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.pdf1. Could they hear the radio? (Yes/loud) 2. Could he hear the radio? (No/low) 3. Could he buy the car? (Yes/cheap) 4. Could he buy the car? (No/expensive) 5. Could she eat the orange? (Yes/sweet) 6. Could she eat the orange? (No/sour)
Exercise 7. Перепишите данные предложения, используя глагол could для более вежливого выражения просьбы.
Example: Speak louder! – Could you speak louder, please?
1. |
Write down your name and address! |
6. |
Stop here! |
2. |
Take my children to the kindergarten! |
7. |
Clean the room! |
3. |
Buy me some sandwiches! |
8. |
Show your pass! |
4. |
Turn on the TV set! |
|
9. Open the suitcase! |
5. |
Repair my bicycle! |
|
10. Pass me the ring! |
May, might
Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: may – для настоящего времени, might – для прошедшего. Глагол may
употребляется для выражения:
1) разрешения в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях: You may go. – Ты можешь идти.
May I help you? – Разрешите вам помочь.
2)запрета в отрицательных предложениях: You may not come here. – Не смей сюда приходить.
3)предположения, неуверенности в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях: It may rain today. –
Возможно, сегодня будет дождь. He might come. – Он, может быть, придёт.
Глагол might употребляется также в придаточных дополнительных предложениях в соответствии с правилом согласования времён:
She said that he might take |
Она сказала, что он может |
her book. |
взять её книгу. |
Exercise 8. Задайте вопрос, выражающий вежливую просьбу, используя глагол may.
Example: Your group mate has a pen. You want to borrow it. –
May I please borrow your pen?
1.Your group mate has a dictionary. You want to borrow it.
2.Your group mate has a pencil sharpener. You want to borrow it.
3.Your group mate has an eraser. You want to use it for a minute.
4.Your group mate has a book. You want to see it.
5.You’re in your friends flat. You want to look at his album.
6.You’re knocking at your teacher’s room. You want to come in.
Exercise 9. Прочитайте диалог. Обратите внимание на употребление в нём модального глагола may. Составьте свой диалог по образцу данного, используя в нём модальный глагол may и конструкцию to be going+инфинитив.
Roy: Where are you going to spend your holidays this year, Harry?
Harry: We may go abroad. I’m not sure. My wife wants to go to
Egypt. I’d like to go there, too. We can’t make up our minds.
Roy: Will you travel by sea or by air?
Harry: We may travel by sea.
Roy: It’s cheaper, isn’t it?
Harry: It may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.
Roy: I’m sure you will enjoy yourselves.
Harry: Don’t be so sure. We may not go anywhere. My wife always
worries too much. Who’s going to look after the dog? Who’s going to look after the house? Who’s going to look after the garden? We have this problem every year. In the end, we stay at home and look after everything!
Exercise 10. Перепишите предложения, используя глагол may.
Example: Will you allow me to use your computer, please? –
May I use your computer, please?
1.Will you allow me to borrow your dictionary, please?
2.Will you allow them to come into the room now?
3.Will you allow me to bring my dog here, please?
4.Will you allow me to look at his paintings, please?
5.Will you allow me to leave earlier, please?
Exercise 11. Перепишите предложения, используя may / might.
Example: They will arrive tomorrow. – They may arrive tomorrow.
1. The playing field will be ready by next week. 2. The children had a dictation yesterday. 3. He will be late. 4. The old man slipped on the ice. 5. Benjamin will study German. 6. Perhaps the question was too difficult for him. 7. I had better take my raincoat, perhaps it will rain. 8. Perhaps the storm will come very soon. Look out! 9. Try this medicine, perhaps it will help you. 10. Why didn’t you remind him of his promise? It is possible that he forgot all about it.
Exercise 12. Перепишите предложения, используя may / might.
Example: Emily will have an operation next Monday. – Emily may have an operation next Monday.
1.They will finish writing their essays on time. 2. Peter decided to take the examination again. 3. They are eating supper.
4.They will go swimming tomorrow. 5. The boy lied to his teacher.
Exercise 13. Ответьте на вопросы, используя глагол may.
Example: Are you going to New York this spring? –
I may go, but I’m not sure.
1.I haven’t seen Steve for a week. Is he ill?
2.Is your brother back from the country yet?
3.Are you going to postpone the meeting with the clients?
4.Will your husband be at home tonight?
