1317

Has it stopped raining yet? I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.

Также обратите внимание на разницу между gone (to) и been (to):

Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (он сейчас находится там или по пути туда).

Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy (была и вернулась).

Exercise 42. Составьте вопросы в Present Perfect.

1. John / leave? 2. the dogs / come back? 3. why / Mary / go home? 4. all those people / go home? 5. where / you / put the keys? 6. what / you / say to Mike? 7. we / pay? 8. you / hear the news? 9. Bill / phone? 10. the Sunday newspapers / arrive? 11. what / Barbara tell the police? 12. why / Andy and Sarah / bring the children? 13. the secretary from your father's office / telephone? 14. where / the family in the flat upstairs / go? 15. why / all the students in Mr Carter's class / have good knowledge in History?

Exercise 43. Выберите глаголы в нужной временной форме. Выполните перевод.

1. I (enjoyed / have enjoyed / enjoy) football ever since I was a schoolboy. 2. Nobody has been injured in the accident, (hasn't anybody / have they / has nobody)? 3. My brother (hasn't ever been / has never been / is never) interested in football. 4. I'd like to see Anna again. It's a long time since I (have last seen / last saw / last seen) her. 5. Greg's always thought of a little house of his own, (isn't he / has he / hasn't he)? 6. I've never (gone to / been in / been to) Benidorm. I don't even know where it is.

Exercise 44. Впишите в пропуски глаголы из скобок в Present Perfect или Past Simple. Сделайте перевод.

1.Mary … to Australia for a while, but she's back again now. (go)

2."Where's Ken?" – "He … out. He'll be back in about an hour." (go)

3.I did German at school but I … most of it. (forget)

4.I meant to phone Diane last night but I …. (forget)

5.Look! There's an ambulance over there. There … an accident. (be)

6.The police … three people but later they let them go. (arrest)

Exercise 45. Из слов в скобках составьте правильные предложения. Используйте полные формы отрицаний.

Example: (it / not / rain / this week) – It has not rained this week.

1.(the weather / be / cold / recently) – The weather _____ recently. 2. (it / cold / last week) – It _____ last week. 3. (I / not

/read / a newspaper yesterday) – I _____ a newspaper yesterday. 4. (I / not / read / a newspaper today) – I _____ a newspaper today. 5. (Ann / earn / a lot of money / this year) – Ann _____ this year. 6. (she / not / earn / so much / last year) – She _____

last year. 7. (you/ have / a holiday recently) – You _____ a holiday recently.

Exercise 46. Выберите правильный вариант. Сделайте перевод.

1. Have you (saw / seen) this film before? 2. Our football team (lost / has lost) all its games this year. It (lost / has lost) all its games last year too. 3. (Did youever drive / Have youever driven)a bus?4. My brother speaks good English, but he (has never had / never had) lessons. 5. (Did you see / Have you seen) Paul yesterday?' - 'No, but he (just phoned / has just phoned).' 6. Have you done the shopping (yet / yesterday)? 7. I started this job (for eight weeks / eight weeks ago / ago eight weeks). 8. (I'm / I've been) in this school (for / since) five years. 9. 'What time does the lesson start?' – ('It's already started.' / 'It already started.') 10. (I work / I'm working / I've been working) here since last summer. 11. 'Good news! John (passed / has passed) his exam.' – ('Has he got / Did he get) good marks?' 12. 'Mary (went / has gone) to London.' - 'When (did she leave? / has she left?)' 13. This house (has stood / been standing) here for 500 years.

Present Perfect Continuous

Во многих других иностранных языках существует четкая граница между часто употребляемыми временами и не очень часто встречающимися. В английском же таковой границы не существует, и нужно очень хорошо знать все времена, чтобы суметь грамотно выразить свою мысль. Например, простой вопрос “Как долго вы изучаете английский?” нужно переводить, используя именно это сложное время глагола: How long have you been learning English?

Теперь рассмотрим всё подробнее на следующем примере:

– Is it raining? – No, but the ground is wet. – It has been raining.

Have / has been raining – это Present Perfect Continuous. Вот как он образуется:

Present Perfect Continuous используется для обозначения действия, которое имело место в недалёком прошлом,

закончилось недавно или только что. Как у всех Perfect, должна быть обязательная связь с настоящим:

–You are out of breath. Have you been running?

–Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (он устал сейчас)

–Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

–I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...

Также действие может продолжаться до сих пор. Обращайте внимание на обстоятельства времени:

–How long have you been learning English? (действие продолжается до сих пор)

–Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.

–Where have you been? I've been looking for you for half an hour.

–George hasn't been feeling well recently.

