженного глаголом:

We are taught. – Нас учат.

Формы глагола в страдательном залоге образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в

соответствующем времени и Participle II смыслового глагола:

to be asked – быть спрошенным; to be written – быть написанным.

Показателем лица, числа и времени в страдательном залоге является глагол to be , а форма Participle II остается неизменной.

В страдательном залоге в отличие от действительного имеется не 4, а 3 группы времени: Indefinite, Progressive (Continuous), Perfect; времена Perfect Continuous, а также Future Continuous и Future in the Past Continuous в

страдательном залоге не употребляются. Все формы представлены в табл. 7.

Таблица 7

Indefinite

Progressive

Perfect

Времена английского глагола в страдательном залоге

Present

Past

Future

Future in the

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Past

I am

 

I was

 

I

 

I

 

You are

You were

 

You

 

You

 

He

 

He

 

He

 

He

would

She

is + asked

She

was +

She

will

She

be

It

 

asked

 

be

 

It

asked

We are

It

 

It

asked

We

 

They are

We were

 

We

 

They

 

 

 

They were

 

They

 

 

 

I am

 

I was

 

 

 

 

 

You are

You were

 

 

 

 

 

He is

 

He was

 

 

 

She

is

She

was

 

 

 

 

being

 

being

 

 

 

 

 

It

is

It

was

 

 

 

 

asked

 

asked

 

 

 

 

 

Weare

 

We were

 

 

 

 

 

They are

They were

 

 

 

 

 

I have

 

I

 

I

 

I

 

You have

You

 

You

will

You

would

He has

 

He

 

He

 

He

have

She

has

She

had

have

 

She

been

been

 

been

 

She

 

It

asked

It

has

It

asked

been

 

We

 

asked

 

We

 

It

 

They

 

We have

They

 

asked

 

 

 

They have

 

 

We

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

They

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются по тем же правилам, что и формы действительного залога:

– в отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

John isn’t helped by Mary.

Джону Мэри не помогает.

При сложной форме вспомогательного глагола частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:

John hasn’t been helped by Mary. Джону Мэри не помогла.

– в вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол (в сложной форме первый по счету) обычно ставится перед подлежащим:

Is John helped by Mary?

Джону Мэри помогает?

Has John been helped by Mary?

Джону Мэри помогла?

Сказуемому в действительном залоге, выраженному сочетанием одного из модальных глаголов can (could), may (might), should, ought и т.д. с инфинитивом действительного залога, в страдательном залоге соответствует сочетание того же модального глагола с инфинитивом страдательного залога:

We must finish our work

Мы должны закончить работу

as soon as possible.

как можно скорее.

Our work must be finished

Наша работа должна быть

as soon as possible.

закончена как можно скорее.

You ought to translate this

Тебе следует перевести эту статью

article at once.

сразу же.

This article ought to be

Эту статью следует перевести

translated at once.

сразу же.

Если в страдательной конструкции указывается исполнитель действия, выраженный одушевленным лицом или предметом, ему предшествует предлог by:

The book was written by O.Wilde. Книга была написана О.Уайльдом.

Если в конструкции указывается объект или материал, при помощи которого совершено действие, употребляется

предлог with:

 

The room was filled with smoke.

Комната была полна дыма.

The finger was cut with a knife.

Палец порезали ножом.

В английском языке есть глаголы, употребление которых в пассиве чаще всего невозможно без указания на деятеля производимого действия: to follow, to overtake, to seize, to visit, to govern, to characterize, to attract, to control, to rule, to influence, to attend, to accompany, to join, to cause, to bring about, to mark и т.д.:

Не is followed by the police.

Его преследует полиция.

Форму страдательного залога имеют в основном переходные глаголы, т.е. те, которые требуют прямого дополнения (например, to see, to buy, to write и т.д.). Форма страдательного залога может быть образована от переходных глаголов, принимающих прямое, косвенное или предложное дополнение:

I will buy this book. – This book will be bought by me.