5.Will Mr. Stephano come to the conference on Monday?
6.Will Mr. Burton be at the concert this evening?
7.Is there a tin of sardines in the cupboard?
8.Is Manuel strong enough to do the work?
Exercise 14. Ответьте на вопросы, выражая предположение.
Example: Why do you think the driver was fined? –
He may/might have jumped the red light.
1. Why do you think the performance was cancelled? 2. Why do you think the conference will be held? 3. What do you think William has been doing all this time? 4. What do you think Mr. White is keeping? 5. Why do you think the ship sank? 6. Why do you think Ann is upset? 7. Where do you think Peter is?
to be allowed to / to be permitted to
Словосочетания to be allowed и to be permitted + инфинитив с частицей to являются синонимами модального глагола may:
I am allowed to use this device.
He will be allowed to use this device.
Мне разрешено (я могу)
использовать этот прибор.
Ему разрешат использовать этот прибор.
must
Глагол must употребляется:
1) для выражения долженствования, необходимости произвести действие в настоящем или будущем: I must go. –
Мне надо идти.
2)для выражения запрета в отрицательном предложении: You mustn't do it. – Нельзя этого делать.
3)для выражения вероятности какого-либо действия, предположения: He must have read this book. – Он,
вероятно, читал эту книгу.
4) для обозначения настоятельного совета, рекомендации: You must come and see our new flat. – Ты должен придти посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.
to have (to)
Глагол to have (to) употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей to для выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу определённых обстоятельств и соответствует русскому "придётся, пришлось":
It was very dark and |
Было очень темно, и нам |
we had to stay at home. |
пришлось остаться дома. |
I don't have to stay here. |
Мне не нужно здесь оставаться. |
Exercise 15. Заполните пропуски глаголами have (got) to или must в нужном времени. В некоторых случаях возможны два варианта.
1. You ____ get a visa before you go abroad next month. 2. The children are happy because they ____ do any homework tonight. 3. ____ (you /do) military service in this country? 4. Mr Butler's office is close enough to his apartment. He ____ take a bus. He only takes it in bad weather. 5. You ____ stand up and walk around when the plane is taking off. 6. I've got a terrible toothache. I really ____ go to the dentist.
Exercise 16. Заполните пропуски глаголами must или have to в правильной форме.
1.Nancy was feeling ill last night. She … leave the party early.
2.You really … work harder if you want to enter the institute.
3.Many children in Britain … wear school uniform.
4.Ann’s eyes are not very good. She … to wear glasses for reading.
5.I … write to my parents. I haven’t written to them for ages.
6.I can’t come on Saturday. I … meet my relatives at the airport.
Exercise 17. Составьте предложения, используя данные фразы и глагол must.
Close the door behind you; go to medical school; have a driver’s licence; have a library card; have a passport; speak English outside of class every day, listen to the radio, watch television, read newspapers, make new friends, and think to myself in English; stop; study harder; take one pill every six hours.
Example: A driver …. – A driver must have a driver’s licence.
1.If a traffic light is red, a car ….
2.My doctor gave me a prescription. I ….
3.If you want to check a book out of library, you ….
4.I failed the last two tests in my biology class. According to my professor, I ….
5.If I want to travel abroad, I ….
6.If you want to become a doctor, you ….
7.Jimmy! It’s cold outside. When you come inside, you ….
8.I want to improve my English. According to my teacher, I ….
Exercise 18. Перепишите предложения, используя глагол must.
Example: It’s necessary for the children to study well. –
The children must study well.
1.It’s necessary for the children to play out-of-doors.
2.It’s necessary for Mike to get up early tomorrow.
3.It’s necessary for Mr. White to consult a doctor.
4.It’s necessary for the students to learn these rules by heart.
5.It’s necessary for Ruth to help her mother about the house.
6.It’s necessary for you to improve your pronunciation.
7.It’s necessary for the monitor to fetch the tape recorder.
8.It’s necessary for the students to attend the lectures.
Exercise 19. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи.
Example: We must repair this car. What’s that? –
They say … – They say (that) they must repair that car.
1.We feel thirsty. What’s that? They say …
2.I shall catch the bus. What’s that? He says …
3.I am cold. What’s that? She says …
4.I have a cold. What’s that? He says …
5.I need a licence. What’s that? She says …
6.I shall sell this house. What’s that? He says …
7.I have an earache. What’s that? He says …
8.I want a haircut. What’s that? He says …
Exercise 20. В данных предложениях употребите must или mustn’t.