Сравните Present Continuous и Present Perfect Continuous:

6.I've left my shopping bag on the train.

7.I can't remember when I've had this watch.

8.An elephant live in India and Africa.

Exercise 51. Закончите предложения, используя Present Perfect Progressive. Сделайте полученные предложения отрицательными и вопросительными.

1.George looks very tired. I think he (to work) too hard. 2. Kevin and Angela (to talk) to each other for more than a week.

3.There’s no need to apologise. We (to wait) here for ten minutes. 4. Unfortunately, I can play the piano as well as I used to. I (to practise) it for over five years. 5. I know Moscow well. I (to live) here for very long. 6. She (to read) a fascinating novel since 6 a.m. 7. I (to think) it over all night. 8. The Lloyds (to live) here for a long time. 9. Fred (to read) the paper since 5 o’clock. 10. Emma (to play) chess almost all her life.

Past Perfect

Существует и такое время в английском языке. Рассмотрите ситуацию:

Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn't see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home.

Had gone – это и есть Past Perfect. Образуется он при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени had и 3-й формы глагола, т.е. если глагол правильный, мы добавляем стандартное окончание -(e)d, если же он неправильный – открываем таблицу неправильных глаголов и смотрим 3-й столбик (Past Participle).

Употребляется Past Perfect преимущественно для того, чтобы показать, что какое-то действие произошло раньше другого действия. Обязательно должна быть некоторая точка для сравнения, будь то указание времени или другое действие, например:

When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but soon I realised that I'd made a serious mistake.

The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.

Если вы хорошо усвоили Present Perfect, то c Past Perfect у вас не должно возникнуть никаких проблем. Разница в том, что в Present Perfect законченное действие показано относительно точки во времени, которое условно можно назвать сейчас (now), а в Past Perfect все действия смещаются в прошлое. Эта точка будет уже другим действием или указанием времени. Сравните примеры:

Present Perfect:

Who is that woman? I've never seen her before.

We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch.

The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks.

Past Perfect:

I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before.

We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.

The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

Exercise 52. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Past Perfect. Переведите.

1. John (to go out) when I arrived in the office. 2. I (to save) my document before the computer crashed. 3. When they arrived we … already (to start) cooking. 4. He was very tired because he (not to sleep) well. 5. The train … just (to leave) when I arrived at the station. 6. She … just (to leave) the room when the police arrived. 7. I … just (to put) the washing out when it started to rain. 8. When he arrived at the theatre, the play (already to start). 9. As soon as they (to go), I went straight to bed. 10. I suddenly remembered that I (to forget) my keys. 11. When I came to the post office, it (already to close). 12. When Polly went back to the shop, they (to sell) the book she wanted.

Exercise 53. Закончите предложения, используя Past Perfect или Past Simple.

1. When Daniel (to come) in, we all (to know) where he (to be). 2. Hardly anyone (to come) to the party because Sue (to forget) to send the invitations. 3. Marco (to feel) very nervous when he first drove in Britain because he (not to drive) on the left before. 4. They waited until everyone (to be) ready and then they (to start) the meeting. 5. – (to arrive) you at the cinema in time for the film last night? – No, we (to be) late. By the time we (to get) there, it (already to begin). 6. I (to go) to Helen’s room and (to knock) at the door. There (to be) no answer. Either she (to go) out or she (not to want) to see anyone.

Exercise 54. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в Past Perfect. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

Выполните перевод.

1. When Scott arrived at the South Pole he realized that Amundsen (already to be) there. 2. Leo (to work) as a clerk before he started his own business. 3. Diana (never to be) to a jazz concert before, because she wasn’t keen on jazz music. 4. Bob (to know) his girlfriend for a year, before he asked her to marry him. 5. We (always to enjoy) entertainment programmes. 6. In London we (to stay) with our relatives till we found a suitable hotel. 7. I (never to see) Spielberg’s films before.

Exercise 55. Опровергните следующие предложения. Выполните их перевод.

1.They’d eaten everything by the time I arrived.

2.I wanted to introduce them but they’d known each other.

3.She was angry because she hadn’t caught the bus.

4.The class had started when I arrived.

5.The guests had left before she got home.

6.It was a film that we’d heard of.

Exercise 56. Задайте общие вопросы к следующим предложениям и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Before we had finished our meal, he ordered us back to work.

2.The sun hadn’t risen before they decided to set off.

3.Before we went home, we had finished our work.

4.Ted’s father had advised him not to get married till he was 35.

5.She hadn’t done all the shopping when she suddenly felt sick.

6.He had spoken to the boss before he decided to leave.

7.Before we had supper, the children had gone to bed.