В тех случаях, когда глагол имеет два дополнения, любое из них может стать подлежащим в предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге:

The professor told us many interesting things. –

We were told many interesting things by the professor.

Many interesting things were told us by the professor.

Когда глагол в действительном залоге принимает предложное дополнение, оно может стать подлежащим предложения с глаголом в страдательном залоге, причем предлог ставится после глагола:

People speak much about this film. – This film is much spoken about.

Иногда вместо глагола to be для обозначения незапланированных действий, которые происходят с кем-то или с чем-то, может употребляться глагол to get:

There was a storm but nobody got hurt (= was hurt).

Один и тот же глагол в английском языке может быть переходным или непереходным в зависимости от своего значения. Так, например, глагол to grow в значении расти является непереходным и не имеет форм страдательного залога, а в значении выращивать он является переходным и может употребляться в страдательном залоге. Сравните:

Corn grows very fast (непереходное значение, действительный залог).

My mother grows many useful plants at home. (переходное значение, действительный залог). – Many useful plants are grown at home. (переходное значение, страдательный залог).

Exercise 1. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

Example: Не was sent to New York. –

Was he sent to New York? He was not sent to New York.

1)The first prize was won by John.

2)Our exercises are corrected each night by the teacher.

3)The mail is delivered at ten o'clock.

4)The construction of the bridge will be finished this year.

5)The contract will be signed tomorrow.

6)His report was listened to with great interest.

7)The film is much spoken about.

8)All the letters are looked through by the secretary.

9)All these books were published by this publishing house.

Exercise 2. Поставьте глаголы в указанное время Passive Voice.

1. A young person of between 13 and 19 years old (to call) teenager. (Present Indefinite) 2. Look at these men. I think they (to follow). (Present Progressive) 3. The students (to offer) a very wide range of opportunities for spare time activities. (Present Indefinite) 4. The play (to call) “Twelfth Night” and (to write) by William Shakespeare. (Past Indefinite) 5.

Washington’s birthday (to observe) as a public holiday in most American states. (Present Indefinite) 6. Visitors (to ask) to keep the woods clean. Litter-baskets (to place) under the trees. (Present Perfect) 7. Anyone who leaves litter in the woods (to prosecute). (Future Indefinite) 8. Franklin D. Roosevelt (to elect) four times (1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944), the only man to serve so long a term. (Past Perfect) 9. The car (to wash) for two hours yesterday. (Past Progressive) 10. This effect (to use) by engineers to raise labour productivity at factories. (Present Perfect)

Exercise 3. Поставьте глаголы в указанное время Passive Voice.

1)The words … by the teacher today. (to explain – Simple Present)

2)We … a letter the day before yesterday. (to send – Simple Past)

3)This … car. It’s too old. (not / to steal – Simple Future)

4)This street … because of snow. (already / to close – Present Perfect)

5)A new restaurant … next week. (to open – Simple Future)

6)He … to the party yesterday. (to invite – Simple Past)

7)The blue box …. (can / not / to see – Simple Present)

8)I … the book by my friend last Sunday. (to give – Simple Past)

9)The dishes … by my little brother. (not / to wash – Present Perfect)

10)I … by Robert. (not / to ask – Simple Future)

Exercise 4. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в страдательный залог. Переведите текст.

His name was on the wheel

Hugh Boggs has been worried all day. In the morning he received a letter from the police. He (to ask) to call at the police station. Hugh could not understand why he (to want) by the police. He had not done anything wrong, he thought. It was probably a mistake.

At the police station he (to tell) by a policeman that they had found his bicycle. It (to pick) up in the hills in Wales about a hundred miles away. His name and address (to scribble) on the wheel.

The bicycle now (to send) (Past Passive Progressive) to his home by train. Hugh was very surprised when he heard the news. He (to amuse) too because it was his old broken bicycle he had left behind last summer when returning to town after his holidays. Now he had to receive his bike back and think how to get rid of it again.