1.Before getting on a plane you … show your boarding card. 2. You … fasten your seat belt during take off and landing.
3.Before you board a plane, you … pay your luggage on the scale, and you … pass the passport control. 4. You … use the toilet during take off or landing. 5. Passengers … use radio sets on board a plane. 6. You … smoke in the toilet on board the plane at any time. 7. Passengers … smoke in the smoking area. 8. You … block the aisle during the flight. 9. After landing, you … stay in your seat until the plane has come to a standstill.
Exercise 21. Перепишите предложения, используя must be.
Example: I’m sure you feel bad after the flight. –
You must feel bad after the flight.
1. This is probably the house we’ve been looking for.
2.I feel sure this is somebody else’s hat; it’s too small for me.
3.That man is probably an American.
4.I’m sure it’s going to rain.
5.I feel sure these are the papers he asked me for.
6.I am sure it is pleasant to live in such a beautiful flat.
7.It is probably a very complicated task.
8.You have probably heard the song before.
9.I feel sure there is a bend in the road right ahead of us.
10.These ancient buildings were probably erected about three hundred years ago.
Exercise 22. Перепишите предложения согласно образцу.
Example: He has probably missed the train. –
He must have missed the train.
1.I’m sure he has changed a great deal since his college days.
2.She has probably received the telegram in time.
3.I am certain the place looks lovely in spring.
4.He probably was out when you called.
5.They probably lost his address.
6.It seems certain that he dropped the parcel here.
7.I am sure he has reached home by now.
8.There is no doubt he invented the whole story.
9.I’m sure the man was handsome in his youth.
10.I am sure he found the documents.
11.There is no doubt they told a lie.
to be + Infinitive
Сочетание глагола to be с инфинитивом употребляется для выражения необходимости совершения действия в соответствии с предыдущей договорённостью или заранее намеченным планом. Переводится как "должен, должен был" и т.п.:
I was to meet her at 3 o'clock. Я должен был встретить её в 3 часа.
They are to begin this work |
Они должны начать работу |
at once. |
немедленно. |
Exercise 23. Ответьте на вопросы, используя модальный глагол to be. Подготовьте устный перевод.
Example: Why didn’t you go to the cinema with your parents? You wanted to go together. – I was to go to the cinema, but I was ill.
1. Why didn’t you come to Mary’s party? You wanted to come. 2. Why didn’t you work in the office on Saturday? You promised to help us. 3. Why didn’t you buy a new car? Yours is old. 4. Why didn’t you call Sally? She waited for you. 5. Why didn’t you finish the translation? You wanted to finish your work. 6. Why didn’t you help your parents in the garden? You promised to water the vegetables.
Exercise 24. Ответьте на вопросы, используя модальный глагол to be и фразы в скобках.
Example: Are you going to visit your uncle today? (but I was very busy) –
Yes, I am. I was to visit him yesterday, but I was very busy.
1.Are you going to buy vegetables today? (but I forgot)
2.Are you going to your English teacher? (I couldn’t)
3.Are you going to the dentist today? (I was afraid)
4.Are you going to bring your collection of coins to college? (I couldn’t find it)
5.Are you going to clean your room today? (I was very tired)
shall
Глагол shall выражает обещание, намерение, угрозу, предостережение:
He shall get his money.
The child shall be punished for it.
Он получит свои деньги.
Ребёнок будет наказан за это.
Глагол shall также выражает запрос относительно дальнейших действий: Shall we begin? – Нам начинать?
should
Глагол should в основном употребляется для выражения настоятельного совета, рекомендации:
You should see a doctor. Вам следует показаться врачу.
Exercise 25. Вставьте вместо пропусков глагол shall или should.
1.Everyone ... have the right to education.
2.Government officials ... be accountable to the people.
3.All people ... be equal in law.
4.With some exceptions Americans believe they ... be free to do pretty much as they please so long as they don’t hurt other people.
5.Americans believe that every citizen ... have an equal chance to influence government policy.
6.No one ... inform about the private life of any person.
Exercise 26. Дополните предложения, используя you should и данные выражения:
Buy a new pair of shoes, go on a diet, go to the bank, go to the post office, go to bed and take a nap, see a dentist, study harder.
Example: I want to mail a package. – You should go to the post office.