8.After our car had broken down a third time, we decided to sell it.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect (had been) и

причастия I смыслового глагола:

(+) I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had been writing.

(-) I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had not been writing.

(?) Had I (we, you, they, he, she, it) been writing?

Past Perfect Continuous употребляется:

1. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое продолжалось в прошлом некоторый период времени,

выраженный или подразумеваемый, и закончилось (или могло еще продолжаться) при наступлении второго, более позднего прошедшего действия. Это второе, более позднее прошедшее действие выражается в Past Indefinite. Past Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени, обычно несовершенного вида:

I had been writing my exercises for two hours when my friend came. – Я писал упражнения (прошедшее действие) два чаca (указание периода времени), когда пришел мой друг (второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие закончилось или могло еще продолжаться).

The new turbine had been working for several hours before we gave it a full load. – Новая турбина работала

(прошедшее действие) несколько часов (указание периода времени) до того, как мы дали ей полную нагрузку (второе,

более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие не закончилось).

The new pump had already been working for two hours when we stopped it for examination. – Новый насос работал

(прошедшее действие) два часа (указание продолжительности действия), когда мы его остановили для осмотра

(второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие прекратилось).

2. Past Perfect Continuous употребляется также для выражения действия, которое продолжалось некоторый период времени в прошлом и закончилось (или еще продолжается) к данному моменту в прошлом. При указании данного момента в прошлом употребляется предлог by:

By three o'clock the new pump had been working for two hours. – К трем часам (указание данного момента в прошлом) насос уже работал (прошедшее действие) два часа (указание продолжительности действия).

Как видно из примеров, при употреблении Past Perfect Continuous, как правило, указывается (или подразумевается), сколько времени прошедшее действие продолжалось до наступления другого прошедшего действия или момента в прошлом. Поэтому Past Perfect Continuous обычно употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как

for ... hours (days, weeks, months, years и т. д.) – в течение ... часов (дней, недель, месяцев, лет и т. д.); since 1960 – с 1960 года и т. п.

Exercise 57. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous. Выполните перевод.

1. (…) you (to wait) long before the taxi arrived? 2. Jane said she (to garden) all afternoon. 3. We (to try) to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key. 4. It (to rain) hard for several hours and the streets were very wet. 5. When the police questioned him, John told them he (to work) late in the office that night. 6. Her friends (to think) of calling the police when she walked in. 7. Mr Brown (to work) for 45 years when he finally retired in 2010. 8. The FBI (to look) for the criminal for three years before they caught him. 9. When Sam got home, his hair was still wet because he (to swim). 10. Joe (already to think) about changing his job when he got the offer. 11. We (to travel) for about four hours when I realized that something was wrong with one of the tyres.

Exercise 58. Выберите правильный вариант: Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.

1. I knew my mother (had done / had been doing) the washing because the washing machine was still working when I got in. 2. By 10.30 the children (had been doing / had done) their homework and were ready to go to bed. 3. My son came home crying because someone (had stolen / had been stealing) his money. 4. She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people (had been / had been being) in the room. 5. It was midnight. Tom (had studied / had been studying) for four hours. No wonder he was getting tired. 6. Andy's father bought him a car because he (had been coming / had come) top in the final exam. 7. Clark went to hospital because he (had been cutting / had cut) his hand while he was mending a broken window. 8. Ann's mother shouted at her when she came home late because she (had worried / had been worrying) about her all evening. 9. I was very pleased when my daughter found my watch because I (had been looking / had looked) for it for hours. 10. Henry suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn't answer because he (had been daydreaming / had daydreamed) for the last five minutes. 11. Robert wrote to the local newspaper about some rare insects which he (had been seeing / had seen) while he was walking in the woods. 12. Mark sent postcards to the new friends he (had made / had been making) while he was attending a language course.

Exercise 59. Используйте предложения в Past Perfect Continuous. Сделайте их отрицательными и вопросительными. Выполните перевод.

1. We (to wait) for her for a long time. 2. I (to feel) sick for weeks before I finally went to see the doctor. 3. When Frank got home, he found that his children (to do) their homework. 4. He (to try) to find a job for quite a long time. 5. Glen (to drive) for an hour when his car broke down. 6. We (to wait) for an hour when our train finally arrived. 7. Henry (to play) football for over ten years when he gave it up in 2008. 8. They (to live) in London for fifteen years when they moved to Paris last year. 9. She (to stand) there for nearly half an hour when she realized she was at the wrong bus stop.

Exercise 60. Поставьте глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous. Задайте вопросы к выделенной части предложений.