Exercise 5. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в страдательный залог.

Texas

The state of Texas is a south-western state of the USA and (to be situated) above Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. In fact it used to be part of the United States in 1845. The official language is English, though Spanish (to speak) also widely. A lot of oil (to produce) in Texas and (to export) to other American states, although this isn’t the states’s only business; there are many other industries too and agriculture is also important. The state (to head) by a governor. As part of the USA, Texas (to govern) by the President and the Congress.

Exercise 6. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в страдательный залог. Переведите текст.

The Loss of the “Titanic”

The great ship “Titanic” sailed for New York from Southampton on April, 1912. It was carrying 1316 passengers and the crew of 891. The “Titanic” was a colossal ship. At that time it was not only the largest ship that ever (to be build), but (to

regard) as unsinkable because it had sixteen watertight compartments. The tragic sinking of this great liner always (to remember). For days after setting out, while the “Titanic” was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg suddenly (to spot) by the captain. After the alarm (to give) the ship turned sharply. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened. The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship (to damage). But the ship was sinking because five watertight compartments (to flood). The order to leave the ship (to give) and hundreds of people jumped into the water. There weren’t enough life-boats for everybody and 1,500 lives (to lose).

Exercise 7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужное время в страдательном залоге.

1. Running competitions (hold) since ancient times. 2. The London Marathon (run) in 1981 for the first time. 3. Football (play) for hundred of years. 4. In 1992 a new world record in the 100-metres race (set). 5. The Highland Games (hold) since the 19th century. 6. Running competitions (hold) in ancient times. 7. The London Marathon (run) since 1981. 8. Football (introduce) to other countries by British soldiers, seamen and businessmen. 9. The first Tour de France cycling race (hold) since 1926. 10. Since 1845 rugby (play) all over Britain.

Exercise 8. Замените в следующих предложениях страдательный залог действительным. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

Example: This letter was written by John.

John wrote this letter. – Джон написал это письмо.

1)The entire city was destroyed by the fire.

2)The lecture was attended by many people.

3)The book will be published in spring.

4)The class is taught by Mr. Smith.

5)It was designed by a French engineer.

6)This book is always read by the students of the first course.

7)The letter was left on the table.

8)The house was struck by lightning.

9)The cries of the child were heard by everyone.

Exercise 9. Поставьте глаголы в указанное время Passive Voice.

1. The faulty goods (to return) to the Seller yesterday. 2. The production of this company (to exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why this letter (not / to answer)? 4. The consignment (to take) to the warehouse today, and (to ship) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (to use) only on special occasions. 6. Letters must (not / to type) on bad paper. 7. This letter (not / to read) because the envelope (not / to open). 8. Hooks may (not / to use) when loading the cases. 9. Usually the correspondence (to receive) every day, but it (not / to receive) yesterday. 10. This letter (to leave) unanswered yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (to build) every year. 12. This computer (not / to use) for a long time. 13. The amount (to remit) to the Seller tomorrow. 14. We (to inform) that the payee has not yet received the funds. 15. These funds (not / to credit) to the beneficiaries’ account yet.

Exercise 10. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. Товары страхуются против всех рисков. 2. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 3. Нас часто просят прислать

каталоги. 4. На ваше письмо ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех.

6. Работа только что

закончена нами. 7. Это страхование будет использоваться во время перевозки. 8. Телеграмма уже получена.

9.

Товары уже доставлены на склад. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Транспортное средство предос-тавляется покупателем. 12. Порт назначения указывается в контракте. 13. Ящики, в которые упаковано оборудование, маркируются с трех сторон. 14. Вам сказали об этом? 15. Ваши котировки были получены вчера. 16.

Делегацию встретят завтра в 9 часов утра в аэропорту.

17. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года.

18. Мне предложили очень интересную работу.