1.I’m gaining weight. My old clothes are too small for me.
2.My marks aren’t good. I have many “threes”.
3.I need some money.
4.My shoes have holes in the bottom.
5.I have a toothache.
6.I’m sleepy.
Exercise 27. Дополните предложения, используя should/shouldn’t.
1.Your plane leaves at 8:00. You … get to the airport by 7:00.
2.When you go to New York City, you … see a play on Broadway.
3.You … walk alone in city streets after midnight. It’s dangerous.
4.It’s raining. You … take your umbrella when you leave.
5.We … waste our money on things we don’t need.
6.Students … cut class.
7.Pupils … come to class every day.
8.Life is short. We … waste it.
9.Jimmy! You … pull the cat’s tail!
10.People … be cruel to animals.
Exercise 28. Дополните предложения, используя might, must, should. Возможны утвердительные и отрицательные варианты. В некоторых предложениях возможно использование нескольких глаголов.
1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you … at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. 2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she … show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday. 3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she … be here by 6:00. 4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him – he … have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance. 5. You … be kidding! That can't be true. 6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It … be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll check in there. 7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you … practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions. 8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he … start walking once a day. 9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they … really enjoy a nice day at the beach. 10. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. Simona: That … have been absolutely fascinating! 11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He … be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing. 12. At first, my boss didn't want
to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he … take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position. 13. You … worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work. 14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip … cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that. 15. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you … use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.
ought
Модальный глагол ought выражает моральную необходимость совершения действия. На русский язык обычно переводится словами должен, должен бы, следует, следовало бы. Имеет только форму настоящего неопределенного времени ought, т. е. форм прошедшего и будущего неопределенного времени не имеет.
После модального глагола ought смысловой глагол в неопределенной форме употребляется с частицей to:
I suppose I ought to confiscate it, but I hate to treat an officer in that way.
Я полагаю, мне следовало бы конфисковать это, но я терпеть не могу так обращаться с офицером.
Глагол ought в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом указывает на то, что желаемое действие не было осуществлено в прошлом:
Не ought to have done |
Ему следовало бы сделать |
this work. |
эту работу. |
Модальный глагол ought может выражать:
1) моральный долг, обязательство:
I ought to pay our debts. Я должен оплатить наши долги.
She told him he ought not to Она сказала ему, что он не должен
have done it. был этого делать.
2) желательность, целесообразность ("вам следует/нужно"):
You ought to take care |
Тебе следовало бы позаботиться |
of yourself. |
о себе. |
You ought to see a doctor. |
Вам нужно обратиться к врачу. |
We really ought to buy |
Нам следовало бы купить новую |
a new car, oughtn’t we? |
машину, не так ли? |
3) вероятность, предположение ("должно быть", "наверное"):
You ought to be hungry by now. Вы, наверное, уже проголодались.
Apples ought to grow well here. Здесь должны хорошо расти яблоки.
He ought to be here by now. Он должен уже быть здесь к этому времени.
Модальный глагол ought to очень похож на should, так как употребляется в аналогичных случаях. Но should
употребляется чаще. Should, а не ought to употребляется в официальных объявлениях / заявлениях:
Candidates should be prepared to answer some questions.
Оught to употребляется для выражения действий в настоящем и будущем времени; также, если перед модальным глаголом идет смысловой глагол в прошедшем времени, то ought to в таком случае выражает прошедшее действие:
We ought to find the way out.
He said that we ought to find the way out.
Exercise 29. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Выполните перевод.
1.They ought (to go) to school together.
2.The child ought (to take) care of the kitten.
3.You (not to ought) quarrel with your parents.
4.I (to ought) to start the project alone?
5.Who (ought to find) it out?
6.I thought we (to ought) to leave immediately.
7.I think you (to ought) to take part in the conference next year.
8.Where (we to ought) to look for that man?
9.You (to ought) never to talk to strangers.
10.My mother said that I (not to ought) to look for troubles.
Exercise 30. Исправьте ошибки, где это необходимо.
1.Mike oughts to know the truth.
2.We ought to ignore their offences.
3.Ought I to solve the problem?
4.You don't ought to dress up for this party.
5.Do we ought to write a report?
6.How ought I to get there?
7.Who oughts to take the responsibility?
8.I realized that I didn't ought to leave her alone.
9.The teacher said that the students ought to pass the test.
10.You oughtn`t to be so rude to women.