1. Jill (to paint) her room before her friends called in. 2. They (to try) to phone her all the weekend. 3. The Browns (to stay) at the Hilton because their friends couldn’t put them up. 4. Terry and Ellen (to go) to the theatre when I met them. 5. Greta (to look) through the “Vogue” magazine when Paul dropped in. 6. Peggy (to wait) for Daniel’s call that evening. 7. They (to walk) 3 kilometres an hour. 8. You (not to stand) there since 6 o’clock. 9. Jane (to study) English for 5 years before she visited England. 10. He (to run) in the park when I saw him.

Exercise 61. Найдите ошибки в предложениях и исправьте их.

1.I watch TV hardly ever before dinner.

2.Mr and Mrs Smith goes walking in summer.

3.What do you at weekends?

4.Never I have tea in the morning.

5.She is enough clever to answer all the questions.

6.Cathy arrives at work early than her colleagues.

7.A friend of mine often goes to work by foot.

8.Pam works as an actress; she's talented and too beautiful.

9.These newly married people look happily.

10.He usually drinks quickly his coffee.

UNIT 6

Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы – это глаголы, обозначающие не само действие, а отношение к нему говорящего:

He can speak three languages. Он может говорить на трёх языках.

Модальные глаголы в английском языке не имеют формы инфинитива, неличных форм на -ed, -ing, не принимают окончания -s, -es в 3-м лице единственного числа Present Indefinite, т.е. не спрягаются. Они образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательного глагола. После модальных глаголов инфинитив другого глагола употребляется без частицы to (исключение – глагол ought to).

Can, could

Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: can – для настоящего времени, could – для прошедшего. Употребляется

он:

1) для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия. В этом значении переводится как "мочь", "уметь":

She can speak English well Она может хорошо говорить по-

but she cannot write it at all. английски, но совсем не умеет писать.

2) для выражения разрешения совершить действие (в вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях):

3) для выражения запрета совершить действие, выраженного инфинитивом (только в отрицательных предложениях):

You can't speak at the lessons. На уроке разговаривать нельзя.

4) для выражения просьбы (в вопросительных предложениях):

Форма could употребляется для более вежливого обращения.

to be able to

Сочетание to be able + инфинитив с частицей to является синонимом модального глагола can для выражения

возможности или способности совершения действия:

Exercise 1. Заполните предложения глаголами can, can't, could или couldn't.

Example: I can stand on my head.

1.I ___ count to twenty in Italian.

2.Put up your hand if you ___ hear me.

3.There was a woman with a big hat in front of me. I ___ see a thing.

4.My mother ___ understand sign language.

5.When Mason was 7, he ___ swim like a fish.

6.We ___ all read and write.

7.When Lily was younger she ___ run very fast.

8.I ___ find my front door key last night.

Exercise 2. Закончите предложения, используя be able to.

Examples: Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. I was able to contact him at the office yesterday. She hasn't been able to dance since she had a car crash.

1.It was rather cheap. – I ___ buy it.

2.It took a long time, but in the end Frank ___ buy his own car.

3.I ___ come tomorrow. I'm afraid, I'm too busy.

4.Our teacher says we ___ speak English fairly well in a few months.

5.He ___ work since his illness.

6.Unfortunately we ___ get the tickets for the match yesterday.

Exercise 3. Составьте в парах краткие диалоги, используя глагол can / could и данные словосочетания.

Example: speak French – Can you speak French? Yes, I can. (No, I can’t.) Could you speak French when you were little? Yes, I could. (No, I couldn’t).

Exercise 4. Дайте отрицательные ответы и объясните причину.

Example: Can he come tomorrow? – He can’t come, because he is ill.

1.Can she forget the name of the street?

2.Can they find the rooms at the hotel?

3.Can they spend their holidays with us?

4.Can he go away?

5.Can the professor forget the title of the book?

6.Can you explain me what is going on?

7.Can we find the way?

8.Can they solve this problem?

9.Can he join the group?

Exercise 5. Выберите правильный вариант и ответьте на вопросы.

Examples: Bob can sing well, … (can he / can’t he)?

– Bob can sing well, can’t he? Yes, he can.

They couldn’t visit you, … (could they / couldn’t they)?

–They couldn’t visit you, could they? No, they couldn’t.

1.You can’t see flowers so early in spring, (can you /, can’t you)? 2. Mr. Brown can swim very well, (can he / can’t he)?

3.We can leave tomorrow, (can we / can’t we)? 4. You couldn’t come in time, (could you / couldn’t you)? 5. Ann could count very well when she was four, (could she / couldn’t she)? 6. The student couldn’t understand the question, (could he / couldn’t he)? 7. Mary can’t play the violin, (can she / couldn’t she)?