 

UNIT 14

Косвенная речь

Чужое высказывание может быть либо передано так, как оно было произнесено (прямая речь), либо описано с помощью сложносочинённого предложения (косвенная речь). Сравните:

Прямая речь: – (What does he say?) – He says: "We'll have to take a taxi".

– (Что он говорит?) – Он говорит: "Нам придется взять такси".

Косвенная речь: – He said (that) we'd (= would) have to take a taxi.

– Он сказал, что нам придётся взять такси.

При изменении прямой речи в косвенную соблюдаются следующие правила:

1)запятая и кавычки опускаются;

2)все личные и притяжательные местоимения изменяются в зависимости от лица, от которого ведется речь;

3)возможен союз that;

4)а) в утвердительном предложении глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом;

б) в отрицательном предложении 1-я форма глагола изменяется на not + инфинитив;

5)в вопросах соблюдается прямой порядок слов;

6)общие вопросы вводятся словами if, whether;

7)специальные вопросы вводятся специальными вопросительными словами;

8)если есть дополнение, то say tell, says to Olga – tells Olga, said to Boris – told Boris. В табл. 8 представлены примеры.

Таблица 8

Примеры трансформации прямой речи в косвенную

 

Speaker’s words

 

Reporting verb

 

Reported statements

 

 

 

 

 

 

Present Simple

 

 

Past Simple

 

“My name’s Pete.”

 

He told (me)

his name was Pete.

 

“I don’t like the idea.”

He told (me)

he didn’t like the idea.

 

“I

haven’t

got

any

She said

she didn’t have any

 

money.”

 

 

 

money.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Present Continuous

 

 

Past Continuous

 

“I’m waiting for Kate.”

She said

she was waiting for Kate.

 

 

 

 

 

Present Perfect

 

 

Past Perfect

 

“I

haven’t

done

my

He told (me)

he

hadn’t done

his

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

homework.”

 

homework.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Past Simple

 

Past

Simple or

Past

 

 

Perfect

 

 

 

 

(Past Perfect is often

 

“I stayed in a hotel for a

She said

optional)

 

few weeks.”

 

she stayed / had

 

 

 

stayed in a hotel for a

 

 

few weeks.

 

 

 

 

Past Continuous

 

Past Perfect Continuous

“They were seeing

She said / He told (me)

they had been seeing Pam

Pam off on her plane.”

 

off on her plane.

 

 

 

 

 

Past Perfect

 

Past Perfect

 

“I had eaten earlier.”

She said

she had eaten earlier.

 

 

 

 

 

Will / Shall

 

Would / Shoild

 

“I will phone the office

He told (me)

he would phone the office

from the air port.”

 

from the airport.

 

“I shall speak to him.”

She said to me

she would speak to him.

“We’ll have driven two

 

we would have driven two

hundred kilometres by

She said / He told (me)

hundred kilometres by that

that time.”

 

time.

 

 

“John and Tom will

 

John

and Tom

would

probably be staying at an

She said / He told (me)

probably be staying at an

expensive hotel

 

expensive

hotel

somewhere.”

 

somewhere.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Если в прямой речи глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то при преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную время глагола придаточного предложения меняется в соответствии с правилами последовательности употребления времён. Именно в этом основное различие между русским и английским языками в употреблении косвенной речи.

При трансформации прямой речи в косвенную возможно употребление и других глаголов: admit, advise, agree, announce, apologize, beg, boast, complain, confess, demand, deny, doubt, explain, inform, inquire, invite, insist, note, offer, promise, reassure, refuse, remark, remind, repeat, reply, suggest etc.

Exercise 1. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи.

Example: "The car isn't at my house," he said. –

He said that the car wasn't at his house.

1."I can't speak any French," he said.

2."I'm trying to do my homework," she said.

3."I haven't been waiting long," she said.

4."I'll have done it by then," he said.

5."I'll be working all day," he said.

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